Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Biodiversity and

ConservationConservationMr. ManskopfMr. Manskopf

Notes also are at Notes also are at http://www.manskopf.com

Chapter 10 Biodiversity Big IdeasChapter 10 Biodiversity Big Ideas

There is a huge diversity of life There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all on Earth that is critical to all species. .species. .

There are some factors about There are some factors about species that make them prone to species that make them prone to extinction. extinction.

Human activities are causing Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go large numbers of species to go extinct.extinct.

Section 1: Our Planet of Life: Section 1: Our Planet of Life: What is biodiversity?What is biodiversity?

How many species live on Earth?How many species live on Earth? Describe the types of biodiversity.Describe the types of biodiversity. Explain why biodiversity is important.Explain why biodiversity is important. Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone

species, ecotourismspecies, ecotourism

• About 1.7 million species are known

•Estimates vary from greater than 10 million

•Why so many unknown?

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Which species rule the world?

BiodiversityBiodiversity Biodiversity: the Biodiversity: the

number of number of different species different species in a given areain a given area

Tropical rain Tropical rain forestsforests

What factors What factors lead to lead to biodiversity?biodiversity?

Types of BiodiversityTypes of Biodiversity

Species Biodiversity:Species Biodiversity: number of different number of different species in an areaspecies in an area

Ecosystem DiversityEcosystem Diversity how many types of how many types of habitats in an areahabitats in an area

Genetic DiversityGenetic Diversity the the number of genes in number of genes in all members of a all members of a populationpopulation

Types of BiodiversityTypes of Biodiversity

Genetic diversity: Differences in DNA among individuals

Species diversity: Variety of species in a given area

Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, ecosystems, communities

Ecosystem diversity often leads to species diversity and often genetic diversity

Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.

Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.

Who cares about Biodiversity?Who cares about Biodiversity?A Variety of AnswersA Variety of Answers

What is a gene?What is a gene?

Gene: a piece of Gene: a piece of DNA code for a DNA code for a specific trait specific trait inherited inherited

Tall, short, Tall, short, brown eyes, etc.brown eyes, etc.

Genetic Diversity among corn

Benefits of DiversityBenefits of Diversity Genetic Diversity Genetic Diversity

Key To SurvivalKey To Survival small isolated small isolated

populations populations unlikely to surviveunlikely to survive

Genetic mutations Genetic mutations from inbreeding from inbreeding can occurcan occur

More diversity = More diversity = more likely to more likely to survivesurvive

Why is genetic diversity important?Why is genetic diversity important?

Cavendish banana

“ The fungus Fusarium oxysporum wiped out the previous species of bananas (the Gros Michel) in the 1950s. Now it’s back, having evolved to be able to take on the previously resistant “back-up” species of banana — the Cavendish — that replaced the superior Gros Michel banana after it was wiped out. “

Benefits of Diversity: Benefits of Diversity: Ecosystem Ecosystem ServicesServices

Intact environments provide ecosystem Intact environments provide ecosystem services, such as water purification and pest services, such as water purification and pest control. control.

High biodiversity increases stability of High biodiversity increases stability of communities and ecosystems, enabling them communities and ecosystems, enabling them to perform services. to perform services.

Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.

Benefits of DiversityBenefits of Diversity

Keystone Keystone Species: species Species: species that is critical to that is critical to ecosystem ecosystem survivalsurvival

Sea otterSea otter Grey WolfGrey Wolf BeaverBeaver

Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species

Food Web Depends Upon Krill

Benefits of DiversityBenefits of Diversity

Medical, Medical, Industrial, Industrial, Agricultural usesAgricultural uses

Food, cloths, Food, cloths, shelter, chemicals shelter, chemicals and medicine and medicine often comes from often comes from variety of variety of organismsorganismsSee table 1 pages 261

Medical Medical

Medicine: Medicine: Organisms Organisms contain contain compounds compounds that are useful that are useful for treating for treating diseasedisease.. Did You Know? Of the

150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.

Did You Know? Of the 150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.

The yew tree, an original source of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug

Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity

Ethics, Ethics, Aesthetics and Aesthetics and RecreationRecreation

Moral, religious Moral, religious purposes for all purposes for all speciesspecies

Personal Personal enjoymentenjoyment

Dolphin Tour Off NJ Beaches

Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity

Ecotourism: Ecotourism: tourisms that tourisms that supports supports conservationconservation

Wildlife, birding, Wildlife, birding, wilderness hikingwilderness hiking

People make $ by People make $ by having people having people view wildlifeview wildlife

Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review

How many species live on Earth?How many species live on Earth? Describe the types of biodiversity.Describe the types of biodiversity. Explain why biodiversity is important.Explain why biodiversity is important. Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone

species, ecotourismspecies, ecotourism

Section 2: Biodiversity at RiskSection 2: Biodiversity at Risk

What does it mean when a species is What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?threatened or endangered?

