CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered in the study.

This includes the measurement of ambient noise using the sound level meter; laboratory

analyses of the water samples from Balumbato Elementary School; soil trace elements

analysis; and the result of the Air Pollution Assessment Report (2000-2001).

For clarity and consistency, the presentation and discussion followed the

sequence by which the specific problems were stated in the study.

The Existing Environmental Problems

Noise Pollution

The measurements were recorded at daytime, between nine and ten in the

morning. As stipulated in the National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC)

Memorandum Circular No. 002 Series of 1980, Section 78- Ambient Noise Quality and

Emission Standards for Noise1, schools fall under Class AA, which refers to

sections/contiguous areas that require quietness. Among those are areas within 100

meters of school sites, nursery schools, hospitals, and special homes for the aged. The

environmental quality standards for noise in Class AA area are as follows; (a) Daytime

(9:00 am to10:00 am) – 50 decibels (db), (b) Evening (6:00 pm to 10:00 pm) – 45 db;

(c) Nighttime (10:00 pm to 5:00 am)- 40 db and (d) Morning (5:00 am to 9:00 am).

1 DENR-Environmental Management Bureau Official Gazette, Section 78, Ambient Noise Quality Standards.

46

The standards were applied to the arithmetic median of at least seven readings at the

point of maximum noise level.

As shown in the results (Appendix C-1), seven readings at eight designated

points were taken at a given time. The arithmetic median was taken at each assigned

point. Point 1 was the gate of a paper mill adjacent to the rear of Philippine Bed Mfg.

Inc., facing the school gate. Point 2 was the playground; Point 3 was near Manchester

Engineering and Manufacturing Corp; Point 4 was the backstage near the Principal’s

office; Point 5 was behind the two-story classroom building, very proximate to the wall

of the Universal Steel Smelting Inc Compound. Point 6, beside the fishpond of the

school, Point 7, outside the school premises, and Point 8, at the Salazar Drive, near the

Brick Glazing and Hollow Blocks Making Industry and only stone’s throw away from

the school.

Since the Environmental Quality Standards for noise at daytime in Class AA is

50 decibels; examination of the data revealed that at the eight designated points, all the

arithmetic medians exceeded the maximum allowable noise level. At Point 1, the noise

level exceeded by 3.8 db; at Point 2, it was higher by 10.1 db; at Point 3- where the

highest noise level was recorded, it was 14.4 db more than the allowable decibel; at

Point 4, where the second lowest noise level was registered, it was only 2.5 more; at

Point 5, it exceeded by 10.2 db, at Point 6, the noise level was higher by 9 db, at point 7,

it exceeded the standard by 2.1 db; and finally at Point 8, it was higher by 4.8 db.

The presence of noise pollution at Balumbato Elementary School and its environ

was therefore evident. Noise pollution can be detrimental to the pupils’ health as well as

to their academic performance. Even at low levels, it causes stress; it can promote high

47

blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems, as well as nervous disorders. It

makes conversation difficult, interferes with some kinds of work, class discussion and

distracts pupils’ attention.

Air Pollution

Air pollution was determined through the utilization of The Stations General Air

Pollution Assessment Report, 2000-2001. This was one limitation of the study since

undertaking an Air Pollution Assessment/ Measuring entailed much constraints. Such

an assessment would take a year before conclusive results regarding the air quality of

a particular locality could be made. Thus the DENR permitted the researcher to use the

aforementioned report.

Balumbato Elementary School and its vicinity fall under the jurisdiction of

Congressional Avenue Station. The Monitoring Site/Area is described as traffic oriented

and mixed industrial, commercial and residential. The major source of particulate

matter is stated as mobile, aside from the area itself.

As indicated in the report for the year 2000, the annual mean was 336, the

highest among other stations. Although there was a notable decrease in the annual

mean for the year 2001 (mean during the first quarter was 235 and 201 during the

second quarter), the overall general pollution index was still described as “poor”

compared to other stations such as the stations in Las Piñas (good-fair) and also at

Ateneo and Mandaluyong, though these are in the urban area.

