CHAPTER - 6

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION, CORRESPONDING

SPATIAL GROWTH AND LAND TRANSFORMATION IN TlRUPATl AND VIJAYAWADA

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF URBANIZATION IN GENERAL

6.3 AIR POLLUTION

6.4 NOISE POLLUTION

6.5 WATER POLLUTION

6.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

6.7 PERCEPTIONS OF SLUM HOUSEHOLDERS IN TlRUPATl AND VIJAYAWADA THROUGH PRIMARY QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY.

6.1. INTRODUCTION

The heavy urban population growth and the slum population growth

and corresponding spatial growth is already explained in the chapter 4 and 5.

The urban growth both spatially and demographically puts heavy

pressure on infrastructure, particularly road network, traffic and transportation,

water supply, sewerage, sanitation, solid waste, etc. Unless infrastructure is

not improved, quality of life will suffer. Most importantly, it impacts economic

development of the city and investment climate. Thus the Land use of Tirupati

and Vijayawada city reflects the economy of the city as well as the level of

environmental pollution where its level increases with the increase of city size

and its functional character. Heirike (1996) presented the environmental

impact of urbanization and housing environment especially on its components

of population, land use, transportatton and services.

6.2. Environmental Impact of Urbanization in General

Environmental Component

Atmosphere

More intense use of resources

lncreased

Impacts of Urbanization

Source: R. Uttama Roddy Unpubl ished Ph.D., thesis, S.V. University, T intpat i - 2008.

Ra~n, surface water polluted with lead Dlalnage altered by infra-

str-

O~sruptlon of disfigurement of landscape

Increased noise levels health effects of nolse, air pollut~on

Human impacts

Leachlng of pollutants from land fill. Discharges from sewage out falls pollution from boats.

Sanitary land fill of urban wastes and Installation, repairs of selvlce disturb the landscape

Social awareness and Individual responsibility

~ 0 ~ 3 a t i o n (Numbers and

Density) Increasing release of Co2, decreased production of oxygen as plant calories are destroyed by spreading to urban

transfOrmatlon Of uninhabited agr'cultural Or unutilized land to urban uses. -

Ps~chOlOgical impacts of high density living

Land

most of the urbanized areas

Transportation

A r pollution from combustion of fuels, Photo chemical smog emlsslon of lead from some engines

Complete changes due to construction, landscaping e t c

psychological impacts

Sewices

Parliculates, noxious fumes from incineralors land fill, sewage treatment works, etc.,

6.3. AIR POLLUTION

According to Indian Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981

"Air pollution means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in the

atmosphere in such concentrations that may or tend to be injurious to human

beings or other living creatures or plants or property or enjoyment".

A complete definition of air pollution given in the Dictionary of

Environmental Terms by Alan Gilpin, 1976 is "Substance present in the

atmosphere in concentration great enough to interfere directly or indirectly

with man's comfort, safety or health or enjoyment of his property.

Air Pollution is a major health problem globally, Industrialization and

ongoing development of large urban areas in many countries are exposing

increasing number of people to potential hazards of air pollution. There are

reports of adverse effects of major air pollutants with aerodynamic diameter

less than 10 micrometre on hospital admissions for cardiovascular and

respiratory diseases as well as daily mortality. On the other hand, the effects

of the ambient air poilution on general population causing minor complaints

not resulting in medical consultations. (Savindra Singh, 1991)

6.3.1. Major Air Pollutants, Sources and their effects on Human Health:

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70 per cent of

the global urban population breathes air that is unhealthy at least some of the

time, while another 10 per cent breathe air that is "marginal".

Air Pollutants range from visible particulate smoke and dust to

invisible gases (Carbon-monoxide). The major air pollutants occur either in

gaseous forms or as particulate matter. The gaseous pollutants include

Sulphur-di-oxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO),

Carbondi-oxide (CO,), Hydrocarbon (HC) and Ozone (Oo). Particulate matter

pollutants are particles of solid and liquid substances like Lead (Pb),

Fluorides(F), etc.

Many substances contaminate the air quality of Tirupati and

Vijayawada. The main sources of air pollution in these two cities are

automobiles and burning of municipal garbage. Automobiles emit huge

quantities of unburnt gases, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Fuel

combustion in stationary sources contributed to most of the sulphur-di-oxide,

a substantial proportion of particulates and oxide of nitrogen. Along with

these, sewage manholes are also sources of air pollution, which generate

mainly gaseous pollutants like methane, oxide of nitrogen, carbon-di-oxide.

With this purview an attempt has been made here to analyze the temporal,

seasonal and spatial pattern of air pollution in Tirupati and Vijayawada city

(APPCB, Regional Office, Tirupati and Vijayawada).

6.3.2. Road network coverage in Tirupati and Vijayawada City

Road Network in Tirupati City:

Roads play an important role in the urban areas as they are the

major source of connectiv~ty. The roads in Tirupati are very narrow with heavy

encroachments and high predestination especially along the core area and

surrounding areas of the temples, mainly due to temple related commercial

activities. The Road infrastructure in the municipality is not adequate with 25

km of Kutcha Roads. The Road length is given in the table No 6.1.

Apart from the above mentioned inadequate roads Tirupati has

regional roads such as Chittoor road, Tiruchanoor road, Renigunta road,

Tirumala Ghats road, Mangalam road, Rayalacheruvu road, Karakambadi

road, etc.,

Table 6.1: Roads Classification and Break-up in Tirupati

City Network: It includes several narrow, medium and broad roads

running North -South and East- West along with some diagonal roads are not

capable of accommodating the vehicular as well as human population.

BT [ Tirupati 113.60 84.90

Source: TirupaU Municipal Corporation, 2001

WBM

38.82 .-

13.25 250.57

6.3.3. Central Area in Tirupati City:

Tirupati Central Area (CBD') where main commercial activities take

place is surrounded by Tirumala bypass on eastern side, railway line on

southern side and old Alipiri road on western side, TUDA ofice road, Mosque

road'and Maternity Hospital road on northern side. Roads in the central area

are characterised by narrow carriageway width with less Right of Way (ROW),

heavy traffic volume and disorganized on street parking.

Road Network Inventory Survey in Tirupati (City Development Plan, Tirupati) :

* The Roads are not uniform and not developed to the Master Plan

Width.

Except Alipiri Ring Road, Bypass Road, Prakasam Road within the city,

and all other roads are narrow and not wide enough to carry the

present traffic demand.

Regional roads have wider ROW.

Very few roads are having 4 lane carriage way. All other roads have

only 2 lanes or substandard 3 lanes.

Only one road (Alipiri Ring Road) is partially concretized. All other

roads are bituminous.

6.3.4: Road Network in Vijayawada (VGTM UDA)':

The major traffic bearing roads are NH 5, NH 9, Kanakadurga

temple to K.R Market, Bandar Road, Eluru Road, Gollapudi to Tunnel Road,

Chitti Nagar to S.N Puram route, KBN College Road, Pinnamaneni Polyclinic

Road, No.5 Route from Old Bus Station to Siddhartha College, Nakkala Road,

Rajagopalachari Road, etc.,

Central Business District Vijayawada, Guntur, Tenali and Mangalagiri Urban Development Author~ty

6.3.5: Characteristics of the Roads and facilities with respect to Land

Use in Tirupati and Vijayawada:

There are no defined pedestrian zones in both the cities except for the

areas within the temple premises at Sri Govindaraju Swamy Temple ' and Kapilatheertham in Tirupati and Sri Kanaka Durga Temple in

Vijayawada.

Most of the roads have chaotic traffic as there are no dividers and

roads are narrow for two way traffic.

The road surfaces are not good and there are water logging pits and

large hoardings with advertisements and these are actually causing

visual discomfort (visual pollut~on).

In many places the footpaths provided are unusable as they are

blocked for utilizing it for some other purposes or too high for

convenient access. The pedestrian traffic volumes in the core area are

so high that wherever feasible dedicated pedestrian zone need to be

planned.

The road width varies from 15m to 45m in both the cities. The roads in

the core area are only 18 m wide and 18 feet in Tirupati. Many of the

important roads require widening, redesigned sections or a proper

traffic management system.

The demand for parking is very high in the core area due to the

predominance of religious places attracting pilgrims and the

accompanying commercial services. Govindaraja Swamy temple, The

Railway Station and the Bus Stand, Gandhi Road in Tirupati and

Kanaka Durga Temple, Railway Station, K.R. Market and Bus Stand in

Vijayawada are the areas with high parking demand. Although there

are some areas like the taxi Stand and other places which are used as

parking places, they are grossly inadequate and the resultant on street

parking reducing the road width effectively, leading to increasing

congestion.

Majority of roads are devoid of footpaths. Few have footpaths partially

and generally very narrow. Most of the footpaths are occupied by small '

shops or vendors or with illegal extensions of the permanent shops.

All the arterial roads have commercial and residential land use on both

sides. The commercial development is in the form of shops, retail

business, restaurants, etc., which attract visitors and vehicular traffic.

Thus Tirupati and Vijayawada city is facing certain problems like

inadequate road infrastructure and safety issues, uneven and inadequate

carriageway to handle the high vehicular traffic flow on the arterial roads, Lack

of road signs or intersection markings, Traffic signalling light at the junctions

uncontrolled pedestrian crossings, parked vehicles on both sides, too many

junctions spaced very close to each other, no wider proper footpaths for

pedestrians and hence all the roads need widening to 60', go', 120' and 150'

to accommodate the ever increasing traffic of all sorts.

6.3.6. Traffic and transportation in Tirupati City:

Tirupati serves as a transit place for the pilgrims visiting Tirumala.

As mentioned earlier the average influx of pilgrims on a normal day is around

70,000 and swells considerably during peak seasons and on auspicious and

religious days to about 80,000 to 1,00,000 persons. On the holiest occasions

there will be 4.00 to 6.00 lakh for few days In a year. Because of migrants and

natural growth along with floating populat~on, Tirupat~ has been witness~ng

tremendous growth (bulging) in the recent years and is the fastest growing

urban centre in the state itself. Thus the road and transport network has to

cater to three types of traffic - Pilgrim (floating) traffic, migrant population

traffic and normal traffic of the residents.

The road network of Tirupati does not follow a specific pattern but it

approaches the ring radial pattern. The traffic enters the city mainly from four

traffic conidors: NH-205 from Pudipatala, NH-205 from Renigunta constitutes

about 80% of the total vehicular traffic, MDR~-~I from Tiruchanoor, Z P R ~ - 45

from Karakambadi.

The Railway line, which runs in east-west direction, bisects the city

into 'Nvo parts. The city has mainly grown in the east-west direction along the

NH-205 and Railway line. According to Regional Transport Office data (2005),

in a day about 70712 vehicles enter and 73078 vehicles depart from Tirupati,

total volume experienced is 1, 43,250 vehicles. Almost at all the junctions

motorized traffic is dominant accounting for 85% and remaining is non-

motorized vehicles significant at Rayalacheruvu Road, Annamaiah Road,

Padmavathi College and Church circle Road, etc.

The high traffic congestion is observed during the survey, which includes the following:

Four Pillar junction to Railway Station, Gandhi Statue to Ambedkar

Statue, Town Club Junction to S.V. Music College Junction, Old Municipal

Junction to Town Club Junction, Old Market to V.V. Mahal Junction, M.R.

Palle to S.V. Nagar Junction, Nethaji Street to Annamaiah Junction, Gandhi

Road to Railway Station.

It is observed that the high traffic congestion is primarily generated by the following land uses:

75% of city dwellers have vehicular access. Hence the passenger

traffic, intense commercial activity and on street parking is one of the

main reason.

Others are presence of group theatres, petrol pumps, hotels.

r Major traffic generates at railway station, educational institutions, and

holy and pilgrim places, places of accommodation. This congestion has

resulted in reduction of average speeds of the vehicles over a period

with just 19 kmlhr within the city limits and at the outer cordons with an

Mandal Development Roads Zilla Parishad Roads

average of 40 kmlhr. With the yearly increase in traffic it is likely to

reduce if there is no improvement in the road situation which finally

increases the traffic congestion putting the people into hardship.

Modal split

Table No. 6.2 explains that the highest 28.16% of vehicular traffic

Table 6.3: Pilgrim's Mode of Travel - 2001

covers trucks and other large vehicles, followed by two and three wheelers

-- Mode

Air Train Bus Mini Bus CarlJeep (Private) - Taxi (Private) Two wheeler

with 24.69%, four wheelers 19.59O/0, Buses 16% and cycles and cycle

rickshaws 12%. Pilgrims to the city normally travel by buses 66.4% from the

-

neighbouring states and next by Rail 22.3% (Table 6.3) from distant places of

Passengers - From Outside to Tlrupy-,

0.2 - -- . -. - 22.J 66.4 ." I

- - 9.3 .- - --- .-

-- 0 5 0 1 B y a L 1

India. All other modes of travel contribute very less percentage of travellers.

