Chapter 5: The American Chapter 5: The American RevolutionRevolution

Terms to Know:Terms to Know: 1. Rebellion1. Rebellion 2. Confederation2. Confederation 3. Olive Branch Petition3. Olive Branch Petition 4. Lord Cornwallis4. Lord Cornwallis 5. Camp Followers5. Camp Followers 6. Judith Sargent Murray6. Judith Sargent Murray 7. Northwest Ordinance of 17877. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

ConflictsConflicts

Two struggles occurred Two struggles occurred simultaneouslysimultaneously

1. Military conflict with Great Britain1. Military conflict with Great Britain 2. Political struggle within America2. Political struggle within America

The United StatesThe United States

America is an unformed nation with America is an unformed nation with vast inferior economic and military vast inferior economic and military resourcesresources

Overall Battle deaths for Americans Overall Battle deaths for Americans were over 5000were over 5000

A revolution for liberation made it A revolution for liberation made it possible to defeat the Britishpossible to defeat the British

Defining American War AimsDefining American War Aims

The 2The 2ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress• Richard Henry Lee of Va. favored Richard Henry Lee of Va. favored

independence from Great Britainindependence from Great Britain• John Dickinson of Penn. Wanted modest John Dickinson of Penn. Wanted modest

reforms with Great Britainreforms with Great Britain The Olive Branch PetitionThe Olive Branch Petition

• Passed July 6, 1775Passed July 6, 1775• Last chance for peaceLast chance for peace• Now the Americans could submit to tyranny or Now the Americans could submit to tyranny or

fightfight

Common SenseCommon Sense

Written by Thomas PayneWritten by Thomas Payne• Helped change the American Outlook Helped change the American Outlook

towards the wartowards the war• Stated that it was not enough to blame Stated that it was not enough to blame

problems on the British ministers – the problems on the British ministers – the problem was the KINGproblem was the KING

• He sold over 100,000 copiesHe sold over 100,000 copies

Decision for IndependenceDecision for Independence

Congress appoints committee for Congress appoints committee for draft declarationdraft declaration

July 2, 1776 – adopted and resolved July 2, 1776 – adopted and resolved “That these United Colonies are, and, “That these United Colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, free and of right, ought to be, free and independent states.”independent states.”

Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and John Adamsand John Adams

Signed July 4, 1776Signed July 4, 1776

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Restates the Contract Theory of Restates the Contract Theory of Government (John Locke) that Government (John Locke) that governments were formed to protect governments were formed to protect life, liberty, and propertylife, liberty, and property

Listed the crimes of the king and that Listed the crimes of the king and that he has violated this “contract”he has violated this “contract”

Responses to IndependenceResponses to Independence

Those loyal to the king – LoyalistsThose loyal to the king – Loyalists Those for independence – ToriesThose for independence – Tories States acted like separate and States acted like separate and

sovereign entities – had to balance sovereign entities – had to balance state and central authoritystate and central authority

November 1777 – Congress adopted November 1777 – Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation (ratified the Articles of Confederation (ratified 1781)1781)• A weak decentralized governmentA weak decentralized government

Mobilizing for WarMobilizing for War

US received most supplies from US received most supplies from Europe (France)Europe (France)

Congress had to issue paper money Congress had to issue paper money for suppliesfor supplies• Continental currencyContinental currency• States could also print moneyStates could also print money

Most of the army remained under Most of the army remained under state controlstate control

1775 – Continental Army created 1775 – Continental Army created with George Washington as with George Washington as commander-in-chiefcommander-in-chief• Washington was respectedWashington was respected• Provided the army and people with a Provided the army and people with a

symbol of stabilitysymbol of stability• Washington had shortcomingsWashington had shortcomings

Was commander in French & Indian WarWas commander in French & Indian War Lost more battles than he wonLost more battles than he won

BritainBritain AmericansAmericans

AdvantagesAdvantages ?? ??

DisadvantagesDisadvantages ?? ??

On the Eve of the On the Eve of the Revolution ?Revolution ?