Based on the aforementioned “Guideline Values” for long term (I year)

assessment, the Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) should be 90 ug/Ncm. Thus,

48

the mean of 336 for the year 2000 was more than thrice the normal level and fell above

the “alert level.” It was classified as “very unhealthful” according to the Air Quality

Standards and Rules and Regulations Relating to Air Pollution2.

The findings showed that Balumbato Elementary School and its surroundings

had been experiencing air pollution just like other overcrowded urban areas.

Water Pollution

Drinking water standards are more stringent than standards applicable to

irrigation water .The Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water established

limits in five categories: a) physical characteristics, b) chemical characteristics,

c) radioactivity, d) bacteriological quality and e) biological characteristics.

The Bacteriological Analysis conducted on November 6, 2001 using water

samples (MWSS Tap water) taken from the faucet near the school’s comfort room was

found to contain total coliform. The Most probable number/100ml (Mpn/100ml) was

greater than 16 and fecal coliform mpn/100ml was also greater than 16. Laboratory

sample no. 01-2770 failed to meet the bacteriological standards for drinking water

quality, as both total coliform and fecal coliform must not exceed 2.2-mpn/100 ml water

to be safe for drinking. (See Appendix C-2 for the Philippine National Standards for

Drinking Water.).

However, the analyses of the water sample taken from the school canteen

(laboratory sample no. 2977) and of the water sample from the principal’s office

2 Air Quality Standards and Rules and Regulations Relating to Air Pollution, (Revised Chapter II, sections 57 to 66 of the 1978 Implementing Rules and Regulations for PD 984).

49

(laboratory sample no. 01-2978) showed that the total coliform and fecal coliform

mpn/100 ml were less than 2.2 mpn/100ml. The analyses revealed that both samples

met the bacteriological standards for drinking water quality. (See Appendix C.)

The trace elements analyses data (W-751 conducted on October 26,2001)

showed that the water samples contained only a trace of copper, zinc, and manganese

and 0.01 of iron. These amounts were still within the recommended maximum

concentration. The ph value of 6.6 was likewise within the standard range of 6.6 to 9.5.

(Appendix C-4)

As much as possible, acidity (ph) should be controlled and must not exceed 8,

or there would be adverse effects on the taste, the odor, and the appearance of the

drinking water. It would also lead to the corrosion of water mains and pipelines in the

house hold water system.

Soil Pollution

The data showing the result of the soil analysis (chemical and trace elements) of

laboratory sample no. S-3517 revealed that the ph value of 6.6 was considered adequate

(favorable) based on the General Guidelines for the Fertility Rating of Soils that it is

between 5.5 to 8.5.3 The EC mmho/cm 1:1 or Electrical Conductivity was 0.48. Since

this value was less than 4 ( 4), then the soil, in terms of EC, was adequate/favorable.

Based on the “Concentration Range of Micronutrients in Phil. Soils” (DTPA

Extraction), the SO4 ppm in the soil sample was 95.17 indicating that it was moderately

unfavorable. The copper (Cu) ppm of 16.16 was described as “high”. The zinc (Zn)

3 F.O Nachtergaele, Interpretation of Chemical and Physical Soil Data for the USDA Soil Taxonomy, Laboratory Information Paper no. 13

50

ppm was 120.2 and was classified as “very high,” having exceeded 20 (>20) Zn count.

The iron (Fe) ppm which came out as 45.45 was described as “high.” Finally, the

manganese (Mn) ppm was found to be 78.78 and was classified as “medium”. (Results

of the Soil Sample Analysis are shown in Appendix C-5). Based on the soil analysis, it

may be concluded that there was no soil pollution in Balumbato Elementary School and

in its environment.

Although the soil constituents were described to be favorable for man, plants

and animals, it was evident that there was air pollution in the place. Zinc (Zn) was

notably “very high.” Zinc is used principally as a protective coating or galvanizer for

iron and steel; as an ingredient of various alloys, especially brass; as plates for dry

electric cells; and for die-castings. Zinc oxide, known as zinc white or Chinese white, is

used as a paint pigment. Both Iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) received a rating of “high.”

These metal traces were caused by the presence of steel smelting and paint factories in

Balumbato Elementary School.

The Causes of The Existing Environmental Problems

The three groups of respondents, namely the pupils, the parents, and all the

teachers in Balumbato Elementary School, identified the causes of the existing

environmental conditions in the school as well as its surrounding community.