(%) From Tlrupatl to Tirumala

. 72-'-

10 - 11 2 5

The Tirupati city is almost exploded by the decade-wise (Table No. 6.4) and

Source: Report by Regional Engineering College, Warangal, "Traffic Improvement Plans for Tirupati". The findings are based on a Pilgrim Opinion S u ~ e y carried out at Tirumala.

category wise (Table No.6.5), growth of vehicles which bring people from far

of places and make dense population which bursts by not having the required

amenities at the place of destination. The increase of vehicles is almost same

in all the decades but more than the increase in many of the class-l cities.

Two wheelers are growing more in number because of the city road network

condition as already explained, secondly, the presence of several educational

institutions and the student population. Then jeeps and cars are growing in

more numbers because they carry pilgrims to holy spots within or outside

Tirupati and to the institutions and offices.

Table 6.4: Growth Trends of Registered vehicles in Tirupati City

Source: Regional Transport Ofilce, Tirupati.

Source: ~e~io%l Transport Office, Tirupati.

6.3.7. Traffic and Transportation in Vijayawada City:

The land lay and topography have collectively rendered the city a

"nodality of the first order" in the network of arterial transport routes in the

country in general and the state of Andhra Pradesh in particular. The north

south arterials both roads and railways pass through the city, and this has

greatly influenced transaction of commercial trade in the city.

The traffic volume has been growing very heavily and bounds each

year and the narrow streets, congested junctions, haphazard parking and

violation of traffic regulations etc., is the obstacles to free flow of traffic. The

two National Highways namely NH 5 and NH 9 passing through the city has

heterogeneous character of traffic with fast and slow moving vehicles all along

the road network, therefore the traffic congestion is very high. And also due to

huge pedestrian traffic, lack of diversion of routes for one ways, ring roads,

flyovers, the traffic becomes almost unmanageable. The number of motorized

vehicles in the city stood a phenomenal count of 4.6 lakh in 2005 (Table

N0.6.6) and the trend indicates growth of almost 25,000 to 30,000 vehicles

during 2001 to 2003 and in 2004 and 2005 the increase was 43,000 and

62,000 respectively. The annual growth rate increased by 1% from 2001 to

2004 but in 2005 it increased by 4%. This shows that people desire to use

vehicles was supported by banks and financiers for reasonable interests.

Therefore, of the total vehicle, 62% are registered in the Vijayawada

Corporation alone and table No 6.7 shows that two wheelers are more in

number where the trend is similar to Tirupati.

Table 6.6: Growth Trends of Registered Vehictes in Vijayawada Clty

Table 6.7: Type of Vehicles --- Registered in Vijayawada City (2000-2005) --"-,

33143 362472 - -- - -- KT 42529 3 405001 - - 2005 61530 466531 -

-

Buses 2965 3496 3996 4253 5430 81 50

10.06 -- 11.73

15.19 --

Two Wheelers 7585 9454 10250 12343 16590 23895 - CarsIJeeps 2569 3551 3885 4105 - 5200 --

Three Wheelers 2998 3890 4153 5653 61 50 8600

Source: Regional Transport Offlce, Vijayawada

6.3.8. Rail and Air Transport in Tirupati and Vijayawada:

Miscelianeous

Total

As already said Tirupati and Vijayawada are connected to all parts of

India by rail which brings heaps of people from different areas influx the

population of both the cities creating several consequential environmental

problems. The airways of both the cities move to limited places and bring only

a meagre passenger. The environmental impact on both the cities is only due

to the automobiles and railway$ the former brings people and liberate

pollutants and the later brings people and create problems of Traffic

Source: Reglonal Transport Offim, Vijayawada

191 3

19254

2317

24823

2908 1 4089 1 5414 8185

27417 1 33143 1 42529 / 61530

congestion, household congestion and finally disturb the normal life of the

citizens.

6.3.9. Congestion due to increased Vehicular Traffic:

There is no clear cut hierarchy in the road network of both the cities with the result; the distribution of traffic is not smooth. Lower order roads do

not appropriately linked to higher order roads. Thls results in large traffic

volumes in certain areas. This is coupled with spill over d the regional

activities, haphazard parking and encroachments, inadequate design of the

roads and large number of private vehicles in the absence of public

transportation system, has created congestion on these two city roads. There

are five level crossings (Rail gates) in Tirupati city and frequent closure of

these results in enormous delays and causes pollution and associated economic and environmental losses. In the case study areas of Tirupat~ and

Vijayawada vehicular pollution is one of the major cause for air pollution and pollutants released from vehicles would concentrate in the stagnate air. The

two cities had further gone In vertlcal rise of housing which further hinders the

circulation of fresh air. All these factors add to air and noise pollution

problems.

6.3.10. Ambient air quality in Tirupati City:

The APPCB~ Regional Office, Tirupati collected data to work out the

ambient air quality. According to their report traffic Island is a major junction

with high traffic and pollutior~ load. There are 62 Traffic Junctions in Tirupati

but among them 12 were chosen randomly which represent Tirupati Ambient

Air Quality. The air pollutant were analysed from these twelve traffic centres

and air pollution was monitored. The analysis of air pollutants (SO2, NOx,

SPM and CO) and particularly on festival days (Brahmotsavam) in Tirupati

was carried out yielded very drastic results (Fig. No. 6.1).

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board

217

Table No. 6.8: Average Concentrations of Air Pollutants i.e., SPM, SO*, NO,, CO at different locations in Tirupati - 1998-2001

Monthly Mean - .- -4 SPM / SOI 1 NO3 1 CO -.,I

R.T.C Central Bus Stand [ 349 1 S.V. Universitv Junction 24

I BalajiColony Junction 1 319 1 40 1 45 1 1896 1 West Church Cross Roads

Mahila Universitv Junction 1 118 1 16 1 . 26

Gandhi Road Junction

Railway Station Junction

SVl MS Junction 176 26 26

Alipiri Junction

S.V. Univenity Campus -- S.V. Naaar Junction 136 14 994

M.R. Pall1 L-- 958 1 Source: APPCB, Reglonal - Tirupati

Levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM):

The table no 6.8 explains that the monthly mean and yearly

averages of SPM levels were measured for 1998-2001. The SPM levels

showed two peaks one showing high levels during April (290 and 292pg/m3)6,

May (348pg1m3 and 346pglm3), June (3201glm3 and 316pglm3) and the other

during mid October (220pglm3 and 210pglm3), November (300pglm3 and

302pg1m3) and mid December (296vglm3 and 298pglm3). In other words, high

SPM levels were recorded in summer (April to June) and in winter (mid

October to mid December) during 1998-01. High SPM levels during April-June

might be due to increase in the vehicular traffic during summer holidays. For

example, the traffic data collected at Alipiri junction shows that the vehicles

passing through the Tollgate to Tirumala during summer and also during

September to October due to Brahmotsavams, exhibited high vehicular traffic

than in other months (Table No. 6.9).

"icrograms per cubic meter

-- --

Fig. No.B.1 Source : Draft of Urban Environmental Profile of Tinrpati Town, Tirupati Municipal Corpontlon

Table No. 6.9: Vehicular traffic at Alipiri Tollgate to Tirumala during

APSRTC buses are ndt included in the above ilat.

The other SPM moderate levels during the other months might be

due to influence of meteorological factors. Thus here the SPM peak levels

correlate to the vehicular traffic and the other levels correlates to

meteorological factors.

Sulphur-Di-Oxide Level (Sod:

The monthly mean SO2 levels showed two peaks between the years

1998-2001 and during winter months (November 40pg/m3, December

38pg1m3 and November 39pglm3 and December 37pglm3. A second peak

levels were observed during summer months (May 38pglm3 and 32pglm3,

June 36pglm3 and 30pglm3. Comparatively low levels were observed during

other months. High levels are due to meteorological factors in winter and

combustion of fuels in summer.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx):

The levels of NOx do not exceed norms prescribed by the Central

Pollution Control Board of India for National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

However, correlation was observed between concentrations of NOx and

meteorological parameters, namely air temperature, solar radiation, wind

speed, relative humidity and rainfall, showed statistical significance (APPCB,

Regional Office, Tirupati).

Carbon monoxide Level (CO):

CO Level is a public health concern both as pollutant and as an

indicator of air quality. The monthly mean concentrations of CO were

measured for the period 1998-2001. High concentrations of CO were

recorded during summer months of May and June and comparatively low

levels during November and December. A low concentration of carbon

monoxide was there during the rest of the year and is in permissible limits as

prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. CO levels showed

two peaks during the years 1999-2000 and 2000-01. Thus high levels are due

to heavy vehicular traffic during bummer months of April, May and June is

usually released into urban air mainly from exhaust emissions of automobiles,

as per the Local Pollution Board.

Tirupati Traffic Centres namely RTC Central Bus Stand, Balaji

Colony Junction, Gandhi Road Commercial Junction, Railway Station

junction, Alipiri Junction showed high percentage of violations for SPM

exceeding recommended limits ranging from 70 to 80 per cent. Total monthly

mean SPM levels ranged from 210pg/m3 to 348pglm3 exceeding recommend

limit of 200pglm3 for the residential area.

Concentrations of SO2 did not exceed recommended limits

(60pg1m3). Yet Balaji Colony Junction, Railway Station Junction, Alipiri

Junction and Gandhi Road junction registered maximum violations for NO2

ranging from 12 to 20 per cent. CO levels showed maximum violations at

Alipiri junction, Railway Station junction and RTC Bus Stand junction. The

levels range from 83 to 97 per cent. The mean CO concentration ranges from

960pg1m3 to 2200pg1m3.

6.3.11. Ambient air quality in Vijayawada City:

As a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, Vijayawada

experiences air pollution beyond permissible limits.

Table 6.10: Concentrations of Air pollutants Parameters in Vijayawada 2001

Units in m Parameter Benz Circle Patamata Auto Nagar Average for the city

105.30 69.37 126.78 100.48

242.31 188.15 362.91 264.46

2.90 ---. - - --.

NOx 70.59 36.59 72.18 i - - - i -1

Source: APPCB Keys: RSPM - Respirable Suspended particulate matter, PPM- Parts per Million

The pollutant loads of the city when compared with acceptable limits

show that RSPM and SPM are hbher by 20 ppm and 51 pprn respectively.

The table Nos. 10, 11 and 12 also show that except SO2 level, the standards

of all the other parameters have been far exceeded in many areas of the city.

In the case of NOx it is nearing the tolerable limit and may cross the limit very

shortly while SO2 may take few more months to become unacceptable.

Table 6.11: Concentration of Air Pollutant Parameters in Comparison with Standards in Vijayawada, 2001

l U n h in nnml

i Parameten i Benz Circle i Patamata 1 Auto h o a r 1

Status of Air Pollution in Vijayawada City - 2001

I N M X

mHRn MODERATE

500111 0 500 1500 3000m

SCALE :- 1 : 30,000

Fig. No.6.2.

It is learnt that if SPM and RSPM levels exceed the standards there

considered, that the city is highly polluted. Except in the case of NOx,

pollution is moderate. However, the confronting fact is that the pollution levels

in the city are comparatively much less than the similar cities in the country as

per the APPCB study.

Table No.6.11 exhibits that in the city only at certain spots where the

commercial activities, heavy vehicular traffic, small industrial units are located,

there the concentration of pollutants are more. For example, some circles like

Benz circle, Patamata and Autonagar possessing the above factors suffering

from the more concentration of pollutants have more exceedence factor. But

according to table No. 6.12 the average pollution levels calculated for the

entire Vijayawada are not exceeding the normal pollution standards as

indicated by the Pollution Control Board. This shows that the life of people in

the polluted centres is miserable when compared with the normal areas or

less polluted areas(Fig No. 6.2)

ritical Pollution(C) - When the EF is more than 1.5

igh Pollution (H) - when the EF is between 1 .O-1.5

oderate Pollution (M) -when the EF is between 0.5-1.0

Source: CPCB, APPCB

6.3.12. Impact of Air Pollution on Human Health:

The impact of stagnant air over the cities of Tirupati and Vijayawada

has tended to produce health hazards. A sample study from the unpublished thesis on the traffic policemen indicated that 26% of the traffic cops have asthma and most of them suffer from low lung capacity. Major symptoms that

have arisen over these two cities for the last decade or so are asthma, cough,

burning sensation of eyes, wheezing, running nose and breathlessness. Air

pollution is the major one among many reasons for this allergic hazard.

6.3.13. Measures to check Air Pollution:

As the level of air pollution in Tirupati and Vijayawada city is increasing, there is an urgent need to control it. The following suggestions

have been made for the control of air pollution.