BritishBritish

Pro –Pro –• Greater Population Greater Population

– 7.5 million (2.5 in – 7.5 million (2.5 in colonies)colonies)

• Monetary wealthMonetary wealth• Greater navyGreater navy• Command structureCommand structure• ArmyArmy

50,000 British50,000 British 30,000 Hessians30,000 Hessians 30,000 Loyalists30,000 Loyalists

Con –Con –• Sent second rate Sent second rate

generalsgenerals• Brutal treatment of Brutal treatment of

soldierssoldiers• Inadequate, poor Inadequate, poor

provisionsprovisions• Far from home Far from home

(3,000 miles)(3,000 miles)• British people did British people did

not support the warnot support the war

AmericanAmerican

Pro –Pro –• George Washington – George Washington –

loyal to Americaloyal to America• Diplomat – Benjamin Diplomat – Benjamin

FranklinFranklin• Fighting for homeFighting for home• Deeply committedDeeply committed• Better marksmenBetter marksmen• Aid from other countriesAid from other countries

Con –Con –• New ArmyNew Army

Inadequate firearms Inadequate firearms and powderand powder

Clothing and shoes Clothing and shoes scarcescarce

• Badly organizedBadly organized• New GovernmentNew Government

Too much debateToo much debate

• Economic difficultiesEconomic difficulties Money, taxes, inflationMoney, taxes, inflation

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Phases of the WarPhases of the War

11stst (1775 – 1776) New England (1775 – 1776) New England Battle of Bunker Hill – June 17, 1775Battle of Bunker Hill – June 17, 1775

• British suffered heaviest casualties of British suffered heaviest casualties of the warthe war

Americans launched invasion into Americans launched invasion into CanadaCanada• Remove British treatRemove British treat• Hoped to win Canada to our causeHoped to win Canada to our cause• Canada never became part of the warCanada never became part of the war

22ndnd Phase – Mid-Atlantic (1776 – 1778) Phase – Mid-Atlantic (1776 – 1778) British had 32,000 troopsBritish had 32,000 troops Washington had 19,000 and no navyWashington had 19,000 and no navy 18 c warfare was based on weather18 c warfare was based on weather

• Dec 1776 – Washington crossed Delaware River to Dec 1776 – Washington crossed Delaware River to attackattack

• Advanced on PrincetonAdvanced on Princeton• No casualties on AmericansNo casualties on Americans

At Saratoga, British troops (Oct 1777) At Saratoga, British troops (Oct 1777) surrenderedsurrendered• Britain lost 5,000 troopsBritain lost 5,000 troops• Led to direct alliance between US and FranceLed to direct alliance between US and France

Aid from EuropeAid from Europe

FranceFrance• King Louis XVI came to throne in 1774King Louis XVI came to throne in 1774• Supplied the AmericansSupplied the Americans• Benjamin Franklin worked of formal recognitionBenjamin Franklin worked of formal recognition

Feb 6, 1778 – France recognized the US as a nationFeb 6, 1778 – France recognized the US as a nation

• Provided their navy and forces for the Provided their navy and forces for the revolutionrevolution

SpainSpain• Provided cash to the US through FranceProvided cash to the US through France

Final Phase – Southern (1778 – 1781)Final Phase – Southern (1778 – 1781) British government never really behind the British government never really behind the

warwar US used guerrillas tacticsUS used guerrillas tactics Washington divided forces to trap Gen Washington divided forces to trap Gen

CornwallisCornwallis• Oct 17, 1781 – Cornwallis caught between two Oct 17, 1781 – Cornwallis caught between two

forces and the French Navyforces and the French Navy• Surrendered more than 7,000 menSurrendered more than 7,000 men• War overWar over

Winning the PeaceWinning the Peace

Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and John Benjamin Franklin, John Jay and John Adams signed treaty Adams signed treaty

Treaty of Paris of 1783Treaty of Paris of 1783• BoardersBoarders

North – CanadaNorth – Canada South – FloridaSouth – Florida East – AtlanticEast – Atlantic West – Mississippi RiverWest – Mississippi River

• America must return property of LoyalistsAmerica must return property of Loyalists• Great Britain must recognized the USGreat Britain must recognized the US

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

War and SocietyWar and Society

Loyalists fled US (up to 100,000)Loyalists fled US (up to 100,000) MinoritiesMinorities

• Anglicans: hurt due to warAnglicans: hurt due to war• Quakers: hurt due to pacifismQuakers: hurt due to pacifism• Catholics: improved due to support of warCatholics: improved due to support of war• African-Americans: many freed by British, African-Americans: many freed by British,

those who fought for Washington were given those who fought for Washington were given freedom, many learned to read and write.freedom, many learned to read and write.