What makes some species more prone to What makes some species more prone to extinction?extinction?

What are the largest threats to What are the largest threats to biodiversity?biodiversity?

What areas are likely to have high What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?biodiversity?

Terms: endangered species, threatened Terms: endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, species, exotic species, endemic species, poachingpoaching

Biodiversity has increased over time, but mass extinctions are also natural events (5 major events)

How do we get this data?

ExtinctionsExtinctions Species gone foreverSpecies gone forever NORMALNORMAL Mass Extinction: short Mass Extinction: short

period of time when period of time when large number of large number of species go extinct (65 species go extinct (65 MYA)MYA)

Currently in mass Currently in mass extinction…caused by extinction…caused by humanshumans

Rapid climate changeRapid climate change

• There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history.

• Each time, more than 1/5 of all families and 1/2 of all species have gone extinct.

Biodiversity at RiskBiodiversity at RiskThe current extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times greater than the natural background rate.

In 2009, 1321 species in the U.S. were classified as endangered or threatened.

Endangered: At serious risk of extinction

Threatened: Likely to become endangered soon through all or part of its range

ExtinctionsExtinctions

Certain traits make Certain traits make some species more some species more vulnerable:vulnerable:

Small populationsSmall populations SpecializedSpecialized Need large rangeNeed large range MigrationMigration Valuable to humansValuable to humans

Species squeezed into smaller and smaller fragmented habitat

Current ExtinctionsCurrent Extinctions

Endangered Endangered Species: is likely to Species: is likely to go extinct if go extinct if actions not takenactions not taken

Threatened: Threatened: population population declining and likely declining and likely to become to become endangeredendangered

Current ExtinctionsCurrent Extinctions

TNC estimates 1/3rd of 21,000 identified U.S. animal and plant species are vulnerable.

30,000 of the world’s species and 1,200 in U.S. are officially endangered.

Types of endangered species worldwide

How do humans cause extinctions?How do humans cause extinctions?

““HIPPO”HIPPO”HHabitat abitat

destruction destruction IInvasive nvasive

speciesspeciesPPopulation opulation

(humans) (humans) growthgrowth

PPollutionollutionOOverharvestingverharvesting

Habitat Loss/FragmentationHabitat Loss/Fragmentation

Habitat Habitat FragmentationFragmentation

Habitat fragmentation: Patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat

In general, larger habitat fragments can support greater biodiversity than smaller fragments

Humans Causing ExtinctionsHumans Causing Extinctions

Habitat DestructionHabitat Destruction causes 75-80%causes 75-80%

Large creatures Large creatures need lot of landneed lot of land

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species: : exotic speciesexotic species not not native to area can native to area can destroy an destroy an ecosystemecosystem

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

Invasive species can out-compete and displace native species.

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

CA Agricultural Checkpoints

Humans Causing ExtinctionHumans Causing Extinction Over-harvestingOver-harvesting

excessive hunting excessive hunting (bison in U.S., fish)(bison in U.S., fish)

Poaching: illegal Poaching: illegal huntinghunting

Common in poor Common in poor countries for food, countries for food, medicines, incomemedicines, income

PollutionPollution air, water, air, water, landland

Causes of Extinction Causes of Extinction Climate Climate ChangeChange

Increasingly becoming a factor in Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity lossbiodiversity loss

Unlike the other factors, climate change Unlike the other factors, climate change will have a potentially global effect on will have a potentially global effect on biodiversity.biodiversity.

Areas of Critical BiodiversityAreas of Critical Biodiversity

Hotspots: areas Hotspots: areas threatened that threatened that contain high contain high biodiversitybiodiversity

Roughly 25 Roughly 25 worldwideworldwide

Madagascar Madagascar Parts of CaliforniaParts of California

HotspotsHotspots

Large numbers of endemic species: species native to that area

US HotspotsUS Hotspots

Areas of Critical BiodiversityAreas of Critical Biodiversity

Tropical Rain Tropical Rain ForestsForests

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs Coastal Coastal

EcosystemsEcosystems IslandsIslands

Why these Why these areas????areas????

Just 2.3% of the Just 2.3% of the planet’s land planet’s land surface is home surface is home to 50% of the to 50% of the world’s plant world’s plant species and 42% species and 42% of its vertebrate of its vertebrate animal species.animal species.

Section 2 ReviewSection 2 Review

What does it mean when a species is What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?threatened or endangered?

What makes some species more prone to What makes some species more prone to extinction?extinction?

