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Chapter 6
The Modernization of Quebec
(1930 – 1980)
1970: “October
Crisis” (F.L.Q.)
1929
1929-1939
1970
1929: Stock Market Crash in
New York
In 1929, a deep global economic crisis shakes the
confidence of citizens and in the capitalist system.
Timeline The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1980)
1929-39: The ‘Great Depression’
1960
1960: Start of the
“Quiet Revolution”
1945-60: “Baby-Boom” period of
population and economic growth
1967: Expo
‘67 in Montreal
1967 Second World
War (WW2)
1939
1945
1940: Women’s
right to vote
(Quebec)
1945-1960
1942: WW2
Conscription
Crisis
1944-59: Duplessis
Government in QC
People look to the government for help out of the crisis.
Governments begin to intervene in many sectors of the
economy and society.
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• Black Thursday, October 4th, 1929 (p. 146-151)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• Black Thursday, October 4th, 1929
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• The Great Depression 1929-1939 (p. 146-151)
– Started on October 24th, 1929: “Black Thursday”
on the New York stock exchange.
Stock markets crash in New York, then
around the world.
Companies go bankrupt,
Millions of people lose their jobs
– Followed by 10 years of misery in society
– Unemployment rate soars in Quebec:
1929: 2.9%
1933: 25% (2016: ~8%)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
– During the Depression, if you lost your job, and
if you had no savings, you had nothing left.
• Some people had no job and no income for
10 years.
• What do you do to feed your family, and to
stay alive?
– People went to soup kitchens and charities for
food.
• But charity food was quickly used up.
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
What happens to the people when
all the food and donations are gone?
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• Government Interventionism (p. 146-151)
– Interventionism: When governments intervene
(get involved) in the economy and society
To get people back to work, the government
spent money to create jobs:
1. Created a public works programs:
– Build new bridges,
– Tunnels,
– Railways, etc.
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
2. Direct government assistance:
• Unemployment Insurance (UI)
– Government pays a percentage of your salary for
a certain period of time if you lose your job
• Direct Relief:
– Provide food, cheques (money) to families
– Similar to welfare today
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• Offer cheap land:
– Cheap land was offered in the regions of Quebec
» Gaspe, Abitibi-Temiscamingue
– To promote the development of the regions
– ‘Return to the farm’ movement supported by the
church
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• New Political Parties emerge during the
Great Depression (p. 149-153)
– Due to the negative consequences of the Great
Depression, many people started doubting free
market capitalism.
– Communist Parties in the 1920s:
• Abolition of private property and the capitalist system
– Fascist Parties in the 1930s:
• Totalitarian regime based on extreme nationalism.
• Hitler’s Fascist Party (p. 151)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• 1936: New Premier of Quebec
Maurice Duplessis
– Premier of Quebec for 18 years (1936-1939,
1944-1959)
– ‘Union Nationale’ Party
– Very French Nationalist
• Defended the interests of
Quebec
– Died in office
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Maurice Duplessis
– He was very Conservative:
– Had traditional and religious values:
Farming and agriculture
Women’s ‘traditional’ role was to stay home, look after
the kids, not to work or go to school.
– Left Healthcare and
Education to the Church
– Refused to recognize
workers rights to strike
– Believed in capitalism
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Just Before World War 2
• In 1939, a new Liberal gov’t was elected.
– Time for change / modernity:
1940: Women obtain the right to vote
in Quebec (feminism)
1940: Unemployment Insurance
1943: Compulsory School Attendance Act:
- Must attend school until 14
1944: Power Companies nationalized into
Hydro-Quebec
1944: Labour Relations Act: right to collective
bargaining (negotiating) for workers
Casgrain
Kirkland
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
• Quebec and Canada during wartime (p. 155-156)
– Adolf Hitler’s Nazi party (extreme nationalist /
fascist) rises to power, wants total control over
all of Europe (and the world?)
– Canada, as a member of the British
Commonwealth, must help its allies.
