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Chapter 7. Essential Question. I. Washington Leads a New Nation. Honest leader and hero of the Revolution Electoral College : a body of electors who represent the people’s vote in choosing the president. Organizing the Government. Everything Washington was doing was a precedent: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 7
Essential Question
I. Washington Leads a New Nation
• Honest leader and hero of the Revolution
• Electoral College: a body of electors who represent the people’s vote in choosing the president
Organizing the Government
• Everything Washington was doing was a precedent:
• Created the Cabinet (department heads)
• Judiciary Act of 1789:
Expectations
• Most Americans lived in countryside and worked on farms – wanted fair taxes, settle western lands, and no interference from government in daily lives
• Merchants wanted simpler • Manufacturers wanted protection from
foreign competition• New York City =
II. Hamilton and National Finances• Alexander Hamilton:
brilliant Secretary of the Treasury
• Needed to control the national debt:
and bonds: certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back the bond at a higher
price
Settling the Debt
• Hamilton wanted to pay off foreign debt immediately and gradually pay off the total debt of the bonds
• Pay off state debts for Revolutionary War expenses to increase business and trade, and put money back into economy –
• Move the capital to the South in what is now
Jefferson Opposes Hamilton• Hamilton– Strong central
government– Did not trust “the
masses”
– Wanted to promote manufacturing, business, high tariffs, Bank of the U.S.
• Jefferson– Protect powers of the
states– More trust in the people– Wanted to promote
farming because they didn’t depend on others to make a living
III. Challenges for the New Nation
• 1789 – French Revolution – rebellion of French people against their king
• France and Great Britain went to war • Neutrality Proclamation:
• Jefferson was pro-French – Hamilton was pro-British – Jefferson resigns in 1793
Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty
• Jay’s Treaty (1794)– Washington wanted to
avoid war with Britain – send Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate treaty
– In the treaty, the British would pay damages on seized American ships and Americans would pay debts owed by Britain
• Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)– Spain shut off New
Orleans to American trading, hurting American businesses and had border dispute in Florida
– In the treaty, Spain and U.S. agreed to southern border and reopened New Orleans
Northwest Territory
• Conflicts with Native Americans over settling Northwest Territory (Ohio)
• Washington sent General Anthony Wayne to settle disputes – defeats Native Americans at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
• Treaty of Greenville:
Whiskey Rebellion
• Whiskey tax – created by Hamilton –• Western Pennsylvania farmers were angry at the tax
because whiskey was used as a form of money –
• President Washington feared the rebels threatened federal government authority – personally led an army to put down rebellion
• Rebellion ended
Washington Says Farewell
• Washington chose not to run for President in 1796 –
• In farewell address, he warned about political conflicts, forming permanent ties with foreign nations, and
IV. John Adams’s Presidency
• Despite Washington’s warning, political parties developed in 1796 election
• Federalists: wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade – John Adams and Thomas Pinckney
• Democratic-Republicans: wanted to limit the federal government’s power – Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
Election of 1796
• City and business people supported Federalists – Farmers and rural areas supported Democratic-Republicans
• Adams elected President,
XYZ Affair
• Adams’s first goal was to better relations with France – sent diplomats to negotiate a treaty to protect American shipping
• Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, wanted a $250,000 bribe and $12 million loan to discuss treaty – diplomats were outraged
Adams’s Reaction
• Adams asked Congress to increase size of the navy and begin keeping a peacetime army, but
• Federalists not happy with Adams for not going to war – French signed treaty with Americans and further
Congress’s Reaction
• In 1798, the Federalist-controlled Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts:
• The Sedition Act forbade anyone from publishing or voicing criticism of federal government, canceling freedom of speech or press
Democratic-Republican Reaction
• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison viewed these acts as a misuse of government power
• They wrote resolutions in 1798 and 1799 known as Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions:
- first time states challenged federal government