I The present measuring and monitoring systems are highly inadequate

to depict air quality. It is necessary to make available information on wind direction and velocity, temperature, levels of pollution, etc., from

many locations (at least 20 to 30 In the city)

Monitoring air quality at present is confined only to pollutants such as SPM, RSPM, SO,, NOx, CC2. This should be extended to cover other

elements like hydrocarbon, carbon sulphide, hydrochloric acid,

hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, ozone, lead, etc., around their respective source areas.

The use of unleaded petrol should be highly promoted. This should be popularized and compulsorily put to use.

Flyovers and subways should be constructed at the areas of maximum congestion to relieve traffic congestion; speed up operations and save

fuel.

Laying roads must be proportional to the growth of the city, so that the

plans of the planning and transport departments can function in co-

ordination to each other.

Civic consciousness and awareness should be created among the

vehicle owner regarding adverse effects of air pollution on public

health.

Ban the vehicle which is more than 15 years old to reduce the exhaust

of Carbon-monoxide and Chlorofluorocarbons.

Firm action should be taken against the vehicle owners who fail to

maintain emission standards in their vehicles.

In the vicinity of Tirupati and Vijayawada cities there has been sharp

reduction in the tree cover. Green belts should be developed and , maintained which help the exchange of gases. At road junctions and

industrial units trees are to be planted and gardens are to be

maintained to absorb some pollutants released on roads.

Burning of garbage should not be allowed in the residential and commercial parts of the city should be moved away trom the city to the

identified places of that purpose.

Specific plans should be thought of to mingle local communities and NGO's to take up several correcting and learning methods. Public

interest is very essential for the control of air pollution.

Last but not least that the rule breakers, policy evaders, trouble makers

and system destroyers should be heavily fined like in the foreign countries which are assumed to bring down the misbehaviour of human

beings.

6.4. NOISE POLLUTION

As per the WHO report Noise is "Prejudicial to social life, mental and

physical health". Nclise unlike other pollutants like garbage, oil spills, etc., is

not visible and hence tends to get less attention. High noise levels are known

to have been linked'with high blood pressure, suicides and other ailments,

degrade response, and impair hearing and speech loss and less resistance of

diseases. It is also causes reduced learning ability. Noise thus is considered

as one of the many intrusive elements of our environment.

6.4.1. Sources of Noise Pollution:

There are 3 major sources of noise generated indoors and 5

outdoors, Indoor noise originates in apartment and houses, office or factory

and other places of amusement (disco, pub, etc.). Here sound emerges from

loud voices, heavy footsteps, radio, television, stereo equipment, and

plumbing, air-condition and noise appliances such as blenders, vacuum

cleaners, washing machines, etc., Outdoor sources include transportation,

consjruction, industrial operation, the individual human being (shouting, etc.,)

and miscellaneous noises such as metal garbage can, air conditioners,

generators, mikes, etc.,(CPCB)

Source: CPCB

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Standards for Noise Level

6.4.2. Noise Pollution in Tirupati and Vijayawada Cities:

Category of area

lndustnal - - - -

Noise pollution is the latest and the most sinister hazard affecting

Tirupati (Fig.No. 6.3) and Vijayawada City (Fig. No. 6.4). Noise levels in these

Commerc~al 65 55 -- Res~dent~ai

- - - - - -- - -- - i-- 5.5

- -1 S~lence Zone 50

h i t s tn Day - - - -

75

cities experience outdoor at commercial and residential localities. The most

d ~ ' (A)" ~e~~ - - ~

common outdoor source of noise is produced by the automobiles and different

- - - - - 70

- - - - - - - - -

types of motor vehicles. In addition to this loud speakers and modern gadgets

in residential areas and generator sets and air conditioners in commercial

areas produce different intensity of noise level.

Noise levels at certain traffic junctions in the two cities were doubled

the permissible limits. The reason cited were vehicular population, bad road

conditions, disregard for traffic rules, excessive application of brakes, change

of gears and habitual honking.

Decibel is a unit in which noise is measured Denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear ' It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period

226

Intersections in Tirupati:

The following intersections are categorized as important from the point of

view of the traffic and connectivity within major roads.

Alipiri Toll Gate, Nandi Circle

Leela Mahal Circle TMR Circle

Garudanjaneya Swarny Circle

Kalashram Circle Ramanujam Cirlce

/ Lakshmipuram Junction

Dr. Ambedkar Circle

Gandhi Clrcle

TMC Office Vegetable Market

TUDA C~rcle

Balaji Colony / Town Club (NTR Circle)

/ Annamaiah Circle

Intersections in Vijayawada:

The major intersections experiencing traffic congestion are

Veterinary Hospital

Executive Club

Prakasam Barrage

Vijaya Taik~es

Benz Circle

I Madhu Kala Mandapam

/ S~tard Ctnema Nethall Br~dge

NTR Colony

Ramavarappadu Ring

The above areas experience high level of noise because of the fact

that these areas have major commercial centres, roads as the major arteries

for intra and intercity heavy traffic flow. It can be seen read from an unpublished thesis ("A Study in Environmental Pollution, by P.Prabhu, 2000 Bangalore University) that the increasing noise levels are on par with the

increasing traffic density. The noise level and traffic peak occurs twice a day that is 10-11 a.m. and 5-7 p.m. The lowest noise level and traffic density was

at 1-2 p.m. The noise level recorded during these peak period of traffic density

are 82.8dB (A) and 86.4 dB (A) respectively and it IS 73.1 dB (A) during lean

hours and in the residential areas the noise are mainly due to indoor sources.

Status of Noise Pollution in Tirupati City - 2001

Nandhl 1 SCALE :- 1 : 30 000

w9 Muntcipal Corplrohoo Boundary -

Revenue Wards Boundary P""1"

Hlqh iJO.100 db) ~ a d a r b t e (60- 70 db) - -

Lo* ( 60 db) .III

_II I Fig.No. 6 3. Source . Draft of Urbac Environmentai Prof i l~ of Tirupatt Town, Tirupati Municipal Corporation

Status of Noise Pollution in Vijayawada City - 2001

500m 0 500 1500 3000m

SCALE :- 1 : 30,000

Fig.No. 6.4.

r n w

5 HIOH

a MODERATE

LOW

Table 6,13: Monthly Average Noise levels in Tirupali City at two locillions Gandhi Road (Commercial Areal and M,R,Palli (Residential Area)

hrea: APPCB, lirupati Regional OfRce

Table 6,14 Monthly Average Noise levels in Vijay awada City at two locations hnz Circle (Commercial Area), Patawata (Residential A~a)~2001~2007

M a r :

Jun . Jul

57.7 52.3 54.2 55.7 504

j 52.3

$MI: @PCB, Vijayawada Regional Office

79.9 1 68.8

Oet ' Nov

bc

72.1 n

78.9, 789 72.7 8 i f 68.9 19.9 1 2 1

68.1 504 57,l 52.3,

63 1 87.8 62.5 m,i 67.3 65.15 62.5 74.4

59.65 68.8

754 734 7145 73.55

74

61.6 as

63.5 63

62s 60.2

6 2 . 5 . 6 1 . 6

85.2 ao3

86.8 87.8 80.3 87.3 85.2

53.3 152.6 60.251 54.8

618 65.6 59.3 634 607

68.9 1 85.6

68.1 66.2 68.2 66.5 68,l

63.9 60.2

75.15 754 7145 73.75 734

68.2 sss 65 65

83.2 87.8

77.25 1 45.6 1 60.7 88.6 15.6 804 88.6 8 0 . 7 1 74.4 59.9

684 4.8 55.7

554

a15 ' 46.5

56.25 61.6

604 ai 67.9 62.7

184] 52,l nos 1 5 3 4

56.25 srr

127 76.8

88.3 177.251 54.9 78.9 68.9

54.6 511

705 1 9.5

47.2 52.3

88.6 1 784 85.6 116.05 80.7 1 7 4 4

56.6 51.1

634 54.2

67.3- 62,15'

5J51 49.9 57.5 148.6

63.5 68.2 61.2 56.9

51.6 534 519

5105 55.7 55.55 52.75

64.6 65.2

5 9 4 " * i j i - . ~ 71.2 72

60.6 62.15

67.3 63.14

Noise levels in Ti~pati City - Commercial and Resldential Amas (2001-2007)

-COandhi Road 2001 +Qandhl RoPd 20M +Gandhl Rod 2007 *M.R.Palll2001 +Wi.R.PallI 2004 *M.R Pa111 2007

(161

Noise levels in Vijayawada City -Commercial and Resldential Areas (2001 -2007)

-- -"- -- +Baw Circle 2004 --Ben2 Clrak 2W7

+Patamata 2007 +pdamata 2004 - - 80.

75 -. d 5 7 0 .

-- -. -- -. ---- -- --

w.

55

50 q i

Jan Fob Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aup Sop Oct Nw Doc Months

FI@.No. 6.6.

It is evident from the table Nos. 6.13 and 6.14 that in Tirupati (the

two points of study) Gandhi Road, Commercial and M.R. Palli, Residential

and Vijayawada Benz Circle, Commercial and Patamata, Residential the

monthly Average noise levels recorded during 2001 to 2007 seems to be

increased because of increase in the usage of vehicles. Noise levels are

observed to be more in the month of April 73.05 dB(2001) and 79.9dB (2007)'

May 72.15dB (2001) and 78.4dB (2007) October 68.6dB (2001). 73.05 dB

(2007), November75.05dB(2001), 80.6dB (2007) in the commercial area of

Tirupati and 45.9dB(April 2001) and 58.8 dB( April 2007), 47.6dB (May 2001)

and 55.1 dB (May 2007), October 46.2dB (2001), 67.ldB (2007), November

48.ldB (2001), 67.2 dB (2007) in residential area of Tirupati. In Vijayawada it

is observed to be 62.5dB (April 2001) and 78.4 dB (April 2007), 63.ldB(May

2007) and 76.05dB (May 2007) October 59.65dB (2001), 78.4 dB (2007),

November 68.8 dB (2001), 76.05 dB (2007) in Commercial area and 56.25dB

(April 2001) and 62.15dB (April 2007), 58.05dB (May 2001) and 66.4 dB (May

2007) October 55.45 dB (2001), 66.8 dB (2007), November 58.4 dB (2001),

61.6 dB (2007) in the residential area where number of vehicles increased

due to increase of pilgrim population who come to visit God and the Goddess

in summer vacations and. Brahmotsavams and Dasara festivals respectively

(Fig.No. 6.5 & 6.6)

Thus the noise pollution is extremely high during day and night in the

core areas, which are nearer to the railway station and bus stand and low in

the city boundaries and surrounding areas.

6.4.3. Nature of Industrial Pollution:

The units within the city of Tirupati and Vijayawada are too small and

do not seem to genarate hazardous waste. The large scale industries outside

the city contribute to the air and water pollution.

6.4.4. Impact of Noise Pollution on Human Health:

The most notable effect of noise pollution is on hearing. Noises

produce headache, irritability and a feeling of fatigue and may reduce a

worker's efficiency and is one of the major cause of stress and anxiety.

It also has its impact on blood pressure and is a cause of other

cardiovascular diseases. ~osinophilia", hyperglycemiall, hypoka~aernia'~ and

hypoglycaemia13 are also caused by a change in blood and other body fluids

due to noise.

6.4.5. Measures to Reduce the Noise Levels:

The noise created by mus~cal instruments and other ~ndoor

equipments can be checked by indrviduals in their own interest.

Widening nf exlst~ng narrow, congested roads for smooth flow of traffic.

Constructions of flyovers and sub-ways at major traffic junctions in

order to facilitate smooth flow of traffic.

Setting lower speed liniits at sensitive areas.

Proper maintenance of roads and constructior~ of bye pass road

Reduction in the number of city bus stops in congested and sensitive

areas.

Planting of trees on either side of the roads especially after widening

the roads for shade and absorption of CO, can reduce noise intensity.

Impose rules to use smooth horns according to the size of vehicle.

l o Help the body to defence aga~nst paras~tes b a ~ t e r ~ a Increase of this wh~te blood cells cairses Asthma and paras~trc rnlect~ons

l 1 High blood glucose level results In stroke and heart attack 12 Concentration of potassrum In the blood IS low results in blood pressure i J Low blood glucose level results In nervousness, sweat~ng feei~ng of numbness

Imposing both civil and criminal penalties for noise violations and

Bringing a legislation to ban old and noise making vehicles.

The above study indicated that noise becoming a major hazard in

Tirupati and Vijayawada. The reason for this is mainly because of the

vehicular increase and secondly, increases of pilgrimage which in turn

increases the usage of vehicles, thirdly the use of mikes especially during

election and festive period.