According to their perception and observation, the respondents rated nine items listed in

the questionnaire as the causes of the environmental problems.. To determine the causes

of environmental condition in Balumbato Elementary School, a five-point table of

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interpretation was evolved using an interval of twenty. It may be noted that an item

which was identified as the cause of an environmental problem by at least 80% of the

respondents was considered as a “very common” problem. Those identified by 60% to

79% of the respondents were considered as “common” problems; and those considered

by 40% to 59% of the respondents were labeled as “moderate”. An item identified by

20 % to 39 % of the respondents only was labeled as a “slight” problem. An item was

not considered a problem if only 19 % or less of the respondents identified it.

Table 4-A presents the perception of the respondents as regards the causes of the

existing environmental problems. These varied elements were identified as contributory

to the environmental problems in the vicinity of Balumbato Elementary School and

eventually affecting the pupils’ health.

Table 4-A

Causes of the Existing Environmental ProblemsAs Perceived by the Respondents

CAUSES OF EXISTING ENVIRON-MENTAL

PROBLEMS

PUPIL-RESPONDENTS PARENT-RESPONDENTS TEACHER-RESPONDENTS

f %Interpre-

tationR f %

Interpre-tation

R f %Interpre-

tationR

Heavy Traffic 59 32 Slight 9 61 41 Moderate 7 10 48 Moderate 5

52

Flooding of the

Streets101 54 Moderate 7 70 47 Moderate 5.5 8 38 Slight 7.5

Temperate weather 118 63 Common 4 82 55 Moderate 3 6 29 Slight 9

Foul odor coming

from garbage121 65 Common 3 58 39 Slight 8 8 38 Slight 7.5

Foul smell coming

from the school

toilets

137 73 Common 1 87 58 Moderate 2 13 62 Common 3

Foul odor coming

from the nearby

factories

104 56 Moderate 6 73 49 Moderate 4 12 57 Moderate 4

Noise from the

nearby factories98 52 Moderate 8 70 47 Moderate 5.5 14 67 Common 2

Constant dust 114 61 Common 5 52 35 Slight 9 9 43 Moderate 6

Smoke coming from

the nearby factories132 71 Common 2 99 66 Common 1 19 90

Very

common1

The most common causes perceived by the pupil respondents were: (a) foul

smell coming from the school toilets (ranked 1); (b) smoke coming from the nearby

factories (ranked 2); (c) foul odor coming from the garbage (ranked 3); (d) hot weather

(ranked 4) and (e) constant dust (ranked 5). Traffic was considered to be the least of the

elements that brought about the environmental problems. Considered to moderately

conduce to the problems were: (a) the foul odor coming from nearby factories, (b) the

flooding of the streets and (c) the noise from the nearby factories. The students

perceived heavy traffic as a slight cause of environmental problems.

53

On the other hand, the parent respondents perceived the smoke coming from the

nearby factories as a common cause of environmental problems. The foul smell coming

from the school toilets, the temperate weather, the foul odor and the noise coming

from the nearby factories, the flooding of the streets, and the traffic were perceived by

them as moderately causing the environmental problems. They dismissed the foul odor

coming from the garbage and the constant presence of dust as slightly causing

environmental problems.

Only the teacher-respondents perceived a very common cause of the

environmental problems in Balumbato Elementary School and the surroundings. This

was the smoke coming from the nearby factories. They rated the noise from the nearby

factories and the foul smell coming from the school toilets as common causes of

environmental problems. The foul odor coming from the nearby factories, the traffic,

and the constant presence of dust were perceived as moderately causing the problems

while the flooding of the streets, the foul odor from garbage, and the hot weather were

considered as slight causes of the environmental problems.

A close analysis of the data showed that both the parent and the teacher

respondents perceived the smoke coming from the nearby factories as the prime

contributory factor to the problem.

Perusal of the data presented in Table 4-B shows the summarized perceived

causes of the deteriorating environmental condition in descending order.

Ranked 1 was smoke emitting from the nearby factories, whereas traffic was the

last element/factor perceived to cause environmental problems.

