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Chapter 7. CELLS. DISCOVERY. Robert Hooke 1665- examined a slice of cork and saw little boxes he called “cells”. DEFINITION. CELL- the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life (Plants, animals) Plant cells discovered by SCHLEIDEN in 1838 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 7CELLS
DISCOVERY Robert Hooke 1665- examined a slice
of cork and saw little boxes he called “cells”
DEFINITION CELL- the smallest unit of matter that
can carry on all the processes of life
(Plants, animals)Plant cells discovered by SCHLEIDEN in
1838Animal cells discovered by SCHWANN
in 1855
CELL THEORY- 3 parts
1. all living things are made of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
3. cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
CELL DIVERSITY SIZE- cells are limited in size by the
ratio between their outer surface area and their volume
Nutrients, oxygen, and other materials must pass through the surface of the cell
CELL DIVERSITY SHAPE- cells come in a variety of
shapes to best fit their function Example Nerve Cell- long and
slender with many branches White Blood Cell- can change
shape, leave blood, and engulf bacteria
CELL DIVERSITY INTERNAL ORGANIZATION-cells
contain a variety of structures called ORGANELLES
ORGANELLES- “little organ”- performs specific functions for the cell
ORGANELLES CELL MEMBRANE-
thin membrane that separates the cell from its environment
ORGANELLESNUCLEUS – large dense
area near the center of the cell that controls all the cells functions and carries hereditary information
EUKARYOTES ---“ true” “nucleus”- organisms whose cells have a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles
Examples-PROKARYOTES-
organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus
ORGANELLESCELL WALL-
(CELLULOSE) –rigid structure on the outside of the cell membrane of plant cells. Provides structure and protection for the cell
ORGANELLESCYTOPLASM- liquid
portion of the cell (up to 80% water) location of many chemical reactions
ORGANELLES MITOCHONDRIA-
double membraned cell with CRISTAE (waves)-produces energy for the cell (ATP)
ORGANELLESROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- sets of tubules located near the nucleus that are lined with ribosomes- synthesizes proteins
ORGANELLES SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- sets of tubules located near the rough ER that are without ribosomes- synthesizes fats, breaks down toxins
ORGANELLESRIBOSOME- tiny dots
found on the Rough ER (or floating around) that synthesize protein
ORGANELLESGOLGI APPARATUS-
(UPS of the cell) flattened stacks of membranes that receive, package, and transport materials throughout the cell
ORGANELLESLYSOSOME- (garbage
disposal of the cell) vesicles filled with digestive enzymes. Breaks down dead cell parts, bacteria invaders, food.
ORGANELLESPEROXISOMES
- vesicles filled with enzymes used to detoxify the cell
ORGANELLESCYTOSKELETO
N- network of long proteins that give the cell structure and move items around in the cell
ORGANELLESMICROTUBULES-long
hollow tubes that provide support for the cell- helps in cell division
ORGANELLES MICROFILAME
NTS- thin fibers of protein that help in movement of the cell and aide in contraction of muscle cells
ORGANELLESCENTRIOLES-
specialized microtubules around the nucleus that helps with the division of the nucleus
ORGANELLESCHLOROPLASTS-
double membraned organelle that collects light and makes glucose (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
ORGANELLESCHLOROPHYLL
- green pigment in chloroplasts that absorb visible light
ORGANELLES VACUOLES- large
vesicle (in plants) and smaller in animals- that store fluids such as – enzymes, water, wastes, ions, food
ORGANELLESFLAGELLA- long whip
like tail filled with microtubules that are used for motility.
ORGANELLESCILIA- small
hairlike structure made of microtubules that aide in motility or collects food