6.5. WATER POLLUTION

6.5.1. Water supply in Tirupati City:

Sufticient quantity of good quality water is essential for a healthy

living. Peoplr: cannot achieve a consistect quality of life tjnless they have

access to safe drinking water. The United Nations declared 1981-90 as "The

International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, to impress upon

the nations. the need to give due priority to the provision of safe drinking

water. At the end of the decade, the supply of drinking water has improved

markedly though it could not keep pace with the increasing population,

especially in urban areas.

The Tirupati h4unicipality is responsible for the provision and

mainterlance of water supply delivery within the city. Though the city has both

surface and ground water sources of water, the city is largely dependent on

surface wate; sources (l'able No.6.15).

At present the demand for water supply is estimated at 71.9 MLD '~

(2001) and it is expected to rise to 114.33 MLD in 2021.

--,.

' 4 Mega litre per day

Water Supply Sources in Tirupati City. 2001 -- - Surfacs water eourcp Ground water source Kalyani Dam system watertreatment plant 25.0 MLD Bore wells with power pumps 265 nos. (2 MLD) Kandaleru reservoir system water treatment plant Bore wells with hand :lumps 558 nos. (4 MLD) 31.5 MLD

Though the designed capacity of surface water is 56.5 MLD, the

current water drawn from the above two sources is only 44 MLD catering to

the 85% of the city population. The remaining population is served by 6 MLD

of ground water sources. In addition to the bores provided by Mun~cipality

50% of the households in Tirupati city have individual bore wells drawing

water extensively and continuously causing depletion of underground water

deeper and deeper.

Table 6.15: - Details of Water Sup I Sources in T i r u p G i t r e a r o i 7 E ~ c r brim r - ~ r g i e d $r:!iLter

Name ' e$taliiibhn~ert at the CI~J (Km) Capac~ty (MLD) drawls (MLR) 1 -- - 4 - 2. T ~ i n d j i r ~ ~ - TeluyuGanqal 1979 1 Rebervolr 17 1 2 5 0 1 2 0 0

,

Kdlyanl 199A I Kalydni Dam 32 31 5 24 0 -- - - l-~rserv_o11__C ----

Total 56 5 44 0 Source. T~rupati Munic~pal Corporation.

In addition to these major sources of water supply, Tirupati also had

two mini water supply schemes namely Narasimha theertham Tank

(Implemented in 1974), Rayalacheruvu Pumping Unit (Implemented in 1975)

and are not functional at present because they are dried up.

Details of distribution of water in the city:

Piped water is supplied to most of the city area except for a few

slums. At present the per capita supply of water to the households is 120

litreslday, toral being 2, 73, 84,240 litres supplied for 3 hours every alternate

day. The water is stored in underground sumps or rooftop tanks. The average

per capita consumption in the city is estimated to be 136 LPCD'~. In the slum

areas it is estimated to be much lower. But there is limited coverage and

access.

l 5 Litres per capita per day

Of the Kalyani water some quantity was diverted, lifted and supplied

to Tirumala hill station due to the increasing use of water by pilgrims, shortage

of water sources due to vagaries of monsoons. This is also one of the reasons

for shortage of water supply in Tirupati city. Both the water supply and

sewerage lines in some places have resulted in the contamination of water.

The depleting depths of groundwater have harmful effect.

Some samples were collected (by APPCB, Regional Office, Tirupati)

from 10 selected stations in Tirupati city for physical, chemical and

bacteriological examination. The water samples were tested for major ions

like hydrogen ion concentration (PH), CI, Ca, Mg, Total Hardness (TH), Total

Dissolved Salts (TDS) and trace elements like Fe, Cr and Pb. Total bacterial

counts were also examined as per the standard methods (1998) and Rain

Water and Thacher (1960). To wark out the quality of water in Tirupati the

normal standards are followed.

Source: CPCB

Basing on the above standards the table No. 6.16 is showing the

concentrat~ons of various major and trace elements determined In the water

samples of the study area. It is observed that the concentration of PH, CI. Mg

and Total Hardness are well within the permissible limits as per the standards

of WHO (1984). The water is safe for drinking purpose. On the other hand

concentration of some trace elements like Fe, Cr and Pb are higher than their

standard limits, cause adverse effect on human health.

Chromium (Cr) is highly toxic metal and is widely distributed in the

environment as traces. High concentration of Cr gets accumulated in the liver

and kidney and it also cause lung disease. The high concentration of Lead

(Pb) causes mental retardation in children, increase abortion rates in females

and infertility in males. It is observed from the table below that the

concentration of Cr and Pb is higher than the permissible limits in few

samples.

Iron becomes highly toxic when administered parentally. Affected

persons frequently developed diabetes mellitus and heart failures. The water

of the study area is slightly alkaline: the PH value ranges from 7.10-8.00. The

highest value 8.60 was recorded it! the water sample collected from Maruthi

Nagar Area which has high residential density. Chemically, the water is

classified as hard and alkal~ne ir: the southern part of the city. Along the

foothill area (North) the water is moderately hard and tasty due to the

percolation from the hills. As per WHO guideline the drinking water in

distribution system should be 01100 ml.

It was observed that water supply is badly contaminated ~ i t h

sewage. Count of bbth total bacterial and faecal. coli ,form is higher in

municipal supply as compared to water from hand pumps because the

aquifers for the hand pumps are much protected due to deepsr depths. This

indicates the extremely poor condition of the distribution system of municipal

water. The pipes often leaking are submerged in drains and are spreading on

ground surface.

There is an inflow of raw sewage into the distribution system when

water pressure is low or when the supply is stopped. Though the water is

chlorinated at some points in the distribution system but the illegal and

improperly fitted connections, breakages and loose joints of pipes which run

through gutters cause iocal on tam in at ion of water supply. These conditions

are generally prevailea in th'e city and continued to be environmentally

problematic.

Table 6.16: Results of partial chemicals analysis and trace elements of water samples i n Tiru ati Cit 2006-07

Stat~ons 1 PH -- C - - C a M 4 % " " F " l - .

RTC Bus Stand Area / 7 79 1 99 82 194 515 1661 0 148 0013 I 1

Bhavan~ Nagar

T K Street 757 152 90 25 350

Maruth~ Nagar 860 52 87 27

Korlagunta

Reddy & Reddy Colony 8 19 72 64 44

VaradharajaNagar 749 88 100 32 160 ~- Balraglpatteda 7 31 62 35 02

Balal~ Colony

Note: All values are in ppm except PH Source Test results from Environmantal Lahoratory of the Clvrl Englneertng Department, S V

Universtty (2007)

6.5.2. Sewerage System i n Tirupati City:

Provision of adequate sewerage disposal system for the city and

region as a whole is extremely essent~al as the improper disposal has a direct

implication on the quality of environment thereby affecting the quality of life.

Source Tirupat~ ~un idpa l Corporation

The Tirupati Municipality had no proper sewerage system till 1990's.

In the year 1999 the sewerage (Underground Drainage -UGD) system was

developed and commissioned covering the entire city financed by TTD and

administered by Tirupati Municipality. The existing network coverage with

underground drainage covers the entire municipal area with sewers except

few pockets i.e., about 20 krns of main sewers and 140 kms of sub-main

sewers, branch sewers, lateral sewers and sub lateral sewers. This system is

having capacity of 90,000 connections with 25 MLD sewerage treatment plant

for the prospective population.

Total quantlty generated -__ - -

Source. Tirupat~ Mun~ccpal Corporation, 2001

Table 6.18: Sewerage performance Indicators

Prior to the commissioning of the Underground Drainage Scheme

(UDS) for Tirupati city, the sewage was drained out into the open or natural

Indicator Total Population

Network Coverage

streams or drains in the city. These natural drains form an interconnected

network linking various water bodies in the region and city. The disposal of

untreated sewage in these open drains has led to pollution of land and water

environment due to accumulation of sewage in these water tanks or ponds.

The households continue to dispose the sewage and sullage into open

Tirupati City -_ _ -- 1

2282C2 (2001 ) -

- - 80% I _ . I

1

nallahs even after the UGD system 1s set in place which has to he curbed

(Table No. 6.1 7 & 6.1 8).

6.5.3. Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) in Tirupati City:

'The sewage from all the mains (A- main, G- main, K- main) meets at

one common manhole and is then disposed through the outfall sewer to the

STP located at Renigunta (outside the Corporation area). It was

commissioned in 1999 and treatment is proposed in two stages.

At present the STP receives only 25 MLD (2U01), which also

includes the storm water drainage and sullage. The total design capacity of

the STP is 100 MLD considering a total population of 4.5 lakh. Therefore the

plant is felt sufficient for 2011 population also when it is fully kept under

operation but not yet.

After the treatment, Biological Oxygen Demand of the treated

sewage is reduced from 350 to 30 mgll. Harmful products such as

phosphates, nitrates, etc., are removed at the maturation ponds with 10 hours

detention period, Inadequate sewerage treatment facilities resulting in

discharge of untreated sewerage into water bodies.

Thus Implementation of timely plan for sewerage disposal and

treatment is needed.

6.5.4. Sanitation in Tirupati City:

Sanitation system forms the integral part of the physical

infrastructure, therefore proper and healthy sanitation system is a basic

requirement of today in any city or locality. Majority of the toilets are

connected to UGD in Tirupati Municipality. But after conversion into

Corporation no further attempt was made to cover the incomplete areas to

protect sanitation. No proper execution was taken up, putting the residents

into problems. Both bathroom water and toilet matter was allowed in UGD,

somewhere only toilet IS connected to UGD. The left over drains are still over-

flowing on to the roads during rains and blockages. There are 12 public

convenier~ces constructed by the Tirupati Municipality and are maintained by

Sulabh International and Comrr~unity development societies which are very

less to serve the population of the city including the floating population. The

status of sanitation coverage can be seen from the table below.

Sanitationsoverage - 2001 Percentage households with san~taty latrines + 51 40°/u Percentage households connected to sewers -- 25% Percentage households with unsanitary latrines- 0 95% Percentage households w~th no fac~i~ty 3 40% Source. Tirupati Mun~c~pal~ty, 2001

Access to Sanitation Facilities Indicatcrr -- - 4 _- - X u P a t 1

Total Population - - - - - . - .L 22%5?-@ol . _- Access to ~nd~v~dtral to~lets (ent~re c~ty) - --I 40% Access to commun~ty to~lets for pool_Lslum area?! - 20% NO of commuri~ty to~iets - _ - -. _ I 0 9 Source: Tlrupati Munic~pal~ty, 2001

Thus from the above tables it is clear that limited attempts for

delivering affordable sanitation services to the people in the city was observed

and hence more community toilets need to be constructed on user fee basis

in the city.

6.5.5. Storm Water Drainage in Tirupati City:

Storm drainage or rain water surface flow forms an important aspect

in the context of Tirupati city since the improper design or blockage to the

natural drainage pattern car1 result in severe water logging and unhygien~c

conditions in the city.

There are four major storm water drains originating from lirumala

Hills which pass through different localities of Tirupati city. During rainy

season it is common scenario that most of the important roads are flooded

with water, but the flood water is drained out quickly to the outskirts owing to

natural North-East slope of tlie city from Tirumala hills (200 metres) to

Renigunta road (180 metres). Tirupati city mainly slopes from West to East.

Water during heavy rains flood froln west (complex of Universities) to the east

(Railway station, Bus stand ana Commercial area (CBD)) through the main

roads of the city becoming into pools inconveniencing the travel, traffic and

eroding the roads and cutting down the open drains. No plan for diverting this

flow of water is drawn so far. There are two major natural drains passing

through the city

r The outfall of the major drains in the city is Chennayagunta

r There are drains which are partially covered and drains wh~ch are fully

covered.

r The partially covered drains are observed to have garbage dumped in

them.

r The drains are generally stagnant and badly smelling.

r During the monsoon season there are areas which are affected by the

stagnation of water and flooding.

In general the topography exhibits that the city has nine stretches of

storm water drains spread across north-west to south-east directions which

ultimately confluence in the south-east direction and finally connected to

Swarnamukhi River. Except for a few 100 metres, the drains are not pucca

and lead to frequent inundations during monsoons. The width of drains ranges

between 1.5 to 4 metres depending on the area. The drains have been

designed long back for a velocity of 1.5mlsec and a maximum rainfall of

10mmlhour but the situation is in all terms are different.

Due to these problems many of the areas some in the centre of the

city and some in the periphery mainly almost all the slums are under frequent

and severe flooding causing most of the small houses, roads are inundated

and severely damaged.

Hence all the open drains should be widened, lined and linked

together and maintained properly Disposal and treatment waste, avoiding

encroachment of drains should be thought of through an integrated drainage

plan by the concern.