54

Table 4-B

Summary of the Causes of the Existing Environmental Problemsat the Balumbato Elementary School

CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS F % RANK

Smoke emission from the nearby factories 250 70 1

Foul odor from toilets 237 66 2

Foul odor from factories 209 58.50 3

Hot weather 206 57.70 4

Foul odor from garbage 187 52.40 5

Noise from factory machineries 182 51.00 6

Flooding of the street 179 50.10 7

Constant presence of dust 175 49 8

Traffic 130 36.41 9

It should be noted that among the factories proximate to Balumbato Elementary

School are the Universal Steel Smelting Corp, and the Pacific Mills Inc. These factories

particularly, the smelting company, are significant sources of air pollution. Smoke

emitting from these factories are environmentally “dirty” and hazardous, hence, they are

a dominant contributor to air pollution. Let it not be forgotten that the operation of the

machinery in these factories produces a lot of noise, thus causing noise pollution also.

Perception of the Pupils, Parents, and Teacher Respondentson the Effects of the Environmental Problems

55

The respondents of the study were requested to rate the effects of the varied

environmental problems around Balumbato Elementary School according to their

perception.

The data reflected in Table 5-A show the comparative perception of the

respondents regarding the effects of the environmental conditions in Balumbato

Elementary School and its vicinity.

The pupil respondents considered the difficulty of crossing the streets and of

concentrating due to traffic noise as alarming effects of heavy traffic. On the other hand,

eye irritation due to smoke emitted by vehicles and the inability to come to school

punctually were described as by the pupil respondents as “disturbing”.

Absenteeism and skin irritations brought about by flooded streets were

considered alarming by the pupils whereas inability to come to school on time was

“disturbing”.

The pupils considered lack of concentration during class hours as a serious

effect of temperate weather, though they found feeling sleepy in class as “disturbing”.

Headache as an upshot of the foul odor coming from garbage was believed to be

seriously affecting the pupils while difficulty in breathing was believed to be

“alarming”.

Putrid odor from the school toilets as well as the suffocating smell emitted by

the neighboring factories were perceived to cause alarming effects on the pupils’ health.

Moreover, constant presence of dust was believed to cause serious eye irritation and

lack of concentration during classes.

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The alarming effects of the smoke coming from factories were eye irritation,

headache, and difficulty in breathing. Least disturbing of the effects was nose irritation.

The parent respondents differed from the pupil respondents in their perception.

As shown on Table 5-B, they perceived the following effects as alarming; difficulty to

cross the streets due to traffic; absenteeism and skin irritation due to floods; pupils’

lack of concentration during class hours because of the temperate weather; headache

and difficulty in breathing resulting from the inhalation of the foul odor from school

toilets and factories as well as from the noise; and eye and nose irritation and

inattentiveness in the class due to the smoke from factories.

The teacher-respondents as shown on Table 5-C, viewed the effects quite

differently from the pupils and parents. Apparently, the teachers had observed more

keenly the adverse effects of the deteriorating ecological conditions in the school

because they have been teaching in the school longer than the number of years that the

pupils respondents had been there.

The faculty members were convinced that absenteeism was a very serious

consequence of flooding on the streets. Frequent headache was perceived to be the very

serious effect of inhaling the foul odor emitted by the factories in the area.

The teacher respondents considered difficulty in crossing the street and eye

irritations caused by smoke belchers to be the serious effects of heavy traffic. They also

perceived the following as serious- inability to come to school on time as a consequence

of flooding on the streets; the pupils’ inability to concentrate in class due to the foul

odor from school toilets and the foul odor and the noise coming from factories; and

feeling sleepy during class hours.

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On the whole as shown on Table 5-D, the effects of the existing environmental

conditions were perceived differently by the respondents: (1) alarming by the pupil

respondents (45.8%); (2) disturbing by the parents (38.99%); and alarming by the

teacher respondents (52.0%)

Table 5-APerceived Effects of the Existing Environmental Conditions At Balumbato

Elementary School Pupils According To the Pupil-Respondents

TRAFFIC F % INTERPRETATIONSmoke emitted by the vehicles irritates the eyes 71 37 DisturbingDifficulty to cross the street 109 58 AlarmingInability to come to school on time 71 38 DisturbingDifficulty to concentrate due to traffic noise 96 51 Alarming