South Carolina and Georgia feared slave revoltSouth Carolina and Georgia feared slave revolt

Women and the WarWomen and the War In charge of farms and businessesIn charge of farms and businesses Launched attacks on British troopsLaunched attacks on British troops Flocked to help Patriot campsFlocked to help Patriot camps Big value to support armiesBig value to support armies Increased morale, cooking, laundry, Increased morale, cooking, laundry,

nursingnursing Molly Pitcher: Watched her husband fall Molly Pitcher: Watched her husband fall

and took his placeand took his place Abigail Adams: called for women’s rightsAbigail Adams: called for women’s rights Judith Sargent Murray: women were as Judith Sargent Murray: women were as

good as men and wanted educationgood as men and wanted education

English Common LawEnglish Common Law

Unmarried women had some legal rightsUnmarried women had some legal rights Married Women had no rightsMarried Women had no rights

• Property belonged to husbandProperty belonged to husband• No legal authority over their childrenNo legal authority over their children• No property rightsNo property rights• No legal transactionsNo legal transactions• No votingNo voting• No divorce No divorce • If lived longer than husband – became property If lived longer than husband – became property

of closest maleof closest male

CREATION OF STATE CREATION OF STATE GOVERNMENTSGOVERNMENTS

Republicanism – all power came Republicanism – all power came directly from the people rather than directly from the people rather than from some supreme authorityfrom some supreme authority

Every citizen equal (???)Every citizen equal (???) All would earn their successAll would earn their success American society more open than American society more open than

EuropeEurope

First State ConstitutionsFirst State Constitutions

Written so that no individual or group Written so that no individual or group could pervert themcould pervert them

Power of executive would be limitedPower of executive would be limited Different branches of governmentDifferent branches of government Direct popular voteDirect popular vote

• Property was required to voteProperty was required to vote

Revision of State GovernmentsRevision of State Governments

States were inviting disorder and States were inviting disorder and political turbulencepolitical turbulence

Two Major Changes:Two Major Changes:• Constitutional Convention – special body Constitutional Convention – special body

that meets and then is gonethat meets and then is gone• Strengthening the executiveStrengthening the executive

Elected by the peopleElected by the people Fixed salaryFixed salary Expanded powers of appointmentExpanded powers of appointment Veto legislationVeto legislation

SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL SEARCH FOR A NATIONAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation• November 1777 (ratified in 1781)November 1777 (ratified in 1781)• All Western lands turned over to the All Western lands turned over to the

governmentgovernment• Each state had one voteEach state had one vote• Powers Powers

Could conduct wars and foreign relations, Could conduct wars and foreign relations, Appropriate, borrow, and issue moneyAppropriate, borrow, and issue money

• Set upSet up No separate executiveNo separate executive No national court systemNo national court system 9 of 13 states would have to approve legislation9 of 13 states would have to approve legislation 13 states would approve amendments13 states would approve amendments

Land OrdinanceLand Ordinance

Ordinance of 1784 – by Thomas Ordinance of 1784 – by Thomas JeffersonJefferson• Divided western lands into ten self-Divided western lands into ten self-

governing districtsgoverning districts• Each could become states when Each could become states when

population reached a certain levelpopulation reached a certain level Ordinance of 1785Ordinance of 1785

• Each township divided into 36 sectionsEach township divided into 36 sections 4 given to government to sell if needed4 given to government to sell if needed 1 section set up for education1 section set up for education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787• Repealed part of Ordinance of 1784Repealed part of Ordinance of 1784• Set up one for OhioSet up one for Ohio• Population of 60,000 needed for Population of 60,000 needed for

statehoodstatehood• Guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by Guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by

jury and prohibited slaveryjury and prohibited slavery

Debts and TaxesDebts and Taxes

International:International:• Great debtsGreat debts• Nation faced prospect of defaulting on Nation faced prospect of defaulting on

obligationsobligations• Import tax (failed)Import tax (failed)• Angered the peopleAngered the people

Domestic:Domestic:• Debts of the statesDebts of the states• Farmers demand states to issue moneyFarmers demand states to issue money• Debtors who fail to pay their taxes can loose Debtors who fail to pay their taxes can loose

their propertytheir property

Daniel ShayDaniel Shay Connecticut ValleyConnecticut Valley Daniel ShayDaniel Shay

• Former captainFormer captain• Demanded paper money, tax relief, relocation Demanded paper money, tax relief, relocation

of capital, no imprisonment for debtof capital, no imprisonment for debt Summer 1786 – preventing of collection of Summer 1786 – preventing of collection of

debtdebt Winter – took up arms Winter – took up arms A privately financed army was sent to stop A privately financed army was sent to stop

ShaysShays• Jan 1787 - disbandedJan 1787 - disbanded

Results of Shays RebellionResults of Shays Rebellion

Added to the urgency for a new Added to the urgency for a new national governmentnational government

Annapolis Convention to deal with Annapolis Convention to deal with economic problems. Instead economic problems. Instead requested to meet in Philadelphia to requested to meet in Philadelphia to deal with the Articlesdeal with the Articles

55 Representative from 12 states 55 Representative from 12 states (Rhode Island) met in may of 1787 to (Rhode Island) met in may of 1787 to “make a more perfect union.”“make a more perfect union.”