6.5.6. Water Supply in Vijayawada City:

River Krishna is the main source of water for the city because it is

located on its bank. The city also depends on ground water resources. As per

table No. 6.19 VMC draws about 45.4 MLD from bore wells. The protected

water supply scheme was introduced way back in 1907 located on the bank of

river Krishna behind the Kanaka Durga temple. This water supply scheme

with the capacity 22.7 MLD could not meet the then demand. Increase in

population with corresponding increase in water demand was met by

augmenting water from Dr. K.L. Rao Head works. The capacity was increased

four times during 1965-2003 to 131.66 MLD. Totally from all sources

Vijayawada draw 177.06 MLD which is insufficient then and now

(www.cpcb.nic.in).

Table 6.19: Water Source Locations

Head waterworks Pushkaram Ghats waterworks Kr~shna Lanka water works

I

i Source. K L Rao Head Water Works ~ G C O ~ ~ S

6.5.7. Existing Surface Water Quality in Vijayawada City:

Bandar Canal:

The canal traverses for a distance of 7 5 km on the southern s~de of

the city. For free movemer?t of traftic, the canal has 10 bridges built across it.

5 sewage outfalls discharge around 15 MLD of sewage into the canal from the

nearby areas polluting the canal water.

Ryves Canal:

The canal flows for a distance of around 7.6 km on the north eastern

side of the city. There are about 8 br~dges across it. 8 sewage outfalls

discharge around 25 MLD of waste water into the canal fromi the neighbouring

areas.

Eluru Canal:

The canal runs for a total distance of around 65 km in Krishna and

West Godavari district. There are about 6 road bridges, two railway bridges

and two foot-over bridges across the canal. 18 outfalls discharge around 22

MLD of waste water into the canal from the surrounding areas. Apart from the

waste water outfalls the other source of pollution for all the three canals are

solid waste dumping, washing clothes, bathing, cleaning of live stock, open

defecation acd encroachments along the canals.

The data collected from Wilbur-Smith Associates at Vijayawada

there are number of point and non-point sources of pollution along these

canals. The BOD, COD and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels of the canal water

show somewhat satisfactory picture as their levels are less than the

prescribed norms. Except Eluru canal, all the other three come under Class B

Category (water can be used for bathing and cleaning) while Eluru canal is

under Class C (water can be used for drinking after conventional treatment).

Budameru Stream:

It is observed that the pollution level is high in this canal. The water

surface is covered with weeds indicating the presence of organic content in

the stream. The main sources of pollution to this stream are waste water

discharge mainly from the western sewerage zone and indiscriminate

dumping o i solid waste along the bed. Encroachments along the stream bed

for habitation and agricultural purposes.

Thus the Dissolved Oxygen level of the three canals is less than 6

ppm. If this is not attended immediately shall soon become heavily polluted,

leading to formidable health related problems both for aquatic and human life

depending on the canal water. It is found that sewage of nearly 63 MLD is

diskharged into the four canals directly without any treatment. Maximum

amount of waste water is discharged into the Ryves canal and nearly 1O0/0

(50-75 tonnes) of the solid wastes generated in the city is dumped on the

canal banks, major part of which slip to the canal beds. Other activities along

the canal like washing (around 17 dhobi Ghats on the three canal banks),

bathing and open defecation from the bank side and nearby households

contribute heavily to the canal pollution (Table No. 6.20).

Storages:

Surface water is pumped into the service reservoirs after primary

treatment. There are 25 large tanks to store Krishna rivet' water with a total

capacity of 24 ML. Besides there are 6 large Over Head Tanks which will be

filled with ground water with a total ~apacity of 4 ML. The reservoirs have a

total supply capacity oi arourid 55 MLD. Boosters are used at places and to

generate required pressure to supply water effectively.

Distribution:

The operation and maintenance of the water supply distribution is

the responsibility of the VMC. For administrative purposes, the city is divided

into three circles for efficient delivery of services such as water supply.

Table 6.21: Distribution of water supply coverage in three Circles, Vijayewada 2001

Source. Clrcle Office

Though the aggregate length of the water pipes amount to 98% of

the total road length in circle I, giving apparently an impression that the entire

area is supplied through pipelines, in reality it is not so as per the opinion of

the people of that area. Circle II has an average coverage of around 84% of

the total road length. The Ill Circle has the least with only 62% coverage in the

circle. The distribution network of the city piped water supply indicates

inadequacy (Table No. 6.21 ).

Water is supplied in the city to the houses through house service

connections, public taps and hand pumps by the VMC. Some more houses

were served only by hand pumps. Though the average water supply in the city

is around 157 LPCD, on an average only 27% ot the city houses have

individual house connections. Among the circles, circle II has 34% house

coverage by the public water supply. As per the primary Household (HH)

survey, 1% of HHs are supplied water for an hour, whereas 63Y0 of HHs get

for 2 hours and 36% for more than 2 hours.

Thus the water supply is very much uneven and low pressure supply

in some areas. Most of the hand bore are not in working condition, large

amount c~f water ts being waqted at different points in the supply systsm

where the loss is rnainly due to leakages from old and improper points and

faulty taps from Head word to supply points.

Sewerage, Sanitation and Storm Water Drainage System in Vijayawada City:

For the purpose of providing and maintaining the sewerage system,

Vijayawada city is divided into four zones namely, central zone, western zone,

eastern-south eastern zone and northern zone. The existing UDS Scheme

mainly covers the central zone of the city. The several natural and man-made

canals fiow parallel to the major railway lines. VMC has divided the total area

into 3 phases. Phase I has no UGD in its entire locality. Phases I1 and Ill have

an existing UGD coverage of aboi~t 21% of the city area. At present, of the

57.62 km2 of total VMC area, only 11.6 km2 is under the UGD system.

According to primary sources, the sewerage connections at individual house

level are very less in the city. Circle I has no underground sewerage system

and the sewage is led to open drains. The localities under the north zone do

not have underground sewerage system and are at present provided with

open drains by the VMC.

6.5.8. Sewage Treatment in Vijayawada City:

There are four pumping stations with a total pumping capacity of

21.14 MLD installed in the city in 2001. These pumping stations were

established in the year1964-65 as part of a comprehensive underground

drainage scheme for the central part of Vijayawada.

A Sewage Treatment Plant was commissioned in the year 1963 wlth

a plant capacity of 27 MLD at Ajith Singh Nagar. Vijayawada. Total efluent

quantity for treatment is 20 MLD.

Table 6.22: Parameter Values in the Sewerage Treatment Plant - Vbyawada - - --"

-

B~olog~cal Oxl~xygen Demand (BOD) I- 240 - - Source Project report on dcvelopnrental activit~es in VMC, 2001

There are few areas like Pothina Appanna street, Padi street, Nehru

Road and few other areas where there is a need for up gradation of the

existing open drains as the existing ones are in bad shape and usually over

flow during rainy seasons and sometimes the drains get silted up thus

blocking the sewage flow. Almost the entire city drainage and sewerage

network is inefficient as of 2001.

As per the VMC report the total sewage generation is estimated at

14.8 MLD. Of this only 20 MLD gets treated before disposal. There is a

necessity tc establish, additional ST? in the city to treat the remaining 128

MLD of sewage before disposal. Otherwise this will not onljl p~l lute both

surface and ground water but also becomes unfit for irrigation in the lowlands.

After all it pollutes the environment to the level of discomfort for living. But it is

understood that STPs are under execution and 2 other are proposed to treat

the left over sewerage and also generated sewerage in future (Table No.

6.23) at different places of the city.

6.5.9. Sanitation in Vijayawada City:

Table 6.23: Canal-wise Proposed STPs, Vijayawada (2001)

Absence of proper drainage system and proliferation of slums all

over the city have adversely affected the hygienic environment in the city in

general. A? already said as of 2001, '109 slums have been identified and 106

of them notified in Vijayawada. Many of these slums lack sanitary facilities

particularly the individual toilets. Most of the Public places and activity centres

like markets bus stands, railway stations, public offices and recreational

places aiso lack adequate toilet facilities. There are around 11 30 km of drains

in the entire city and 896 drain cleaners work for the operation and

maintenance. The total road area in the city measures to be around 6.5 km7

and for this 1339 sweepers are appointed. As per the norm of one worker1300

families, there are only 85 workers for 1,57,953 families in Circle I and II. Thus

it is necessary to have proposals like Public toilet maintenance must be

improved and should be privatized. Community toilets must be increased in

number near the slums and in areas along the river bed where open

defecation prevails. Day to day garbage shall be collected and disposed

without accumulation.

Name of the Canal

Bandar Canal

Ryves Canal

Eluru Canal Area requ~red t

6.5.10. Storm Water Drainage System (SWD) in Vijayawada City:

Unlike Tirupati the city has an undulating ,topography characterized

by small and large hillocks scattered in the city. The entire southern part of the

Source Pollution Prevention for irrigat~on canals In Vilayawada-W~lbur Srn~th Assoc~iltes

Location --*

- Beh~nd canal z e s t house Near skew bndge - -- . Near Enamalakuduru foot br~dge -

,Near Aliur~ S~taramaraju Br~dge _ Near Madura Nagar Temple -- - At Gunadala Centre - - - -

P r ~ o s e d STP Capacity in MLD --

- 6 00 -.- - - - - - 2 00 -. --

- 6 oo 7 00

4 0 ~ ' - -- - - - - 2000 -

Opposite to Prabhas College ----It 6" .-- - -- , ' a c r e s - - - - -

city slopes down towards the river Krishna in the south while, the central part

slopes down towards the north and, the northern areas have a downward

slope towards south. Apart from the river Krishna there is a major drainage

area with three major irrigation canals namely Eluru Canal, Ryves Canal,

Bahdar Canal all originating from Prakasam barrage and a major water

course Budameru channel flow across the town and draining the surface run

off from the city. Other than this there are no separate systems to carry the

sewage, silage and storm water separately. Some road side drains without

UGD also serve as sewers round the year. They carry storm water during

monsoon months and only the sewage during the rest of the year. During the

monsoons, the waste water from the kitchen and toilets gets diluted with the

storm water but in the non-monsoon season the sewage contain high BOD

requires treatment for firrther use.

It is observed from this study that Tirupati and Vijayawada being the

fcstest growing cities have very high rate of consumption of water, ranges

from 150 to 200 litres per person per day. The consumption includes 55% for

domestic, 13% non- domestic, 23% commercial and 8% industrial use. There

is a continuous increase in water consumption in all the sectors due to growth

o i population. The rapid rate of urbanization in the last three decades and the

sprawled growth of the city nave resulted in the extinction of a number of

tanks (VMC Report).

In Tirupati and Vijayawada city water is consumed in huge quantities

and nearly 80% of the water is returned as waste water, which is ultimately

discharged into sewers and into rivers. This contaminated water with various

toxic chemicals causes pollution of river water. The contamination of water

occurs due to entry of sewage/polluted water into the water supply system.

Contamination occurs in the location of leakage near the crossing of the water

lines and sewer lines. AS explained in the case of Tirupati city during non-

supply hours, wher? water lines are empty the sewage enters into the water

distribution system by way af partial vacuum and gets collected in the ernpty

lines. This reaches the most downward point of the distribution system. In the

subsequent supply the collected sewage enter into the houses, before nonnal

supply resumes. In sewage water, human excreta is one component of

domestic sewage along with the waste of washing, household cleaning and

home food preparation added to the dissolved and suspended organic and

inorganic material and these alone contribute to the high level of pollution.

Open discharge of sewage at several places in both the cities increase COD

and BOD content of the stream.

6.5.1 1. Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health:

On a worldwide scale, thlt: pollution of water supplies is probably

responsible for more human illness tnan any cther environmental influence.

The diseases transrn~tted are rhiefly caused by micro-organisms and

parasites. Sewage and polluted water are responsible for several water-borne

diseases. Some of the diseases caused by polluted water are cholera,

typhoid, infantile diarrhoea, dysentery, infectious hepatitis, polio, amoebic

dysentery, jaundice, etc.,

6.5.12. Future Preservation Measures against Pollution of Lakes

(Kuntas) in Tirupati and Vijayawada City:

blo layout should he allowed in lakebed areas (for example in

Tirupati 32 fresh water lakes or Kuntas were occupied by the Government for

constructions or by migrants to form slums). A baslc drainage systam has to

be established in the slums and all the sullage flowing out cf the hutments

should be connected to the dralnage system. Creating public awareness

through the media as well as audio-vlsual presentations should be made

regarding importance of wetlands. Research on ecological and conservation

related issued should be encouraged. Period~c desilting and cleaning of lakes

is necessary. This process not only helps in increasing lakes capacity to hold

water, but also percolates down to recharge the aquifers to improve the

ground water table.