Flooding on the streetsInability to come to school on time 68 36 DisturbingAbsenteeism 92 49 AlarmingCauses skin irritation 76 41 Alarming

Temperate weatherMakes pupils sleepy in the classroom 66 35 DisturbingCannot concentrate during classes 124 66 Serious

58

Foul odor from garbageCauses headache 118 63 SeriousCannot concentrate during classes 78 36 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 96 51 Alarming

Foul odor from school toiletsCauses headache 110 59 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 68 36 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 105 56 Alarming

Foul Odor Emitted By FactoriesCauses headache 102 55 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 77 41 AlarmingCauses difficulty in breathing 83 44 Alarming

Noise from factoriesCauses headache 110 59 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 76 41 AlarmingInattentiveness to the lesson 91 49 Alarming

Constant dustCauses eye irritation 137 73 SeriousCannot concentrate during classes 54 29 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 30 16 Less Disturbing

Smoke coming from factoriesInattentiveness to the lesson 62 33 DisturbingCauses eye irritation 103 55 AlarmingCauses headache 85 45 AlarmingNose irritation 25 13 Less DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 82 44 Alarming

Table 5-BPerceived Effects of the Existing Environmental Conditions At Balumbato

Elementary School Pupils According To the Parent-Respondents

TRAFFIC F % INTERPRETATIONSmoke emitted by the vehicles irritates the eyes 44 29 DisturbingDifficulty to cross the street 83 56 AlarmingInability to come to school on time 40 27 DisturbingDifficulty to concentrate due to traffic noise 42 28 Disturbing

Flooding on the streetsInability to come to school on time 43 29 DisturbingAbsenteeism 71 47 AlarmingCauses skin irritation 25 17 Less Disturbing

Temperate weatherMakes pupils sleepy in the classroom 61 41 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 87 58 Alarming

59

Foul odor from garbageCauses headache 64 43 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 53 35 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 84 56 Alarming

Foul odor from school toiletsCauses headache 88 59 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 56 37 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 82 55 Alarming

Foul Odor Emitted By FactoriesCauses headache 88 59 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 57 38 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 79 53 Alarming

Noise from factoriesCauses headache 78 52 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 67 45 AlarmingInattentiveness to the lesson 18 12 Less Disturbing

Constant dustCauses eye irritation 94 63 SeriousCannot concentrate during classes 36 24 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 34 23 Disturbing

Smoke coming from factoriesInattentiveness to the lesson 75 50 AlarmingCauses eye irritation 72 48 AlarmingCauses headache 76 51 AlarmingNose irritation 67 45 AlarmingCauses difficulty in breathing 64 44 Alarming

Table 5-CPerceived Effects of the Existing Environmental Conditions At Balumbato

Elementary School Pupils According To the Teacher-Respondents

TRAFFIC F % INTERPRETATIONSmoke emitted by the vehicles irritates the eyes 13 62 SeriousDifficulty to cross the street 13 62 SeriousInability to come to school on time 12 57 AlarmingDifficulty to concentrate due to traffic noise 3 14 Less Disturbing

Flooding on the streetsInability to come to school on time 14 66 SeriousAbsenteeism 17 81 Very seriousCauses skin irritation 4 19 Less Disturbing

Temperate weatherMakes pupils sleepy in the classroom 15 71 SeriousCannot concentrate during classes 11 52 Alarming

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Foul odor from garbageCauses headache 12 57 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 11 52 AlarmingCauses difficulty in breathing 9 43 Alarming

Foul odor from school toiletsCauses headache 9 43 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 16 76 SeriousCauses difficulty in breathing 8 38 Disturbing

Foul Odor Emitted By FactoriesCauses headache 17 81 Very seriousCannot concentrate during classes 16 76 SeriousCauses difficulty in breathing 12 57 Alarming

Noise from factoriesCauses headache 10 48 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 10 48 AlarmingInattentiveness to the lesson 13 62 Serious

Constant dustCauses eye irritation 11 52 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 2 10 Less DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 7 33 Disturbing

Smoke coming from factoriesInattentiveness to the lesson 12 57 AlarmingCauses eye irritation 11 52 AlarmingCauses headache 8 38 DisturbingNose irritation 7 33 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 9 43 Alarming

