Chapter 4Periodic Table of Elements

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Periodic Table

• Periodic Table –

An arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.

Periodic Table

• Periodic Table –

An arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.

“periodic” means in a regular repeated pattern

Periodic Table

Periods –• The horizontal rows

of the periodic table where the properties of the elements change in a pattern from left to right.

Periodic Table

Periods –• The horizontal rows

of the periodic table where the properties of the elements change in a pattern from left to right.

• Periods equal the number of electron shells or energy levels

Periodic Table

Groups (families) –• The vertical

columns of the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.

Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of

the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.

• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)

Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of

the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.

• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)

Periodic TableGroups (families) –• The vertical columns of

the periodic table consisting of elements with similar properties.

• Columns equal the number of electrons in the outside shell or orbital (valence electrons)

Metals

Metals –• All elements that are

good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.

Metals

Metals –• All elements that are

good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.

• The left and center sides of periodic table

Metals

Metals –• All elements that are

good conductors of electric current and heat, and also tend to be shiny and bendable.

• The left and center sides of periodic table

Metals

Characteristics of Metals –

• Luster – shiny in appearance

• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes

• Ductile – can be drawn into wires

Metals

Characteristics of Metals –

• Luster – shiny in appearance

• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes

• Ductile – can be drawn into wires

Metals

Characteristics of Metals –

• Luster – shiny in appearance

• Malleable – hammered into thin sheets or shapes

• Ductile – can be drawn into wires

Metals

Characteristics of Metals –

• Thermal conductivity – transfer heat

• Electrical conductivity– transfer electricity

Metals

Characteristics of Metals –

• Thermal conductivity – transfer heat

• Electrical conductivity– transfer electricity

Nonmetals

Nonmetals –• All elements that

lack most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.

Nonmetals

Nonmetals –• All elements that lack

most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.

• They make up a small portion of the right side of the periodic table

Nonmetals

Nonmetals –• All elements that lack

most properties of metals. They are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are dull and brittle.

• They make up a small portion of the right side of the periodic table

Notes – Naming Elements

• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.

• C• H• N• O• Na• Cl• Fe

Notes – Naming Elements

• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.

Notes – Naming Elements

• Elements – Substances which cannot be broken down chemically or physically and made up on one type of atom.

• Compounds – Combinations of elements

• NaCl

• Fe2O3

• H2SO4

• NH4OH

• AgNO3

Naming Elements

• Naming Elements – One or two letters for symbols based on Latin, Greek, Places, Names, or Descriptions.

• 1st letter capital, 2nd lower case

• Hydrogen = H• Carbon = C• Calcium = Ca• Cobalt = Co(CO = Carbon

Oxide)

Naming Elements

Greek:

• Hydrogen = H = water bearer

• Neon = Ne = new

• Helium = He = sun

• Iodine = I = violet

Names:

• Curium = Cm = Madame Curie

• Einsteinium = Es = Einstein

• Tungsten = W (Wolfram) from Wolframite ore

Naming Elements

Places:• Gallium = Ga

(France)• Californium = CfDescriptions:• Rubidium = Rb (Red)• Chorine = Cl = pale

green• Bromine = Br =

dirt,strench

Naming Elements

Latin:• Copper = Cu

(Cuprum)• Gold = Au (Aurum)

“shining dawn”• Lead = Pb

(Plumbus) • Mercury = Hg

(Hydrargyrum) “liquid silver”

Naming Elements

Copper

Gold

Lead

Mercury

Latin:

• Potassium = K (Kalium) – Potash

• Silver = Ag (Argentum)

• Sodium = Na (Natrium)

Naming ElementsPotassium

Silver

Sodium

Latin:

• Tin = Sn (Stannum)

• Iron = Fe (Ferrum)

Naming Elements

Tin

Iron

• New naming system – Latin prefixes

 • 104 = Unq = Un nil

quadium • 108 = • 111 =

• 115 =

• Nil = 0

• Un = 1

• Bi = 2

• Tri = 3

• Quad = 4

• Pent = 5

• Hex = 6

Naming Elements

Chemical Families – Semi-metals

Semi-metals (metalloids) –

Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Chemical Families – Semi-metals

Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.

Chemical Families – Semi-metals

Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.

