Chapter 5 Chapter 5

The Cultures of Colonial North The Cultures of Colonial North America America

Indian AmericaIndian America

• Iroquois Five Nations– Battled against French & their allies in King

William’s War– 1701 – treaty of neutrality with France– Many Iroquois became Catholic

• Growth of English Colonies– Stress on Indian Tribes

• Loss of land• Death from European diseases

• Colonization also led to the use of horses by the Indians– More efficient Buffalo hunts– Nomadic culture– Migration to the Great Plains

Spanish BorderlandsSpanish Borderlands

• Northern provinces– Florida, Texas, New Mexico, California– Florida – Spanish made peace with Creek &

Seminole Indians– Relationship with African American runaways

• New Mexico– Little populated but rich in resources– Slow expansion

• Texas– Franciscan Missions– Presidios– San Antonio

• Arizona– Tucson

• California– Coastal Settlements

• Junipero Serra (Franciscan Missionary)– San Diego- 1769

• 1770 – Serra & Portola established headquarters at Monterey Bay

• 1776 – de Anza – founded San Francisco• 1781 – group of Mestizo settlers founded Los

Angeles– By 1799 – 300 inhabitants – largest California town

• Mission System– Convert Indians to Catholics and loyal citizens

• Raise cattle & grow crops

– Indians built adobe & stone churches• Spanish & Moorish patterns

– Franciscan methods were brutal & cruel• Revolts• Indians fleeing to the mountains• Disease killed 25% of Indian Population

French CrescentFrench Crescent• 1674 – Bishopric of Quebec

– Strong Catholic culture in New France

• French colonists grew from 15, 000 in 1700 to 70, 000 by 1750

• Crescent of Colonies, military posts, & settlements– Trade Network & Indian Alliances– St. Lawrence River – Great Lakes –

Mississippi River – Gulf of Mexico

• France planned a great continental empire that would contain the British to the Atlantic coastline

• Farming communities– Montreal, Quebec City, wheat in Illinois, Sugar

plantations in New Orleans

• Long lots– Good land and access to waterways

• Culture was a combination of French & Indian– Metis – French word for Mestizo – Indian family structure– Clothing was mixture – Architecture was also a mixture

New EnglandNew England

• Puritan Congregations in New England except Rhode Island– exiled dissenters like Roger Williams & Anne

Hutchinson– Banned Anglicans & Baptists– Persecuted Quakers

• Local Communities – Considerable Autonomy– Bound by Puritan Faith & General Court

• Roger Williams – The Bloody Tenet of Persecution – 1644– “forced worship stinks in God’s nostrils”

• Toleration Act – 1689– John Locke – Letter of Tolerance – 1688

• Taxes supported the church until 1833• Town & Church Government flourished in

New England– “hiving off”

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies• New York

– Most diverse – mosaic of ethnic communities– Tolerance of worship– Rich landowners – rent lands to settlers

• Pennsylvania– Sold land at a modest price– Philadelphia area fasting growing region

during the eighteenth century– Great farmland

• Quakers– Invited all forms of religion– Welcomed immigration– Pioneers in women’s rights

• PA emphasized individual settlement – Basic model for American Expansion

BackcountryBackcountry

• Early pioneers– PA & VA backcountry in 1720’s– New world farming & woodland hunting– Log Cabins – Scandinavian Immigrants– Many came from Ireland and Northern

England– Clan violence

– Disdain for Rank

The SouthThe South

• 1750 – 40% of the South made up of slaves• Commercial crops

– Rice, tobacco, sugar

• Rice farming – rich owners – overhead• Plantations

– “big house”– “quarters” – slave shacks– More common in deep South

• tobacco could be grown in small plots

Traditional Culture in the New Traditional Culture in the New WorldWorld

• Most colonists lived similar to the European countries from which they came

• Greater good of the community

• Most farmers grew food for their own good– Non-commercial

• Colonial cities– Craftsman & artisans

• Apprentice, journeymen, master

Frontier HeritageFrontier Heritage

• “Free Land”– little incentive to work for wages

• Forced Labor– Slaves

• Indian• African

– Indentured Servants• “freedom dues”• Expectation of Land – more land taken from

Indians

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

• 1700 – 290, 000 – colonists north of Mexico

• 1750 – 1.3 million• High fertility• Low Mortality• Immigration

– English – massive – encouraged by the Government

– France & Spain – restricted

Social classSocial class

• New Spain – Racial– Espanoles – gente de razon– Castas – mixed race – Texas & California– Indians

• British Colonies– Celebrated social mobility– 40% - slaves, bound servants, poor laboring families– Strength of Middle class

• 70% of whites

Economic GrowthEconomic Growth

• 1700 – 1799 - British colonies grew economically– New France & New Spain – stagnated

• Better standard of living in British colonies than in Europe

• Increased population – land became more scarce– “strolling poor”

• Growth of Port Towns

Contrasts in Colonial PoliticsContrasts in Colonial Politics

• Spanish & French – highly centralized govt.

• British – decentralized govt.– Happy colonists – productive colonists– Royal appointed governors– Local Assemblies – Property Owners = voters

• Increased power of colonial assemblies

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• Emphasized rationality, harmony, & order

• Colleges– Harvard – 1636– William & Mary – 1693– Yale – 1701

• Almanacs

• Novels

Decline in Religious DevotionDecline in Religious Devotion

• Anglician Church – weak in the colonies

• Puritan – Conflict about conversion– Halfway Covenant

• Arminianism– Contrary to Calvinism – earn way to heaven

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

• Religious Revival– Charismatic preachers

• Old Light

• New Light

• William Tennent – Log College

• Increase in Male involvement