6.6. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM)

6.6.1. Solid Waste Management in Tirupati City:

Solid Waste Management is an obligatory function of Urban Local

~ o d i e s (ULBs) in India. However this service forms an important aspect In

maintaining the quality of life and environment of a city, but unfortunately it is

poorly performed resulting in problems in health, sanitation and environrnental

degradation. Lack of political wills, inadequate financial resources, institut~onal

weakness, improper choice of technology and public apathy towards solid

waste management have made this service far from satisfaction. The Health

department of Tirupati Municipal Corporation is responsible for management

of solid waste in Tirupati city (India Today, 1994).

As already explair!ed there are 54.457 households in the town, out

of which 9258 houses fall below poverty line. All the households generate

195MTlday of solid waste. Wh~le there is no segregation of waste at source,

the waste is collected through various containers viz., baskets, plastic

containers, cartons, plastic bags, etc., by the households themselves that is

later dumped into the garbage bins provided by the municipal corporation

street wise. Tirupati city adopted a rudimentary solid waste management plan

with partial inclusion of some of the elements of the solid waste management

system as explained below.

6.6.2. Source and Quantity of Waste Generated in Tirupati City:

Total waste generated per day in the city is 151 MT'"~ 1.75 kglHH

(4200MTIMonth, 50400MTIYear). Landfill site of area 29 acres is located at a

distance of 19 km away from city limits near Ramapuram. The major sources

of solid waste generation in Tirupati city are domestic waste, waste generated

at commercial establishments, markets, hotels, hospitals and restaurants, etc.

''jtvIi~~ion tons

The sources and quantity of waste generated is presented in the below table

No.6.24.

Table 6.24: Details -- of Waste Generation in Tirupati City - 2001 - _ -_- -~ - - - -

SbtJrce of Generation (SWM) Tirupati Municipal Corporation I ,- -- -- - - - -

Waste in Million Tonslday % to total I

- Household waste - 105 - 72 .

27 --- I 5 -- .

7 - -- 5 I Hos~~ ta l waste 5 1 - 3- -- I _ - --- - - - - - - ---- ---t- i 1 Street sweepinglDratn c l e ~ i -- --- - 7 - - . . I

Total I L- I 151 ~ o u E ~ i r u ~ a t i Municipal Corporation, 2001

Primary Collection of Waste:

A majority of the households (i.e 92.42%) in the city use these

garbage bins for the d~sposal of the domestic waste. In some of the slum

areas the domestir: waste is being dumped on the streets, open spaces and

vacant places thereby creatrng unhygienic conditions in the neighbourhood.

Absence of source segregation, especially the recyclable waste is

encouraging the rag pickers to a large extent.

Door-to-door collection IS initiated on a pilot basis (in 8% of the city

area) in the municipal corporation. Despite the above initiative, about 1500

community bins still exist across all the wards contributing to its partial

success. The ULB (Urban Local Body) could not scale up the initiative of

door-to-door collection through twin bin system i.e., storage of biodegradable

waste and recyclable and non-biodegradable wastes separately in green and

red coloured bins respectively, owing to the lack of public awareness and

finances.

Table No.6.24 explains apart from the waste from the households,

the shops, hotels, Offices, etc., generate 27 MTlday of Solid Waste followed

by markets and commercial centres -7MTlday, hospitals and nursing houses -

SMTlday, street sweeping and drain cleaning, constructions generate 5

MTIday of solid waste.

Street sweeping is one of the major activities of a city, which is to be

carried out on daily basis for the clean, green and healthy environment. The

number of sweepers per ward varies from 8 to 10 based on the population.

The MSW per day is always more than the waste collected. The gap between

management and collection is over 5 MT in a day. This gap is due tc the fact

that the number of sweepers engaged is always less than the required.

According to the Municipal norms, for every 10,000 people there should be 28

sweepers, whereas there are only 200 sweepers for a population of 2.28 lakh

as against the requirement of 672 sweepers.

Table 6.25: Physical Composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in

All values are expressed in % Sourca Municipal Corporation of Tlrupatl, 2001

The primary component of the MSW is observed to be comprised of

decayed leaves, rotten vegetables, used food materials and other discards

from the household activities and from market place. The moisture content

was as high as 32% in the slum areas. Other wastes observed at various

locations include soil/silt~dust particles from street sweepings.

Paper, plastics, metals and other recyclable materials picked up by

the rag pickers is a limitation to the waste composition analysis. The

recyclable materials like the metal. scrap, newspapers, thick plastics, glass

bottles, used textiles, etc., are stored in-house and used for other purposes or

sold for alternate material or money.

Table 6.26.1 : Characteristics of Waste

For Tiru~ati City (0.24

Million All value2are in percentage and ancalculated on wet weight bash Source: NEERl Reporb Strategy Paper on SWM in India, August 1995.

Table 6.26.2: Characteristics of Waste -T^-ca'o*;- as ~hosphorous Potassium as 1 CiN Ratio Value in Range (in

Millions) Nitrogen as P205 K2O -- - -- . ---- K.callKg

O l t o O 5 0 71 0 63 0 83 30 94 1009 89 For Tirupati City (0.24 0.177-0.571 0.078-0.394 1 2 02-3.66 1 18.08-30 53 233-3195

Mklonr % Carbon is calculated on the basis of Caior~fic value Source. NEERl Reports Strategy paper on SWM In Ind~a. August 1995.

Secondary Collection:

The existing practice of manual garbage collection from community

bins and transportation to disposal sites is a time taking process. There is an

emerging need for the use of "dumper Placers" instead of manual lifting and

transportation of the garbage by tractors. There is a need to introduce dumper

placers along all wide roads in the city adjacent to the slum areas. This

proposal could cover a slum population of 29,704 who are below the poverty

line which is not only have a direct impact on their health and hygiene but also

will reduce the handling of garbage by the human beings.

6.6.3. Problems of Solid Waste Management in Tirupati City:

Most of the waste is disposed in open fields or river Swarnamukhi;

hence there is no proper treatment or disposal of the solid waste.

The analysis of ex~stiny solid waste management pract~ces of

Tirupati city indicates that the city has no structured primary and secondary

collection arrangements. The disposal arrangements of the city also need

substantial improvement. Integrated solid waste management requires the

use of various instruments for improved service delivery.

Lack of organized door to door collection practice.

No separate waste collection system is designed for slums, hotels,

offices, etc.,

Biodegradable waste generated from vegetable markets, fish and meat

stalls are not being profitably managed.

Biomedical waste is being mixed with the domestic Solid Waste (SW)

and is not being collected and disposed off in accordance with

biomedical waste rules specified.

Construction avd dgmolition wastes and hort~culture wastes are not

collected separately.

Burning of waste is still practiced in some of the slum areas.

The RCC bins not designed taking into account the quantities of waste

generation and population densities in any area of the city and they are

not situated appropriately for easy use. The SW stored in RCC bins is

exposed to open atmosphere. Manual handling of waste is entertained.

Lack of sufficient number of motorized vehicles for the collection of

waste from the doniestic and non domestic sources.

There is no pericdical maintenance of storage depots

It is observed that while transporting, waste is not covered with nets

causing spillage on the way and in some places waste is transported

openly without any cover.

The best alternative methodology to recycle solid waste is

preparation of Vermi Compost. Vermi culture is a simple low cost, low energy

biotechnology of multiplying earthworms by providing them optimum

conditions. for rapid ~iultiplication by feeding them with bio-degradable

materials available in MSW. It is a simple technique of using earthworms of

different species to convert urban wastes into biodegradable form i.e, vermi-

compost, is a natural bio-manure helps agricultural developmet.

Uses of Vermi Compost:

Worm casts produce nutrients which enable plants to utilize five

times as Nitrates, twice as much calcium, two and half times as much

magnesium, and seven times as much phosphorous and eleven times as

much potassium.

Provides nutrients like (N. P, K, Ca, and Mg). It is rich in several micro

floras like Azospirillium or actionmycetes which multiply through

digestive system of the earthworms.

Verrn~ compost contains several enzymes, auxins and complex growth

regulators like gibberellins.

It supplements humus contents. The worms churn and tunnel the soil

and make it porous, improve water holding capacity and the structure

of the soil.

Soil PH IS stabilized by buffering action. Due to buffering action,

mineral sand trace elements become available, more easily to crops.

It helps for the hygienic disposal of city wastes like solid and semi solid

waste, farm waste which cause pollution problems.

Therefore an effective waste management system includes the

following:

Waste collection and transportation

Resource recovery through sorting and recycling of materials.

Resource recovery through waste processing by using composting or

waste to energy approaches.

Waste minimization by reducing volume, toxicity or other

physicallchemical properties of waste to make it safe for final disposal.

Disposal of waste in an environmentally safe and sustainable manner

through land filling.

6.6.4. Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Vijayawada City:

During 2001 about 520 MT of solid wastes are generated per day in

the city of which about 450 MT (87%) is being lifted by the Corporation. Apart

from this, about 2.76% MT of bio-medical waste is also being generated in the

city daily which are handled and disposed of separately. As in the case of

Tirupati, the city's solid waste is contributed by households, markets,

commercial complexes, hotels, lodges, marriage halls, theatres, educational

institutions and hospitals. Around 70% of the city's solid waste generated is

organic in nature and the renlaining 30°h inorganic waste.

Primary Collection of Waste:

Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) has provided around

2,120 waste collection binslcontainers of 0.25 MT capacity each, all over the

city for the collection of the solid waste generated apart from 145 other means

of collection like tricycles (tricycles are not used in Tirupati). There is no

house-to-house collection of garbage. Households dump the waste directly

into the nearest community bin from where it is collected for d~sposal. VMC

has handed over the collection of solid waste in hilly areas to private parties

which make house to house collection using special baskets. The household

survey reveals that, about 65% of the HHs solid waste is collected by VMC

everyday, 20% of HHs in every second day and 4% in every third days. 8% of

HHs has no arrangement to have their garbage collected even once in a

week. No proper collection system is available for some of the areas in the

city. As per the survey conducted by VMC, 6l0/0of the HHs use the garbage

bins, 10% dump the garbage on the roads, while 29% of the HHs have door-

to-door collection arrangement.

Transportation and Dumping Wastes:

Waste is lifted from the bins using dumper placers and transported

in trucks and trailers to the disposal site and compost plant. Half of the city

area is privatized for lifting and transportation of the waste. In the other half of

the city area, VMC vehicles are used.

* Open dumping at Railway Dumping Yard - about 150 MT per day is

dumped here.

I Dumping at MSW Projects

Excel Industries (established in 1995-96, 3.33 ha of land in Ajithsingh

Nagar) - 125 MT per day is being processed for compost (30 to 40

tonnes of organic manure).

Srirom Energy Systems Private Limited, Hyderabad-225 MTlday is

being processed for power generation (6 MW of Powerlday).

Bio-Methanation Plant - 20 MTlday of vegetable waste and slaughter

house waste is processed for Methane Gas and Power Generation.

Still 150 MT of garbage is left out and it is being dumped.

6.6.5. Problems of Solid Waste Management in Vijayawada City:

Irregular garbage collection in all the areas of the city. Inefficient

collection and disposal. Street sweeping is confined to only main roads and

junctions of the city. lnadequate machinery and manpower. lnadequate

sweeping staff in the wards 1 and 12. lnadequate community bins in the

wards

Establishment of Sriram Energy Plants has led ro increase in noise

pollution, air pollution, rnosauito problem and foul smell in the surrounding

areas of ward 28.

As in the case of Tirupati the effective solid waste treatment method

suitable for the present situation 1s vermi-composting. The manure which is

rich in Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium contents can be used for the

agricultural purposes. Vermi-cornposting is the best possible solution in the

city as 70% of the solid waste is organic. As a remunerative venture, the local

body can make 'wealth out of waste' (Alagappan Lakshmi (1993), "From

Waste to Wealth", the Hindu, Young World).

The bio-degradable waste of 60% of the total garbage accounting

for 90 MTIday of the leftover could be vermi composted in the available open

spaces in different colonies.

6.6.6. Impact of Solid Waste on Human Health:

The dumping of domestic. and municipal wastes is a serious problem

in cities because of its impact on environment and public health. Solid wastes

nay or may not cause diseases In man but are hazardous to health. Diseases

such as dysentery, diarrhoea, plague, malaria and numerclus others are the

result of the indiscriminate durnping of wastes.

6.6.7. Suggestions for Effective Management of Solid Waste in Tirupati

and Vijayawada City:

The corporations should make a serious endeavour to motivate the

households, shops and establishments to store the solid waste at the source

of generation and separate into three categories - organic recyclable, toxic,

and inorganic category used for composting (Manual on Municipal Solid

Waste Management - Ministry of Urban Development).

A significant proportion of cities garbage is organlc in nature;

therefore it can be composed to fertilizers. The aerob~c method of composting

urban garbage is most via& and this should be actlvely promoted. Intensive

campaigns :;hould be made to promote awareness to reduce the use of

plastics.