• Representative Elements:

Groups 1A – Groups 7A

s and p sublevels of highest energy level are not filled. Containing from 1 to 7 valence electrons

Li = 1s22s1

Be = 1s22s2

B = 1s22s22p1

C = 1s22s22p2

N = 1s22s22p3

O = 1s22s22p4

F = 1s22s22p5

Chemical Families

• Representative Elements:

Groups 1A – Groups 7A

s and p sublevels of highest energy level are not filled. Containing from 1 to 7 valence electrons

Chemical Families

Li = 1s22s1

Be = 1s22s2

B = 1s22s22p1

C = 1s22s22p2

N = 1s22s22p3

O = 1s22s22p4

F = 1s22s22p5

Chemical Families

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –

The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –

The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –

The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –

The very reactive metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals

in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals in

Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”

• 1 electron in outside energy level

• Li = 1s22s1

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –The very reactive metals in Group 1

which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

• From al aqali meaning “the ashes”

• 1 electron in outside energy level

• Li = 1s22s1

• Na = 1s22s22p63s1

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Metals –The very reactive

metals in Group 1 which react by losing one electron and are so reactive they are never found uncombined only found in compounds.

Include – Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Earth Metals –

The metals in

Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Earth Metals –

The metals in

Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Earth Metals –

The metals in

Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.

• 2 electrons in outside energy level

• Be = 1s22s2

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Earth Metals –

The metals in

Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.

• 2 electrons in outside energy level

• Be = 1s22s2

Chemical Families - Metals

Alkali Earth Metals –The metals in Group 2. They react by losing two electrons and are hard, gray-white, and good conductors.

- They include Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra

Chemical Families - Metals

Transition Metals –

The elements in Group 3 through 12 which include familiar metals such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold.

Chemical Families - Metals

Transition Metals –

The elements in Group 3 through 12 which include familiar metals such as iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold.

Valence electrons in these metals can vary. They are in “transition” from 1 to 3 outside electrons.

Chemical Families - Metals

Transition Metals –

The elements in Group 3 through 12 are not as corrosive or reactive as the Group 1 and 2 metals.

Chemical Families - Metals

• Rare Earth Metals –• Any of a large class of

chemical elements including scandium (atomic number 21), yttrium (39), and the 15 elements from 57 (lanthanum) to 71

• Also called Lanthanides

Chemical Families - Metals

• Rare Earth Metals (Lanthanides)–

• Any of a large class of chemical elements including scandium (atomic number 21), yttrium (39), and the 15 elements from 57 (lanthanum) to 71

• Also called Lanthanides

Chemical Families - Metals

• Rare Earth Metals -Synthetics (Actinide elements) –

• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.

• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.

Chemical Families - Metals• Rare Earth Metals -

Synthetics (Actinide elements) –

• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.

• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.

• Although the first four, including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.

Chemical Families - Metals• Rare Earth Metals -

Synthetics (Actinide elements) –

• A series of elements in the periodic table from actinium to lawrencium.

• Significant largely because of their radioactivity.

• Although the first four, including uranium occur naturally, most are man-made.

Chemical Families – Semi-metals

Semi-metals (metalloids) –

Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Chemical Families – Semi-metals

Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.

Chemical Families – Semi-metals

Semi-metals (metalloids) –Elements between metals and nonmetals that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

Many serve as Semiconductors -Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not other conditions.

Chemical Families – Nonmetals

Halogens –

The Group 17 (VII A) elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

Chemical Families – Nonmetals

Halogens –

The Group 17 (VII A) elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

Chemical Families – Nonmetals

Halogens –The Group 17 (VII A)

elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

All are very reactive and volatile as diatomic substances.

Chemical Families – NonmetalsHalogens –The Group 17 (VII A)

elements which means “salt forming” and includes fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

All are very reactive and volatile as diatomic substances.

F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Chemical Families – Nonmetals

Noble Gases

(Inert gases) –The unreactive

elements in Group 18 (VIII A)

All contain filled outer electron shells.

Chemical Families – Nonmetals

Noble Gases

(Inert gases) –The unreactive

elements in Group 18 (VIII A)

All contain filled outer electron shells.

Chemical Families – Nonmetals

Noble Gases

(Inert gases) –The unreactive

elements in Group 18 (VIII A)

All contain filled outer electron shells.

Glow when zapped with electric current