Chapter 6 Outline Phychem

8/3/2019 Chapter 6 Outline Phychem

1/9

Chapter 6(Outline)

I.Phase diagrams

The stabilities of phases Phase Phase Transition Transition temperature Metastable phase

Phase boundaries Phase diagram Phase boundary Vapour pressure S

ublimation vapourpressure

Boiling Boiling temperature Normal boiling point Standard boiling point Critical temperature Critical pressure Supercritical fluid Melting temperature N

ormal freezing point Triple point and its

significance

Three typical phase diagrams The interpretation of the

phase diagram for water

Ice polymorphs The interpretation of the

phase diagram for

carbon dioxide

Supercritical fluidchromatography

The interpretation of thephase diagram for

helium

- line Superfluid helium

II. Phase stability and phasetransitions

The thermodynamic criterion ofequilibrium

The uniformity ofchemical potential

throughout a system at

equilibrium

The dependence of stability onthe conditions

The variation of chemicalpotential with

temperature (1) and its

implications for phase

stability

The variation of chemicalpotential with pressure

(2) and its implications

for phase stability

Partial vapour pressure Gas salvation Vapour pressure in the

presence of applied

pressure (3)

The location of phaseboundaries

The Claperyron equation The slope of the solid-

liquid boundary (7) and

the corresponding

formula for the

boundary (8.9)

The slope of the liquid-vapour boundary (10)

The Clausius-Clapeyronequation (11) and the

corresponding formula

for the boundary (12)


2/9

The slope of the solid-vapour boundary

The Ehrenfest classification ofthe phase transitions

The Ehrenfestclassification of phasetransitions

First-order phasetransition

Second-order phasetransition

-transitionIII. The physical liquid surface

Surface tension Work of forming a

surface (14)

Surface tension Curved surfaces

Bubble Cavity

Droplet Laplace equation for the

vapour pressure at a

curved surface (16)

Kelvin equation for thevapour pressure ofdroplets (17)

Supersaturated phase Spontaneous nucleation

centres

Nucleate Superheated Supercooled

Capillary action Capillary rise and surface

tension (19) Contact angle and

interfacial tension (21)

The criteria for thesurface wetting


3/9

Equations

The temperature dependence

of the Gibbs energy,

The variation of the

chemical potential with

pressure,

The quantitative relation

between vapour pressure, p,

The locations of the phase

boundaries,

Molar entropies and their

molar volumes,

Clapeyron equation,

Clapeyron equation (fusion),

Solid-liquid boundary,

Equation of a steep straight

line when p is plotted

against T,

The Clapeyron equation for

the liquid-vapour boundary,

Clausius-Clapeyron equation,

The effect of temperature on

the vapour pressure of a

liquid,

Ehrenfest classification of

phase transitions,


4/9

Diagrams


5/9


6/9


7/9


8/9

Advanced Organizer(Chapter 6)

Terminologies$ SKDVH LVD IRUP RIPDWWHU WKDWLV XQLIRUPWKURXJKRXW LQ FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ DQG

SK\VLFDOVWDWH

$WUDQVLWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHLVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFKWKHWZRSKDVHVDUHLQHTXLOLEULXP

$ PHWDV WDEOH SKDVH L V D WKHUPRG\QDPLFDO O\ XQV WDEOH SKDVH WKDW SHUVLVWV

EHFDXVHWKHWUDQVLWLRQLVNLQHWLFDOO\KLQGHUHG

$SKDVHGLDJUDPLVDGLDJUDPVKRZLQJWKHUHJLRQVRISUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFK

LWVYDULRXVSKDVHVDUHWKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\VWDEOH

$SKDVHERXQGDU\LVDOLQHVHSDUDWLQJWKHUHJLRQVLQDSKDVHGLDJUDPVKRZLQJ

WKHYDOXHVRISDQG7DWZKLFKWZRSKDVHVFRH[LVWLQHTXLOLEULXP

7KHYDSRXUSUHVVXUHLVWKHSUHVVXUHRIDYDSRXULQHTXLOLEULXPZLWKWKHFRQGHQVHGSKDVH

%RLOLQJLVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIIUHHYDSRUL]DWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHOLTXLG

7KHERLOLQJWHPSHUDWXUHLVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFKWKHYDSRXUSUHVVXUHRIDOLTXLGLVHTXDO

WRWKHH[WHUQDOSUHVVXUH

7KHFULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHLVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFKDOLTXLGVXUIDFHGLVDSSHDUVDQGDERYH

ZKLFKDOLTXLGGRHVQRWH[LVWZKDWHYHUWKHSUHVVXUH

7KHFULWLFDOSUHVVXUHLVWKHYDSRXUSUHVVXUHDWWKHFULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUH


9/9

$VXSHUFULWLFDOXLGLVDGHQVHXLGSKDVHDERYHWKHFULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUH

7KH PHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH RU IUHH]LQJWHPSHUDWXUH LV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DW ZKLFK XQGHU

DVSHFLHGSUHVVXUHWKHOLTXLGDQGVROLGSKDVHVRIDVXEVWDQFHFRH[LVWLQHTXLOLEULXP

7KHWULSOHSRLQWLVDSRLQWRQDSKDVHGLDJUDPDWZKLFKWKHWKUHHSKDVHERXQGDULHVPHHW

DQGDOOWKUHHSKDVHVDUHLQPXWXDOHTXLOLEULXP

7KHFKHPLFDOSRWHQWLDO v RI D SXUH VXEVWDQFH LV WKH PRODU *LEEV HQHUJ\ RI WKH

VXEVWDQFH 7KH FKHPLFDO SRWHQWLDO LV XQLIRUP WKURXJKRXW D V\VWHPDW HTXLOLEULXP 7KH

FKHPLFDO SRWHQWLDO YDULHV ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUH DV v7S 6P DQGZLWKSUHVVXUH DV

vS79P

7KHYDSRXUSUHVVXUHLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIDSSOLHGSUHVVXUHLVJLYHQE\SSH9P357

7KH WHPSHUDWXUHGHSHQGHQFH RIWKH YDSRXUSUHVVXUH LV JLYHQ E\ WKH&ODSH\URQ HTXDWLRQ

GSG7WUV6WUV9 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH GHSHQGHQFH RIWKH YDSRXUSUHVVXUH RID FRQGHQVHG

SKDVHLVJLYHQE\WKH&ODXVLXV&ODSH\URQHTXDWLRQGOQSG7YDS+57

7KH(KUHQIHVWFODVVLFDWLRQLVDFODVVLFDWLRQRISKDVHWUDQVLWLRQVEDVHGRQWKHEHKDYLRXU

RIWKHFKHPLFDOSRWHQWLDO

Documents

Chapter 6 Outline Phychem