Bio-medical waste should be handled as per instruction contained in

the Ministry of Environment's Notification dated 2oth ~ u l y 1998. The instruction

of the CPCBISPCB'S" with regard to colour code of bags and source

segregation of waste, etc. shall be strictly followed by all concerned.

Incineration of bio-medical waste is strongly recommended as a method of

disposal for the maintenance of health of the citizens. Training of staff, private

sector participation, levy of penalties and adequate health care measures to

be rnade to make the solid waste management system effective and efficient.

Effective partnership between government agencies, NGO's and community

groups must be evolved for sustainable decentralized waste management

practices.

Conclusion:

The study thus ~nd~cates the nature and generation of wastes in

Tirupati and Vijayawada city. It is evident that generation of wastes in both the

cities is not able to keep pace with the infrastructural facilities, the growth of

population itself being phenomenal. As wastes are largely organic in

composit~on, there is a greater scope in recycling them to compost.

Technologies worked out in different parts of the city prove the capacities to

recycle organic wastes. The inorganic wastes find their way through rag

pickers and buyers, smail arid large dealers and entrepreneurs for recycling.

A broad based Environment Impact Assessment study in waste management

which includes three coniponents Storage, Collection and Transportation

indicate balances between health, aesthetics and cost in risk assessment.

6.8. PERCEPTIONS OF SLUM HOUSEHOLDERS IN TlRUPATl AND VIJAYAWADA THROUGH PRIMARY QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY:

The scientifically well prepared questionnaire to interview the slum

dwellers in each locality has been utilised and data compiled according to the

plan of the study. Out of 42 slums in T~rupati and 109 slums in Vijayawada, 10

" State Pollution Contml ~oards. '

developed' and 10 under-developed" slums was selected and 100

respondents from each of them in each city are interviewed on the basis of

multistage random sampling technique. By selecting 25 parameters such as

Type of house, drinking water, toilet facilities, dra inage, etc., the study was

conducted. The Chi-square statistical technique is adopted for these variables

(as mentioned in the tables below) to evaluate the quality of life of slum

dwel lers . W i t h the help of qualitative analysis of the data, level of qual i ty of life

is ascer ta ined. The study indicates tha t only 22% of slum dwellers are naving

better facilities and remaining are living in intolerable, unsafe env~ronmental

conditions.

Table No. 6.27.1: Housing conditions of the total sampled households in Tirupati and Vijayawada Slums - 2012 - - I . ---7 7-

- - - -- - - 24 v7.1

-- - -

33

Total

X1 (Pearson Chi-square) 56 491" 2 757NS -- - -- Source: Based on the field survey (2012-13) Note parenthews indicates parcentqes to the total 200 households. "Slgnlficant at 0.01 levels NS Not significant at 0.05 levels The figure Indicates the number of holiseholds lntewlewed

I 1 D,fieront regions 1 - Type of Housn I I t c h ~ i c c a c c

' Developed slums - 50% of development is seen regarding the infrastructure development, soc~al services, capacity building and linkage of infrastructure where pr~ority is given to supply of drinklng water, sanitation, construction of drains. roads, underground dratnage, streel lightning, garbage disposal.

" Under-developed ,slums the overalk condition of the slum is poor with respsct to housing, water supply, roads, drainage, poor health services, low income, poor education, lack of awareness about their rights, govemmeht welfare schentes, land tenure and security. etc.,

No. of Iivlng Rooms Presence of Kltchen -.

o n 4 I e I ii- 1

1 Housing conditions of the total sampled households in Tirupati and Vijayawada ~l;rns - 2012

Unly one 2 10 4

" r" . Y P' Nn

Presence of K~tchsn

'0 Davrlopnl alums of Tlrupatl U n d e r drvebpnl Slumt of Tlrupaln

D .ve&.d a1ums.f Vijryawada OVndrr devebpd Sluma d Vlpyawadr , Fig.No. 6.7

Type of Houses: The table No. 6.27.1 reveals that in the developed

slums of Tirupati 12% of the households responded that they are living in the

semi pucca houses and 11 Oh are living in pucca houses and 2% are living in

Kutcha houses. In the developed slums of Vijayawada 14% of the households

said that they are living in semi pucca houses, 8.5% are living in pucca

houses and 2.5% are living in the Kutcha houses. When the under developed

slums are surveyed it is observed that in Tirupati 8% of the households are

living in Kutcha houses, 14% are living in semi puma houses and 3% are

living in pucca houses, whereas in Vijayawada 14.5% are living in Kutcha

houses, 10% in semi pucca houses and 0.5% in pucca houses (Fig. No. 6.7).

Overall survey indicates that both in the deveioped and under

developed slums of Tirupat~ and Vijayawada about 50% of the households

among the total surveyed respondents are living In the semi pucca houses,

27% are in Kutcha houses and 23Oh in pucca houses.

From the survey it is found that the slum housing structure especially

Kutcha and semi pucca houses are very inconvenient with small sized houses

located close to each other, appeared over-crowded, congested and dark,

lacking proper underground sewage and garbage disposal system

mechanisms; as a consequence the area became a breeding ground of

mosquitoes causing high incidence of infectious diseases and epidemics such

as malaria, tuberculosis, etc:, High densities of dwellings and lack of internal

roads cause poor accessibility for emergency and life saving services. The

people living in pucca houses are also facing the same problems as they are

influenced by the surrounding unclean environment.

Number of living rooms: In the developed slums of Tirupati and

Vijayawada, majority of the households i.e., 15% and 16.5% are living in the

houses consisting of only one room and the remaining 10% and 8.5% are

having 2 to 4 rooms. In the Under-developed slums of both the cities majority

of the households are having only one room (18% &18.5%) and the remaining

7% in Tirupati and 6.5% in Vijayawada have 2 to 4 rooms. The responses

from the households revealed that most of them are migrated for their children

educational purpose and living in a single room causes inconvenience to their

children to leam in privacy and most of the elders also responded positively

about their loss of privacy (Fig. No. 6.7).

Presence of Kitchen: About 9.5% households in Tirupati and 8.5%

in Vijayawada developed slums responded positively on the presence of

Kitchen and the remaining 15.5% in Tirupati and 16.5% in Vijayawada have

no kitchens in their houses. In the Under-developed slums of both the cities.

majority of them have no kitchen facility (19Oio & 19.5%), the remaining 6%

and 5.5% have kitchen facility (Fig. No. 6.7).

The overall observation from the survey indicates that 29.7% are

having kitchen and they are not subjected to indoor pollution mainly smoke

whereas 70.5% are not having kitchen, cooking in a single room and spending

most of their times in a sirlgie room inhaling the smoke from the kitchen as

most of them are using wood as a fuel for cooking subjected to many types of

ailments like asthma and lung cancers.

Thus it is observed from the result obtained by the application of XZ

test on the above parameters that there is a significant association between

different regions and Housing conditions of the sampled households in

Tirupati and Vijayawada with reference to type of houses. The corresponding

X2 value is given by 56.491 which are highly significant at 0.01 levels. With

reference to the number of living rooms and presence of kitchen, the

corresponding XZ value is given by 2.757 and 4.303 which are not significant

at 0.05 levels.

Table No. 6.27.2: Sanitation conditions and Drainage of the total

Souror: B a r d on the fkld r u w y (2012-13) Note: prmnthrlr indlcater prrmtagms h, the h.1200 houwholdr. "SlgnAcrnt at 0.01 lewls

Sanitation conditions and Drainage of the total sampled Households In Tirupati and Vijayawada Slums - 2012

I RegJar Not Rogul~ I

Toilet Facilities: Table 6.27.2 shows the toilet facilities within the

house or without. Nearly 11.5% in Tirupati and 10.5% in Vijayawada

developed slums had individual in-built toilet facilities. About 5% and 10.5%

reported use of public toilets while 8.5% and 4% of the respondents reported

open defecation. In the under-developed slums of both the cities, 4S0h and

2% reported having toilet in the house, 1C% and 9% sharing public toilets and

10.5% and 14% reported open defecation (Fig. No. 6.8).

Overall observation from the survey depicts that both in the

developed and under developed slums of two cities, 28.5% are having toilet

facilities, 34.5% are using public toilets and 37% are not having toilets and

they are pract~c~ng open defecatiorl and this causes spread of many diseases

to the slum households where the flies are acting as a vector in transmitting

diseases iike dysentery, diarrhoea and numerous others are the result of the

indiscriminate unclean environment. The perception of slum households on

the condition of public toilets are very poor and appears to be a need for

greater attentior: to betrer maintenance of public toilet facilities to avoid open

defecation.

Drainage: Among all the respondents interviewed in Tirupati

developed and under-developed slums opened that the open drainage system

is the incidence of many diseases to the slum dwellers. In Vijayawada, only

6% felt that the presence of underground drainage in the developed slums.

The remaining 19% of the households responded negatively on the

underground drainage. Tho 25% of the household in the under-developed

slums reported the presence of open drainage system where the drains are

stagnant and releasing'bad odour. .In both the cities, combinedly, found that

6% of the slums are having underground drainage system (LIDS) which is

very negligible to tlie total population and the remaining 9d0/o have open

drainage system where people are positively responded about the incidence

of diseases frequently.

Cleaning of Drainage: A majority, 86% of the respondents from

bdth the cities of developed and under-developed slums reported cleaning of

drainage is not a regular phenomena. This is a cause of concern and needs to

be addressed on priority. About 14% responded positively on the regular

cleaning of drainage (Fig. No. 6.8).

The results obtained from the application of X2 on the above

variables reveal lhat highly significant association between different regions

and sanitation conditions and dramage of the total sampled households in

Tirupati and Vijayawada slums with reference to the toilet facilities, drainage

and cleaning of drainage. The corresporlding XZ value is highly significant at

0.01 levels (33.508, 38.298 and 11.628 respectively).

Fable No. 6.27.3: Disposal of Garbage and Solid Waste of the total

1 1366.. 1 21 443" I 47 059*' 87 gal*+ 1 90 061" 1 Source: Based on the field survey (2012-2013) Mote: parenthesis indicates percentages to the tda l 200 sampled households. "Significant at 0.01 levels

I Disposal of Garbage and Solld Waste of the total sampled households in 1 I Tirupati and Vijayawada Slums - 2012 I

I Quantitv of waste8 Generated In Ule slum ~n I

Regular I Not Regular

C l m l n g d duetbin*

Quantity of wastes generated in the slum: Generation of solid

wastes is a severe to moderate problems in allnost all the slums. About 6%

and 19% of the households in Tirupati and 25% in Vijayawada developed

slums generate 301-400 kgs and above 401 kgs of wastes respectively. And

in the under-developed slums of both the cities the quantity of wastes vartes

i.e, 7.5% and 7% of 201-300 kgs, 8% and 12% of 301-400 kgs, 9.5% and

0.5% of above 401 kgs and Vijayawada generate about 5.5% of 100-200kgs

(Fig. No. 6.9).

The surveyed slums includes mostly the household garbage such as

food scraps, old newspapers, a variety of plastic items, bottles, discarded

papers, etc., The total quantity of solid waste is large and increasing in some

areas due to their occupation. For example some of the slums arc engaged in

sellirig chicken and mutton where animal wastes are found in excess. The

amount of solid waste generated is directly destroying the prosperity of those

slums

The respondents reported that municipal workers are not cleaning

these wastes and thus the dumping of domestic waste is a serious problem in

their areas because of its impact on environment and public health. Solid

wastes are hazardous to numan health. Diseases such as dysentery,

diarrhoea, plague, malaria and numerous others are the result of the

indiscriminate dumping of wastes.

Cleaning of Pustbins: 76.5% of the respondents of the developed

and under-developed slums of Tirupati and Vijayawada explained that the

cleaning of the dustbins is vsrj irregular, whereas 23.5% are positwe for the

regular cleaning of dustbins (Fig. No. 6.9).

Where are the wastes dumped? : When the slums households are

posed by this question, 47% respondents of the developed and under-

developed slums of both the cities said that they dump on the streets, 45%

into the pits and the remaining 8% in the dustbins. It is observed that burning

of waste is still practiced in some of the slums. They pointed out that while

transporting waste is not covered with nets causing spillage and in majority of

the places waste is transported openly without any cover (Fig. No. 6.9).

Composting of wastes in the pits: It is evident from the survey

that 52% of the slum dwellers gave the response of compositing wastes in the

pits within the slum, 48% respondents said that waste is composted away

from the slum in the developed and under-developed slums of Tirupati and

Vijayawada.

Landfill: About 51.5% respondents indicated that landfill is taking

place within the slum and 48.5% respondents said that landfill is outside the

slum in both the cities of developed and under-developed slums, where the

Kutcha roads of the slums are renovated by this landfill but still get damaged

due to rains and pressure on them. The road surfaces are not good and there

are water logging pits.