– Led to profound changes in the economy of
Quebec and Canada
– 1944: Canadian Government passes
conscription law, forcing people to fight abroad
• Quebecois people were very opposed to this (p.158)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
• The economy during wartime
– Every decision made in Canada was designed to
organize the country’s economy
– 1939: War Measures Act, gave control to the
government to (turn to p. 156)
Fix salaries
Control prices
Ration food, gasoline, sugar, tea, butter, meat
Subsidize industries making war goods
Encourage people to work for those industries
Prioritize natural resources for the construction of
military equipment
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
• The economy during wartime
– The production of food, arms, and clothes
boosted the economy
– Industries were modernized and became
state of the art
– New production created jobs and lessened the
effects of the Great Depression
– Unemployment rate decreased quickly
– 1943: Created the ‘Ministère de l’Industrie et du
Commerce’
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
• April 27th 1945: Mussolini’s Death in Milan
• April 30th 1945: Hitler commits suicide as the
Battle of Berlin rages above him
• The War is Over on May 8th, 1945
• Holocaust: 11 million people were killed in
concentration camps
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
Country Military Civilian Total
USSR 12 million 17 million 29 million
Poland 597,000 5.86 million 6.27 million
Germany 3.25 million 2.44 million 5.69 million
Yugoslavia 305,000 1.35 million 1.66 million
Romania 450,000 465,000 915,000
Hungary 200,000 600,000 800,000
France 245,000 350,000 595,000
Italy 380,000 153,000 533,000
Great Britain 403,000 92,700 495,000
United
States 407,000 6,000 413,000
Czechoslova
kia 7,000 315,000 322,000
Holland 13,700 236,000 249,000
Greece 19,000 140,000 159,000
Belgium 76,000 23,000 99,000
Canada 39, 000 39, 000
WWII Death Count Per Country:
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
• Battle of Berlin
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
World War 2
• The War is Over!!! May 8th 1945
Portrait of the Canadian and Québécoise society
Social:
- Baby-boom, immigration
Politics:
- Maurice Duplessis
government in power for
15 consecutive years
Economy:
- Consumption Society
Lifestyle:
- Mass-consumption
(television, cars, radio).
Post WW 2 – 1944 - 1960 The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After World War II (1944 – 60)
1. The feminist movement:
• During the war, most men were
fighting in the war.
• Women were needed to work
in the factories back home.
• Women gained independence,
and their role
in society
began
to change. "Rosie the Riveter" was a
American cultural icon
representing women who
worked in factories during
World War II producing
munitions and war supplies.
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
After WW2 – 1944 - 1960
– Demands made by feminist movement:
• Equal pay
• Right to vote
• More representation in
politics and government
• Access to higher education
– The Church was opposed
to the feminist movement. • Wanted to maintain ‘traditional’ roles
Casgrain
Kirkland
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After World War II (1944 – 60)
2. The union movement:
• Unions became popular in Quebec after the
industrial revolution.
– Ex: Federation des Travailleurs du Quebec (FTQ)
– Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labour (CCCL)
• Unions represented workers and asked for:
–Better pay, working conditions, safety, and
health.
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• At first, businesses and the govt (Duplessis)
refused to recognize unions.
– Union leaders were
often put in jail.
• Unions gradually gained
recognition in society.
– 1944: Labour Relations Act
– 1965: Labour Code / Rules
– 1965: Right to strike
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After World War II (1944 – 60)
3. Secularism and modernity:
• After WW2, Quebec society was torn between
modernization and traditionalism.
–Democracy and equality vs. Duplessis and the
traditional ways of the Church
• Until Duplessis’ death in 1959, the Church was
responsible for ‘social affairs’:
–Education and healthcare
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Bit by bit, the Church could no longer manage
its responsibilities.
• Quebec slowly became ‘secular’:
– The government and institutions were separate from
religion.
– The influence of the Church diminished in society.
– The govt took control of education and health in 1960
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60)
– Many people immigrated to Canada from Europe
after the devastation of the war:
• Italy
• Greece
• Portugal
• Eastern European countries
– Immigrants usually integrated with the English
population
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) – Population
– Baby-boom! (p. 164)
• Many children were born after the war (large families)
• Lowered the average age of the population
1951: 25% of the total pop was under the age of 10!
– Government had to build:
• Schools,
• Daycares,
• Universities,
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) – Population
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) – Population
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture and the consumer society
– Before WW2, American businesses were
investing in Quebec’s natural resources.
• Mining Iron / Steel, Aluminum, Asbestos
• Pulp and paper Newspaper, Lumber.
– This created jobs and wealth for Quebec.
– Duplessis encouraged American investment in
Quebec to create jobs and wealth for the
regions.