What are the largest threats to biodiversity?What are the largest threats to biodiversity? What areas are likely to have high What areas are likely to have high

biodiversity?biodiversity? Terms: endangered species, threatened Terms: endangered species, threatened

species, exotic species, endemic species, species, exotic species, endemic species, poachingpoaching

Section 3: Future of BiodiversitySection 3: Future of Biodiversity

List and describe efforts to save List and describe efforts to save individual species.individual species.

Explain the advantages of protecting Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than entire ecosystems rather than individual species.individual species.

Describe the main parts of the Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.Endangered Species Act.

Terms: Endangered Species Act, Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITEShabitat conservation plans, CITES

Saving Individual SpeciesSaving Individual Species

Captive Breeding Captive Breeding ProgramsPrograms: breeding : breeding species in captivity species in captivity with hopes of with hopes of reintroducing into reintroducing into native habitatsnative habitats

Germ Plasm:Germ Plasm: saving saving genetic material for genetic material for possible future usepossible future use

(seeds, eggs, DNA)(seeds, eggs, DNA)

Zoos and AquariumsZoos and Aquariums

Saving Individual SpeciesSaving Individual Species

Does little to Does little to preserve speciespreserve species

Captive individuals Captive individuals may not survive in may not survive in wildwild

Small populations Small populations have difficult time have difficult time with inbreeding, with inbreeding, diseasesdiseases

Last resortsLast resorts

Preserving Habitat and EcosystemsPreserving Habitat and Ecosystems

Most effective way Most effective way to save a species is to save a species is protect its habitat.protect its habitat.

Some species Some species require large areasrequire large areas

What about when What about when they leave they leave protected areas? protected areas? (Wolves in (Wolves in YellowstoneYellowstone

Legal ProtectionsLegal Protections

Many countries Many countries have laws to have laws to protect wildlifeprotect wildlife

Some weak some Some weak some strongstrong

U.S. law U.S. law Endangered Endangered Species Act (ESA)Species Act (ESA)

ESAESAEndangered Species Endangered Species

Act Act Passed 1973Passed 1973 Protect plant and Protect plant and

animals in danger animals in danger of extinctionof extinction

List created of List created of those threatened those threatened and endangeredand endangered

Currently 1,300+ Currently 1,300+ listedlisted

ESAESA

•Forbids governments and citizens from harming listed species and habitats•Forbids trade in products made from listed species

ESAESA Protects listed Protects listed

species from harmspecies from harm No development No development

that harms listed that harms listed speciesspecies

What does that all What does that all mean?mean?

Can a Shopping Can a Shopping Mall be built where Mall be built where listed species lives?listed species lives?

Spotted Owl

ESAESA Species recovery plan Species recovery plan

must be mademust be made Habitat Conservation Habitat Conservation

Plans: plans to Plans: plans to protect species protect species habitathabitat

Why do you think ESA Why do you think ESA may be controversial? may be controversial?

Who would not like Who would not like this law?this law?

ESAESAESA:ESA: 1973-2004: 92 to 1973-2004: 92 to

1,300+ species listed1,300+ species listed 37 Species removed 37 Species removed

(14 recovery, 8 (14 recovery, 8 extinctions, rest extinctions, rest discovered more) discovered more)

60% plants, 40% 60% plants, 40% animalsanimals

TNC says 1/3TNC says 1/3rdrd of all of all U.S. species…30,000 U.S. species…30,000 not 1,260not 1,260

NJ ESA Listhttp://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/tandespp.htm

Wildlife Corridors Wildlife Corridors Connect habitat Connect habitat

fragments fragments enabling once-enabling once-isolated isolated populations to populations to interbreedinterbreed

Interbreeding Interbreeding increases genetic increases genetic diversity.diversity.

Yellowstone to YukonYellowstone to Yukon

InternationallyInternationally

CITES CITES (Convention on (Convention on International International Trade of Trade of Endangered Endangered Species)Species) illegal illegal to trade to trade endangered endangered speciesspecies

Ivory Tusks

InternationallyInternationally

Much more difficult Much more difficult among may poorer among may poorer countriescountries

International treaties International treaties hard to ratify, verifyhard to ratify, verify

Oceans of particular Oceans of particular concernconcern

http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/

Section 3 ReviewSection 3 Review

List and describe efforts to save List and describe efforts to save individual species.individual species.

Explain the advantages of protecting Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than entire ecosystems rather than individual species.individual species.

Describe the main parts of the Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.Endangered Species Act.

Terms: Endangered Species Act, Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITEShabitat conservation plans, CITES

Chapter 10 Biodiversity ReviewChapter 10 Biodiversity Review

There is a huge diversity of life There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all on Earth that is critical to all species. .species. .

There are some factors about There are some factors about species that make them prone to species that make them prone to extinction. extinction.

Human activities are causing Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go large numbers of species to go extinct.extinct.