The results obtained from the application of X2 on the above factors

reveal that highly significant association beMeen different regions and

disposal of Garbage and solid waste of the total sampled households in

Tirupati and V~jayawada Slums with reference to quantity of wastes generated

in the slum in kgs, cleaning of dustbins, the wastes dumped, composting of

waste in the pits anu landfill. The corresponding X2 value is highly significant

at 0.01 levels (136.6, 21.443, 47.059, 87.981, and 90.061 respectively).

Table 6.27.4: Air and Sound Pollution of the total sampled household in Tirupati

I I

Developed slurn of T~rupat~ l-

1 otal t x2 / (5 00) l ( 2 l 00) l(27 5&4200] 13 50 (61 00) 1 (14 00) 1 (25 0 4 '

25 923 NS 41 362** -- - - 1 -- Source. Based on Fleld Survey (2012-2013) Note: parenthesis indicates percentages b the total 200 households "Significant at 0.01 levels. NS Not slgniflcant at 0.05 levels

C

Air and Sound Pollution of the total sampled household in Tirupati and Vijayawada Slums - 2012

I Vsh~clea I Faclones I othen

Sound Pdlutmn I - - -- --

B1Dmbpd alums of T l ~ p d l BUndar dav*bpad Bhmr of TlNprtl L D w a l o M m F n d .Uncler d.v*opa_ gtnlLnlLo!%L.Caj

Air Pollution: The respondents of the slum households indicated

that air pollution is due to transport Lorries, trains, buses, domestic and

factories. In Tirupati developed and under-developed slums factories are not

playing a major role in the air pollution as most of the medium and large scale

industries are concentrated away from the city. But 43% of the respondents

are unhappy towards air pollution in both the cities of developed and under-

developed slums their count being domestic (includes indoor and outdoor

pollution), 27.5% respondent said that due to buses, 21% of them indicated

trains, 5% households said that Lomes are responsible for air pollution and

3.5% respondents said that air pollution is due to factories (in Vijayawada).

Industrial pollution is not recorded in Tirupati city (Fig. No. 6.10).

The household views on air pollution are that the automobiles are

increasing day by day and have become a cause of air pollution and

degradation of the environment. It becomes clear from the above analysis that

the problem of air pollution is increasing with the growth and expansion of

industries (Vijayawada) and automobiles.

The slum dwellers are subjected to bronchitis, asthma and lung

cancer which are caused due to exposure to polluted air. It is found that the

local weather conditions are highly susceptible to air pollution.

Sound Pollution: In both the cites of developed and under-

developed slums the man reasons charted by the households for sound

pollution are vehicles, factories (mainly small scale industries like metal

making, vessel polishing etc.,) public address system, advertisements and

others which include quarrelling, hawking, children playing etc., In the

developed slums of Tirupati 15.5% indicated the sound pollution is due to

vehicles and 9.5% of the respondents indicated the pollution is because of

others. In the developed slum of Vijayawada the response of the dwellers

about 13% said that noise pollution is caused by vehicles, 8.5% said that due

to factories and 3.5% responded towards others. In the under developed

slums of Tirupati, 16.5% of the respondent indicated vehicles are responsible

for the pollution and 8.5% responded towards other factors. In the under

developed slums of Vijayawada, about 16% are positive towards vehicular

sound pollution, 5.5% towards factories and 3.5% due to others(Fig. No.6.10).

The perception of slum dwellers regarding noise pollution mainly

comes from transport. The number of road vehicles, particularly the diesel

engine vehicles has increased the level of noise enormously. Music has also

become noisy and the electronic medium and instruments have further

developed it's intensity.

In these areas it is observed that during social and religious

functions, marriages and other gatherings, including political meetings the use

of high volume loudspeakers has become a common feature or noise

pollution irritating the public.

Thus the most notable effect of noise pollution is on hear~ng. Noises

produce irritab~lity and a feeling of fatigue and may reduce worker's efticiency

and are one of the major causes of stress and anxiety wh1r.h is evident

through their responses.

The results obtained from the application of XZ reveals that there is

no significant association betweell different regions and air pollution. The

corresponding XZ value is not significant at 0.05 levels. The sound pollution

corresponding XZ value is 41.362 which are highly significant at 0.01 levels.

Table 6.27.5: Reasons for entering the slum by the migrants and others and Problems of slums of the total sampled households in Tirupati and

--A ---

Source: Based on the Field Survey (2012-13) Note parenthes~s indicates percentages to the total 200 sampled households "S~gnlficant at 0.01 levels *S~gnificant at 0 05 levels

Reasons for entering the slums: On survey, it is identified that the

reasons for entering the slums are rural poverty, Landlessness, Economic

problem, Irregular work, Unemployment and Displacement. Nearly 31% of the

respondents surveyed, reported that the economic problem is the main cause

for entering the slum. The remaining 25.5% is due to unemployment, 20.5%

irregular work, 18% landlessness, 3.5% rural Poverty and 1.5% displacement

are reported as the main cause for entering the slums in both the cities of

developed and underdeveloped slums (Fig. No. 6.1 1).

J

Reasons for entering the slum by migrants and others and Problems of slums of the total sampled households In Tinrpati and Yuayawada - 2012

Problems of Slums

F,- .,- .. A.

Problems of Slums: While nearly 31.5% of respondents in the

developed and underdeveloped slums of both the cities are reported no

adequate housing, the main problem, 30.5% of respondent reported the

problem of lack of drinking water, 16% responded against no sanitary

environment, 15% reported no clean drinking water and the remaining 7%

responded on no garbage disposal (Fig. No. 6.1 1 ).

Their perception is that the problems are due to inefficient working of

the municipal corporations where they are not even providing the basic

amenities thereby causirrg their livelihood tough. They felt that the problems

like lack or unclean drinking water, unclean sanitary environment and non-

disposal of garbage are the main reasons for the incidence of d~seases where

the slum dwellers are victim for all the unpleasant happenings which is due to

municipal corporation negligence.

I! is observed from the results that there is a significant association

between different reglons and reasons for entering the slum and problems of

urban s l ~ ~ m s of the total sampled households in Tirupati and Vijayawada. With

reference to the reasons for entering the slums, the XZ value is given by

49.483 which are highly significant at 0.01 levels and for the problems of

urban slums the XZ value is giver: by 23.187* which are significant at 0.05

levels.

Table No. 6.27.6: Chronic and Common Diseases (Season-wise) of the

Source: Based on the Field Survey (2012-2013) Note: parenthesis indicates psrcentagas to the total 200 sampled households ""Significant at 0.01 levels .

Chronic and Common Diseases (Seasonwise) of the total sampled '

households in Tirupati and Vijayawada Slums - 2012

1 Summer 1 Winter 1 Rs~ny 1 Spnng I

Chronic Diseases: The diseases reported by the slum dwellers are

diarrhoea, chicken guinea, viral fever, jaundice, malaria, typhoid, chicken pox,

tuberculosis, others (common cold, cough). Among these diseases, most

prevalent disease in the developed and under-developed slums of Tirupati

and Vjayawada are malaria due to stagnant of drainage where 24% of the

respondents reported this disease. Whereas 14.5% chicken pox and others,

15.5% jaundice mainly due to unclean water, 13.5% viral fever, 7.5% typhoid,

5.5% diarrhoea and 0.5% tuberculosis are reported. They also reported that

due to lack of medicai facilities w~thin the slum and poverty oftenly causes

more death who are subjected to diseases (Fig. No. 6.12).

' Common diseases (season-wise): 51% of the respondents

indicated incidence of diseases during rainy season, 36% during summer,

12.5% in winter and 0.5% during spring season in the developed and under-

developed slums of Tirupati and Vijayawada (Fly. No 6.1 2).

From the results obtained from the application of Xqest, that there is

significant associatiori between different regions and diseases with reference

to chronic and season-wise comrnori diseases, the corresponding X2 value is

56.136 and 26.907 which are highly significant at 0.01 levels.

Table No. 6.27.7: Social Infrastructure of the sampled households in

source. Based on the Fleld Survey (2012-2013) Note: parenthesis indicates percentages to the total 200 sampled householdb "Significant at 0.01 levels "Significant at 0.05 levels NS Not significant at 0.05 levels

I Social lnfrastnrctunr of the sampled households in Tinrpati and Vijayawada slums - 2012

Drinking water: 78.5% of the respondents from the survey

depended on the public taps, 10.5O/0 have their own private taps, 1%

depended on the private well and 0.5% on the public wells in the developed

and under-developed slums of Tirupati and Vijayawada (Fig. No. 6.1 3).

Discussion with the slum dwellers revealed that with the rapid pace

of the city growth and expansion, increase in density of populatior~ has

become insufficient to meet the present demand of drinking water. Frequent

power failures particularly during summer dislocates the water supply

distribution system which mainly depends on power both for supplying water

from the source to the city and to distribution areas within the city. It is also

observed that leakage of water due to corroded encrustation inside the pipes

further reduces the load carrying capacity. Er~try of sewagelpolluted water into

the water supply systern in the lo~ation of leakage near the crossing of the

water lines contaminates the uvater causing many diseases. Thus the slum

dwellers used to give frequent complaints of insufficienffintermittentlalternate

days supply and contamination to the munrcipal corporation and in their view

there is no use of these complaints.

Electrification: It is evident from the survey that most of the slums

are electrified. About 86.5% respondents of the developed and under-

developed slums of both the cities said that they have electrici!~ facility and

the remaining 13.5% reported that they are in dark. From the survey it is

found that especially in Vijayawada frequent power supply during summer is a

great problem for the people.

Availability of Health Centres: In the developed slums of Tirupati

and Vijayawada, 8.5% and 5.5% reported that they have the facility of mid-

wifelPHC (Primary Health Centre), 6% and 5% reported that they depend on

private hospitallclinic, 10.5% and 9.5% respondents said that RMP (Rural

Medical Practitioner) are available, whereas in under-developed slums of

Tirupati and Vijayawada 2% and 10% reported of having mid-WifelPHC, and

23% and 15% reported that they are not access to any medical facilities within

the slum. But health services are acute necessary in all the slums

(Fig. No.6.13).

Availability of Schools: Around 41.5% respondents of the

developed and under-developed slums said that the slums are possessing

Anganwadi centres, 21 % responded that they have primary schools, 4% said

about the presence of upper primary and 3% responded in having High

schools. Whereas majority of the under-developed slums lacks availability of

schools which was stated by the slum dwellers of nearly 30.5% (Fig. No.

6.13).

The slum dwellers said that for high school education their children

are facing more difficulty to attend the schools which are not easily accessible

in their localities.

It is observed from the results obtained, there is a significant

association between different regions and social infrastructure of the sampled

households In Tirupati and V~jayawada slum with reference to electrification

and availability of schools. The X' value is given by 35.410 and 101.10 which

are highly significant at 0.01 levels. With reference to drinking water, there is

no significant association where the corresponding X2 value is 13.826 and not

significant at 0.05 levels. With reference to the availability of health centres,

the X2 value is given by 133.00 and there is a significant association at 0.05

levels.

The study denotes that the slums of Tirupati and Vijayawada have

varying nature of morphological and demographic characteristics influencing

on the socio-economic conditiorls of slum dwellers and vary from one

category to another depending upon the functional and ecological system of

the localities. The data compiled reveals that the environmental problems are

prevailing commonly both in the developed and under-developed slums.

These problems between two areas are not significant at 0.05 levels

experiencing, inadequate water availability both in quality and quantity,

depletion of ground water table, lack of sanitation or toilet facility,

indiscriminate disposal of waste water, erratic electricity supply, unplanned

growth of residential areas, deteriorating urban air quality, inadequate solid

waste disposal and management, etc.,

The comparative study of Tirupati, ("the city of Vatican") and

Vijayawada, ("the city on fast track"), are highly significant at 0.01 levels,

where majority of the parameters taken for the study are at different levels.

Tirupati slums are having better amenities compared to Vijayawada, which

was recorded low quality in most of the parameters. Though Vijayawada is a

contemporary metropolitan city today but environmentally, socially and

economically unsustainable with the problems of infrastructure. The analysis

shows that the peripheral growth plays a significant role in the growth of city

through urban sprawl, the haphazard and arbitrary development of these

fringe areas damage the rural areas in many ways, and thus environmental

problems are erupted on a countable scale in Vijayawada than in Tirupati

which is having less population as against Vijayawada but because of its

special functions it was made as corporation. As per 2011 census it has

around 5.00 lakh population which is one of the norms to become corporation.

Added advantage is that Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam is working together

with the co-operation and government wings in sharing, caring and shaping

the sustainable city and improving the quality of life of people living and

working. This is the gift of Tirupati and lapse to Vijayawada.

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