Chapter 7: Ethnicity Review

Chapter 7 EthnicityReviewMoustapha OuattaraCelebrating the cultures of the world

Ethnic DistributionEthnicityDefinition: An identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearthEthnicities tend to cluster themselves in specific areas within a location3 major ethnicities in USHispanic AmericansAfrican AmericansAsian Americans3 Major U.S EthnicitiesAsian recognized as a distinct race by U.S. Bureau of CensusAsian race and ethnicity usually same groupAsian ethnicity lumps together people with ties to many countries in Asia

African-AmericanSupposedly two different groupsAfrican Americantrace heritage to an African ImmigrantEthnicity and group with extensive cultural traditionBlackheritage from other regions like Latin American, Asia A principle that denotes darker skinMost see themselves as bothLatinoNot considered a raceCan choose any race on the census

Ethnic DistributionThe two largest ethnicities are Hispanics and African Americans.U.S. Regional BreakdownSouth: African AmericansSouthwest: HispanicsWest: AsiansMid-West: Native Americans

*Hispanics and African Americans tend to cluster in urban cities. Why?

Ethnic Distribution of African AmericansForced Migration in 1700s (slavery)1st waves arrived at Jamestown Subsequently divided among the 13 coloniesMost slaves ended up in the SE United StatesWhy? -Labor to farm cash cropsWave 1Wave 3Wave 2Africa -> America U.S. South -> Northern Cities Inner City -> Urban NeighborhoodsEarly 1900sMigration in 2 waves: 1910s & 1920s, 1940s & 1950sIndustrial Boom pulled them North (factory jobs)Need for workers during both world wars*13th Amendment passed (1965)*Late 1900s-2000sAAs move from inner city ghettos to neighborhoodsGhettos typically had 40,000 inhabitants/sq. mileDesire for more living space, utilities, better quality of life

RaceDefinition: An Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestorWhiteBlack, African AmericanAmerican Indian or Alaska NativeAsian IndianChineseFilipinoJapaneseKoreanVietnameseOther AsianNative HawiianGuamanianSamoanOther Pacific IslanderOther race

Different RacesRace in South AfricaSeparation of races into four different classifications Apartheid (1948-94)

BlackAsianWhiteMixed

GenderGenderReflects not only biological, but also social differences between men and womenViews on gender vary depending on locationEx) United States v. South Asia

South AsiaBhutanBangladeshNepalIndiaPakistanAfghanistan

Patriarchal Life as a Woman in South AsiaConstant responsibilitiesMotherhood, householdWork in informal sector jobsLack of property rightsPublic behavior restrictedEducation limitedDivorce laws favor menParticipation in waged labor force is limitedEducation opportunity for young girls is improving

The differences in social, economic, and political power and opportunity between men and women

Gender Gap

Def.

Gender ImbalanceGender Empowerment Index:Measures the degree of balance between male and female equity in society

BlissWe all want a happy society dont we??

Gender ImbalanceThe more equal men and women are in a society, the more developed a country is.

When girls receive an education there is an improvement in all aspects of lifeSuffrageLack of discriminationJob opportunitiesGender empowermentPopulation changes

Ethnicity Nation StatesNationalityNationality:Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular countryEx) American citizens born in AmericaNationalism:Devotion and loyalty to ones nation/nationality

Symbols

SongsFlagsHolidays

Nation-Statea state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Self-determination: belief that an ethnicity has the right to govern themselves.Led to ethnicities becoming nationalitiesWanted to preserve and enhance distinct cultural characteristics

Multi Ethnic StatesA state that contains more than one ethnicityNot always a bad thing

The United States

Multinational StateContain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalitiesIs it always peaceful?

NO!In some cases one nationality seeks to dominate the other. Can lead to Civil WarPeaceful

European StatesRussia

Largest Multinational StateRecognizes 39 nationalitiesMany eager for independenceRussian ethnicities clustered in two areas:Near Mongolia borderNear Azerbaijan and Georgia20% of population is non-Russian

ChechnyaSunni Muslims who speak a Caucasian language and practice distinct social customs Currently under Russian control after a 50 year conflict

Chechnyan-Russian relations are on the rockshaha

Ethnic IdentityAfter the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 90s, many nations previously under Soviet control emerged giving rise to more ethnicities.

