Chapter 5Chapter 5Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Section 1: Section 1: Cultures of the Mountains and the SeaCultures of the Mountains and the Sea

• Peninsula

• 2,000 islands in

Aegean and

Ionian

Geography Shapes Greek LifeGeography Shapes Greek Life

Geography Shapes GreekGeography Shapes GreekLife ContinuedLife Continued

• The SeaThe Sea– Seas were important Seas were important

transportation routestransportation routes– They lacked natural They lacked natural

resourcesresources

Geography Shapes Greek Life Continued

The Land

• ¾ mountains divided land into regions

• Influenced political life

• Made transportation difficult

• Only a part was arable

• Not much fresh water

• Land couldn’t support a big population

Geography Shapes Greek Life ContinuedGeography Shapes Greek Life Continued

The Climate Varied climate 48 –

80 degrees Outdoor life style Public events to

discuss issues, news and partake in civic life.

Mycenaean Civilization DevelopsMycenaean Civilization Develops

Mycenaean Civilization Develops ContinuedMycenaean Civilization Develops Continued

Leading city: Mycenae

Mycenaean rulers controlled cities like Tiryns and Athens Describe what the city

looked like

                                                                    

          

Contact with Minoans

Mycenaean's came into contact with Minoans possibly through war or trade.

Lead to trading in other locations

Minoan influence Seaborne trade Writing Culture

The Trojan War

The Trojan War

Mycenaean's vs. Troy (Anatolia)

Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife of a Greek King, Menelaus.

Menelaus’s brother was Agamemnon Show pictures

Reality or not? Heinrich

Schliemann

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Continued

• 1200 sea raiders burned Mycenaean cities

• Dorians came into the area

• Not as advanced as the Mycenaean's

• Economy collapsed, art of writing lost

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Continued

o Epics of Homer• History told through the

spoken word: epics• Trojan War led to Iliad

– Achilles vs. Hector

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Continuedo Greeks create Myths Myths created through Homer’s epics and

Theogony, written by Hesiod These myths taught about the mysteries of

nature and the power of human passions Human qualities attributed to gods

Zeus lives on Mount Olympus with Hera Athena

Aphrodite Zeus Hera Apollo

Pan

Hermes

Athena

Ares Hephaestus Demeter

Poseidon

Artimis Dionysus

Chapter 5 Section 2Warring City-States During the Dorian

period two changes occurred

1. Dorians and Mycenaeans identified with ancestors less, local area more

2. Formal governments established What was the switch

from?

Rule and Order in Greek City-States Polis was the

political unit Made of city and

countryside City government

discussed at the agora in the acropolis

Greek Political Structures City-states had different

forms of government Monarchy

Single person, King, ruled Mycenae

Aristocracy Small group of noble

landowning families ruled Athens before 594

Oligarchy Few powerful people Sparta

Tyrants Seize Power Clashes occurred

between ruler and the common people.

Powerful people seized control of the government and became tyrants. What are tyrants

considered to be? Tyrants looked to

common people for support

Athens Builds a Limited Democracy

Athens started the idea of a representative government

Avoided power struggles between rich and the poor by moving to democracy

Building Democracy Draco took power

621 B.C. Draco’s Legal Code

Said Athenians were equal under the law

Criminals dealt with harshly

Was for debt slavery

Building Democracy Continued Solon 594 B.C.

No slavery No debt slavery Created 4 social groups

based on wealth Only top 3 classes could

hold political office. Everyone could

participate in a assembly

Citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers

Building Democracy Continued

Cleisthenes 500 B.C. Broke up nobility power by

dividing citizens into 10 groups

Based on location not wealth Increased power of the

assembly All citizens could submit

laws for debate and passage

Building Democracy Continued

Created the Council of Five Hundred Proposed laws and

counseled assembly Council chosen by lot Citizenship restricted

to Free adult male

property owners born in Athens

Athenian Education Only sons of wealthy

families received education Age 7

Prepared them to be good citizens.

Discuss what this involves

Older Military school

Girls Family

Sparta Builds a Military State

Sparta located in the Peloponnesus

No democracy, built a military state

Sparta Dominates Messenia's 725 B.C. Sparta conquers

Messenia Messenia's

became helots 650 B.C. Messenia's

revolted. Spartans were

able to put down revolt.

Sparta’s Government and Society Branches of Spartan

Government Assembly

Spartan citizens Elected officials Voted

Council of Elders 30 older citizens Proposed laws

that the assembly voted on

Five elected officials Carried out laws

passed by the assembly

Controlled education

Prosecuted court cases

Two kings Ruled over

Sparta’s military

Spartan Social Order Citizens originally from region

Ruling families who owned land Free Noncitizens

Worked commerce and industry Helots

Slaves

Helots in Arms

Spartan Daily Life For approximately 300 years, Sparta had

the most powerful army in Greece Individuality was not encouraged

What values were lost and sought? Age 7 moved to army barracks until age

30 Describe what their living situations were.

Spartan Military Education After lengthy training,

many Spartan boys participated in the krypteia, or secret police

Armed with daggers, assassinated helots

Instilled a sense of ruthlessness in the Spartan youth

Helped maintain the Spartan social order by instilling a permanent sense of insecurity and terror in helot communities.

Spartan Military Education

Men expected to serve in the army until age 60

Girls: some military training, service to Sparta came first

Spartan women ran family estates when husbands gone

The Persian Wars

A New Kind of Army Emerges Who originally served in the army? Shift from bronze to iron weapons did

what to the army? The phalanx, formed by hoplites, became

a fierce fighting force.

Battle at Marathon Persian Wars between

Greece vs. Persians Began in Ionia – Greeks

had been there; around 546 B.C. Persians conquered

Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sent ships to help

Persian King Darius the Great defeated them, vowed to destroy Athens in revenge

Battle at Marathon Continued 490 B.C. Persians land on

Marathon Phalanxes waited for

them 25,000 Persians, 10,000

Athenians– who won?

Pheidippides Brings News Athens was

defenseless Pheidippides raced

back to Athens, 26 miles

He said “Rejoice, we conquer”, then collapsed and died

Greeks arrived, Persians retreated

Thermopylae and Salamis 480 B.C. Darius the

Great’s son, Xerxes, went to crush Athens

Some Greeks wanted to fight, some wanted to give up Athens

Some Greeks fought on Persian side

Xerxes easily marched down eastern coast of Greece

At the mountain pass Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks (300 were Spartans) blocked Xerxes way

Thermopylae and Salamis Continued

Fought for three days A traitor informed

Persians of a secret path

Fearing defeat, the 300 Spartans stayed, rest of Greek forces retreated Athenians tried to

figure out how to best defend the city

Thermopylae and Salamis Continued

• Themistocles (Athenian leader) got Athens to defend at sea

• Athenian fleet positioned near Salamis

Thermopylae and Salamis Continued

Xerxes set fire to Athens

He then tried to block the channel

Small Greek ships defeated Persians

Thermopylae and Salamis Continued 479 B.C. Persians

again defeated at the Battle of Plataea

(pluh TEE uh) Persians now on the

defensive

Thermopylae and Salamis Continued 478 B.C. Greek city

states formed the Delian (DEE lee uhn) League and forced Persian forces to leave their territories

Consequences of the Persian Wars

Athens became the leader of Delian League

Used military force to control members who challenged them

Athens enters its golden age