Table 5-DSummary of Perceived Effects of the Existing Environmental Conditions At

Balumbato Elementary School PupilsTRAFFIC F % RANK INTERPRETATION

Smoke emitted by the vehicles irritates the eyes

128 36 3 Disturbing

Difficulty to cross the street 205 57 1 AlarmingInability to come to school on time 123 35 4 DisturbingDifficulty to concentrate due to traffic noise 141 40 2 Alarming

Flooding on the streetsInability to come to school on time 125 35 2 DisturbingAbsenteeism 180 50 1 AlarmingCauses skin irritation 105 29 3 Disturbing

Temperate weatherMakes pupils sleepy in the classroom 142 40 2 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 222 62 1 Serious

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Foul odor from garbageCauses headache 194 54.3 1 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 142 39.8 3 AlarmingCauses difficulty in breathing 189 52.9 2 Alarming

Foul odor from school toiletsCauses headache 207 58 1 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 140 39 2 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 105 29 3 Disturbing

Foul Odor Emitted By FactoriesCauses headache 207 58 1 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 170 48 2 AlarmingCauses difficulty in breathing 121 34 3 Disturbing

Noise from factoriesCauses headache 197 56 1 AlarmingCannot concentrate during classes 153 43 2 AlarmingInattentiveness to the lesson 122 34 3 Disturbing

Constant dustCauses eye irritation 242 68 1 SeriousCannot concentrate during classes 92 26 2 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 71 20 3 Disturbing

Smoke coming from factoriesInattentiveness to the lesson 149 42 4 AlarmingCauses eye irritation 186 52 1 AlarmingCauses headache 169 47 2 AlarmingNose irritation 99 28 5 DisturbingCauses difficulty in breathing 155 43 3 Alarming

Diseases Commonly Contracted by the Pupils

A careful analysis of the data presented in Table 6 shows that common colds

ranked one (1) as the illness most often contracted by the pupils according to the

perception of the three groups of respondents. This was followed by cough, fever, and

headache. These diseases were usually contracted by way of the respiratory system and

could be the direct result of air pollution. Other illnesses of the respiratory systems

contracted by the pupils were: asthma (ranked 8); nose and throat irritation (ranked 12);

primary complex (ranked 14); and bronchitis (ranked 15)

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Other diseases suffered by the pupils due to different pollutants were: dizziness

(ranked 5); sore eyes (ranked 6); diarrhea (ranked 7); skin allergy (ranked 9); nausea

(ranked 10); nose bleeding (ranked 11); skin diseases (ranked 13); hypertension (ranked

16) and anemia (ranked 17).

Table 6

Percentage and Rank Distribution of DiseasesCommonly Contracted by the Pupils

DISEASES MOST CONTRACTED BY

THE PUPILSPUPILS PARENTS TEACHERS TOTALS

% Rank % Rank % Rank F % Rank

Colds 73.3 1 78 1 95.24 2 274 76.75 1

63

Cough 7.70 2 77.3 2 80.95 4 267 74.80 2

Fever 58.8 4 74.7 3 90.48 3 243 68.10 3

Headache 62.6 3 65.3 4 100 1 236 66.10 4

Dizziness 50.3 5 32.7 6 66.67 6 157 44 5

Sore eyes 33.7 6 38 5 71.43 5 135 38.00 6

Diarrhea 28.3 7 32 7 38.1 9.5 109 31.00 7

Asthma 23 9 23.3 8 57.14 7 90 25.00 8

Skin allergy 20.3 10.5 20 10 33.33 10 75 21.00 9

Nausea 24.6 8 14.7 12 28.57 11.5 74 21.00 10

Nose bleeding 20.3 10.5 17.3 11 38.1 9.5 72 20.20 11

Nose and throat

irritation

9.09 12 22 9 38.1 9.5 58 16.25 12

Skin disorders 11.8 11 13.3 13 28.57 11.5 48 13.50 13

Primary complex 5.88 13 12 14 23.81 12.5 34 9.50 14

Bronchitis 4.81 14.5 6.67 15 47.62 8 29 8.12 15

Hypertension 4.81 14.5 6 16 19.05 13.5 22 6.20 16

Anemia 4.28 15 4.67 17 19.05 13.5 19 5.32 17

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