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CHAPTER 6: CELLSGeneral
Cells: General
CHAPTER 6: CELLSCompartments
Compartments - NEW
INTRAva
scula
r
EXTRAvasc
ular
INTRAcellular
EXTRAcellular
INTRAcellular
INTERcellular
INTRA = insideEXTRA = outsideINTER = in-betweenVASC = blood vessel
INTRAcellular
Cell Junctions - NEW
• different kinds of junctions “bind” different kinds of cells
CHAPTER 3: CELLSOrganelles
Organelles: Cytoplasm
• the “stuff” that is inside of cells other than nucleus, ER, Golgi bodies, etc…
Organelles: Cell Membrane
• outer limit of cell• selectively permeable (“picky”)• comprised of phospholipids:
– polar phosphate head– non-polar fatty acid tails
• self-arranged in a bilayer:
Organelles: Cell Membrane
Organelles: Vesicles
• “pockets” or “containers” of membrane• found INTRAcellular and EXTRAcellular• like a “soap bubble”
Organelles: Nucleus
• control center of the cell• DNA -> RNA proteins = Gene Expression
Chromatin
Centrioles
Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• transport system• container• if contains ribosomes (protein factories, looks
rough)
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
• Paramecium• Contractile
vacuole
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/homeostasis.html
The endomembrane system’s interconnectedness. All membranes are the same bilayer.
Organelles: Mitochondria
• powerhouse of the cell• produces ATP:
– by cellular respiration– sugar + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP– C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ATP
Plastids
Peroxisomes
• Consume deadly free oxygen within the cell, transport it to mitochondria.
• Enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
• H2O2 is also toxic to a cell, and an enzyme made by the peroxisome can break down H2O2 into O and H2O when necessary.
• Fig. 7.19
Lysosome
The cytoskeleton maintains the cell’s shape and more… p.120
Microtubuleslargestcompression resisting (girders)made of tubulin (tube)large scale movements: chromosomes flagella, cilia,
Microfilamentssmallesttension bearing (resists pulling)
made of actinmuscle contractioncytoplasmic movements (see
7.27)
Intermediate filamentsintermediate size tension bearing (resists pulling)made of keratin-type proteinsanchors organelles
CHAPTER 6: CELLSCell Types
Cell Types
• vary in size• possess distinctive shapes• different functions:
– red blood cells– white blood cells– nerve cells– muscle cells– bone cells
CHAPTER 6: CELLSLevels of Organization
Levels of Organization
• subatomic particles:– protons (+1)– neutrons (0)– electrons (-1)
• atoms:– carbon– hydrogen– oxygen
• molecules:– water, glucose
Levels of Organization
• macromolecules:– proteins– DNA
• organelles:– nucleus– mitochondria
• cells:– RBCs– WBCs– nerve cells
Levels of Organization
• tissues:– cartilage– tendons– ligaments
• organs:– stomach– liver– pancreas– small intestines
Levels of Organization
• organ systems:– nervous– skeletal– digestive
• organism:– the entire human
Levels of Organization