YugoslaviaBulgaria

RomaniaEthnic ConflictEthnic ClashesWhat causes conflict?Ethnicities compete in civil wars to dominate national identityProblems result from division of ethnicities among more than one stateSub-Saharan Africa especially plaguesHorn of AfricaCentral AfricaConflicts are violent and often last for long periods and involve hundreds of dead

Ethiopia/Eritrea ConflictEthiopia30 year war for independence (1961-1991)Dispute over border in 1998 led to more conflictEthiopia defeated Eritrea in 2000 and took disputed land Eritrea and Ethiopia

EritreaUnder Ethiopian controlWanted more authority over themselves Eritreans defeated Ethiopian army in 1991Became independent state 1993665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan

SudanRavaged by civil war for yearsReligious cleavagesConstant Conflict N/S Sudan 11

IslamBlack Christians and animist ethnicitiesVSNorthSouth

Somalia

Large Sunni Muslims pop.6 Ethnic GroupsIslamic TerrorismBlack Hawk DownIsakk, Darod, Dir, Digil, Hawiye, Rahanwayn

To end Human rights violations in the early 90s and reduce weapons in the hands of dictators and militiasEthnic ConflictLebanon 60% Muslim, 39% ChristianMost Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from Phoenicians

Muslims consider themselves ArabEach group formed own private militia/army to protect territoryCivil war on two different occasions 1975, 1990IndiaReligious in NatureThree-way struggle

Two countries createdIndia and Pakistan

Pakistan separated into East and West Pakistan

Bangladesh in 1971

Basis for separating was Ethnicity

Pakistan predominantly Muslim

India predominately Hindu

Ethnic Cleansingprocess in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.Point is not to simply to defeat but completely exterminateInvolves removal of males, females, and children Balkanizationprocess by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

RwandaCongoBosniaA country that was ethnically and religiously split.48% Bosnian Muslim37% Serb14% CroatSerbs and Croats in Bosnia wanted to unite Bosnia with Serbia and/or Croatia Led to cleansing of Bosnian Muslims

Dayton Accords

Dayton, Ohio 1996Leaders of various ethnicities Bosnia was divided into three separate areasSerbians received nearly half of the country Croatian and Muslim areas were combined into a federation

Review Game

Question 1What are the root causes of Ethnic Conflict?

Name an example of a conflict in Africa?

ExplanationEthnic Conflict is caused by the desire of different ethnicities wanting to dominate their countries national identity Possible examples of conflict in Africa could be the conflicts that occurred in Somalia, Sudan, or Ethiopia/Eritrea.Question 2What caused conflict in India?

How many countries were formed as a result?

What were the names of those countries?ExplanationReligious tension between the Muslim east and West Pakistan and Hindu India2Pakistan, Bangladesh (Both Muslim countries)Question 3Describe the conflict that was happening in Somalia that caused the U.S. to get involved?

What famous movie came of the conflict?ExplanationThe conflict that arose in Somalia was because the corrupt government was taking away UN donated food meant for the people to feed themselves so what we saw were massive human rights violation, deaths,famine, poverty etc. So the U.S. stepped in

Black Hawk Down depicts the events of the Battle of MogadishuQuestion 4Provide one reason as to why an ethnicity would prefer to cluster themselves together within a location? What do they get from doing so?ExplanationBy doing so, they have people around them who share similar customs and traditions which makes it easier to adapt to the new cultureForms a sense of community among themQuestion 5Describe the waves of African American Ethnic Distribution. ExplanationThere were 3 different waves of AA distribution. They were Africa to America (forced.) American South to Northern cities, and Inner city to Urban NeighborhoodsQuestion 6Why is the United States a good example of a multi ethnic state?ExplanationThe U.S. has people from every corner of the world within its boarders and we all manage to coexist peaceful for the most part which is good because who would want mini ethnic clashes in every stateQuestion 7What is a difference b/w how women are treated in the U.S. vs. how women are treated in a periphery countryExplanationIn a lesser developed of periphery country, women are treated a lot worst than women of the United States. In the U.S. women canGo to schoolGet work outside of the homeCan have her own goals/wants/needs (not bound by patriarchal society)

Question 8Why do Hispanics and African Americans tend to cluster in urban cities?ExplanationThese groups tend to cluster in urban centers because urban centers have the resources (cheap housing, proximity to job) to accommodate their large numbers.**Formation of ghettos and ethnic neighborhoods**Question 9Why is Africa a hotbed for ethnic conflict?

(elaborate on the answer, dont just say because its ethnically diverse)ExplanationWhile it is true that Africa is ethnically diverse, it also has a host of other issues that make is susceptible to conflict.Often times the warring countries haveWeak central governments Extreme povertyMany religions/Languages**all a consequence of colonization**Question 10(oral or written FR)** No right or wrong answer**Why is it important to study ethnicity, ethnic conflict and the different countries affected by the problems that come with ethnicity?

Focus on the terms:Self determination Ethnic conflict/cleansingNational identityHelpful Review Linkshttp://aphumangeo.weebly.com/chapter-7-ethnicity.htmlhttp://www.flashcardmachine.com/ap-human-geographyethnicityvocab.htmlhttp://quizlet.com/subject/ap-human-geography-ethnicity/http://youtu.be/ud1TXCIYuVA