• Cote-Nord, Lac-Saint-Jean, Abitibi-
Temiscamingue
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
– American culture followed American money
into Quebec:
• Pop culture Music, TV / Radio shows
• Cars culture Drive-in theatres, roads,
highways
• Fast food
• Consumer goods Refrigerator, radio, car, TV
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture – media - TV
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture – consumer goods
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture –
consumer society
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture – cars – fast food
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture - cars
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture – cars, roads, highways
Anjou Interchange ~1970
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• American culture – cars – suburbia
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Suburbia today
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) – Society
– Youth, captivated by entertainment, abandon
Church activities
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
– During and after WW2, American investors inject
even more capital ($$) into Quebec’s economy.
• More jobs and increased salaries led to the
consumer society.
Purchasing goods like TVs, cars, radio, etc.
– Americanism rapidly changed Quebec society.
• French losing out to English.
• Church losing out to TV / entertainment
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) - Economy
– Worried about decreasing population in the rural
areas, Duplessis sets out to modernize the farm
to stop people from leaving (p. 160)
• Brings electricity to farms
Improves productivity
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) - Economy
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) - Economy
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) - Government
– Remember: Duplessis is a ‘traditionalist’ and a
Quebec ‘Nationalist’
• Does not like the Federal Government getting
involved in Quebec’s affairs
• Favours Provincial autonomy
– He rejected Federal money for universities,
roads, etc. (ex: Highway 40)
– Created a Provincial Income tax (p. 160)
• Assured the government of Quebec, not Ottawa, a
source of money to pay for all the government
programs
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
– Duplessis gave funds to the Church to run
Healthcare and Education (p. 160-161):
The Church could not meet the demands of the
people
• Too few schools (poorly equipped), too many kids
• Francophones remained less-educated than
Anglophones
• Hospitals could not handle all the people
• People still had to pay out of pocket for healthcare
because Duplessis refused to establish health
insurance
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) – Society
– Quebec was torn between
Traditional vs. Social Change
Church vs. Secularization
Stability vs. Democratization
Duplessis vs. Americanism
– Secularization:
• Removing religion from institutions
(schools, hospitals, government, courts, etc.)
– Little by little, secular staff were replacing
religious personnel in schools and hospitals
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
Post WW2 – 1944 - 1960
• Quebec After WW2 (1944 – 60) - Economy
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
• End of An Era (p. 170):
– Duplessis dies in 1959
Quebec now ready to undergo
great political, economic,
social and culture change
1960: The “Quiet Revolution” Begins
– New Liberal Government elected in 1960
– Jean Lesage promises ‘it’s time for a change!’
– Page 170
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
• Main features of the Quiet Revolution:
– Government becomes the major force behind social
and economic change by increasing the role of gov’t
– Modernize the education system to catch up to the
rest of Canada
– To weaken
the influence
of the church
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
• Specific measures taken to ‘modernize’:
– Coeducation at school to promote girls education
– 1967: CEGEPs (college) created
– 1974: Concordia founded
– Many crown corporations (government corporations)
are created
• Hydro-Quebec
• Pension fund institutions
– Church no longer in charge of education and health
– 1968: New law makes divorce easier to get
– 1960s: Government changes immigration laws
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
• Expo ‘67:
– 1967: Montreal hosted the
world fair
– Presence of many diverse
foreign delegates contributes
to the city’s multicultural character helps
Quebecoise society be more open to different
cultures
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Cold War
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
• Extreme Nationalism:
– During the Quiet Revolution
the independence movement
gains momentum
– ‘Quebecoise’ culture ‘threatened’
by influx of Anglophones and Americanization
– F.L.Q.: “Front du Liberation du Quebec”
• Terrorist organization that plants
bombs at federal military institutions
and in mailboxes in Westmount
• Main goal:
Independence for Quebec
from Canada
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
• October Crisis of 1970:
– Members of the F.L.Q. kidnap James Cross, a
British diplomat, and Pierre Laporte, the Minister of
Labour in the Quebec Government.
– Laporte was later found murdered
– Led to the imposition of the War Measures Act by
the Federal Government, led by Pierre Trudeau,
• Sends troops to Montreal
• Suspend civil liberties
– Several hundred people
were arrested
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
The relationship between
Native people and the State
- Cree: Hydro,
James Bay
The Modernization of Quebec (1929 – 1970)
The Quiet Revolution (1960-70)
Duplessis Era Quiet Revolution
o Period of Privatisation in the
economy
o Education, Healthcare and
social assistance is left to the
Church
o Economic development in the
hands of major Americans
companies (natural resources)
o Period of Nationalisation of
resources and services
o Social change
o Control over the Quebec
economy
(«Maîtres chez nous»)
(1944-59) (1960-80)