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Chapter-IV
ANALYS IS OF D ATA
An alysis of Data Mea n ing of I n terpretatio n
In fere nc es of data Tables Charts
4.1 Analysis of data
4.1.1 Mea n ing
Once the data are collected, they should be classified and tabulated. Then the analysis
of the data should be undertaken. At this stage, the researcher should select the tools of
analyses, which are consistent with the objectives of the study. The tendency to carry outirrelevant analysis should be avoided. For example, just because the researcher is
familiar with correlation it does not mean he should apply it wherever possible. Similarly,
he should be fully aware of the limitations of the various methods of analysis applied, so
that the results are carefully interpreted, he may select either statistical or mathematical
tools. He may use the computer aided research analysis. If a scholar prefers to avoid
quantitative tools of analysis, then he should be very strong in descriptive approach. He
should be strong in reasoning, drawing inferences and reaching conclusions
4.1.2 Defi n itio n of An alysis
y An investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in
making up the whole.
y A form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is
analyzed.
y The transformation of raw data into a form that will make them easy to
understand and interpret; rearranging, ordering, manipulating data to
provide descriptive information.
Once the data is collected, they should be classified and tabulated. Then the
analysis of the data should be undertaken. At this stage the researcher should
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select the tools of analyses, which are consistent with the objectives of the study.
The tendency to carry out irrelevant analysis should be avoided.
The data analysis that relies heavily on aggregation, focusing on business
information. In statistical applications, some people divide data analysis intodescriptive statistics, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), and Confirmatory Data
Analysis (CDA). EDA focuses on discovering new features in the data and CDA
on conforming or falsifying existing hypotheses.
4.2 Meaning of Interpretation
It is often said that facts will speak for themselves. This statement implies that once
relevant acts are collected, these facts would clearly indicate the truth. But facts bythemselves cannot reveal the truth. Using these facts, if the truth is brought out then the
facts have only aided in finding out the truth. In the field of research, data collection
alone cannot ensure completion of the work. It is only one of the stages with which the
scholar pursues his research.
Hence, as it facts are available to everyone. But only a few can use these facts
meaningfully to explain any unexplained or unknown mystery. Use the available facts in
a meaningful manner is what is called Interpretation. Interpretation, in other words,
means application of logical thinking and derivation to the facts to understand and
explain the link between variables. Interpretation is a rare potential. Anybody who is
good in interpretation is successful. But to be good in interpretation, one should very
good in logical thinking and derivation.
4.2.1 Defi n itio n of I n terpretatio n
Data collection and Interpretation, Data interpretation is part of daily life for mostpeople. Interpretation is the process of making sense of numerical data that has
been collected, analyzed and presented. People interpret data when they turn on
the television and hear the news anchor reporting on a poll, when they read
advertisements claiming that one product is better than another, or when they
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choose grocery store items that claim they are more effective than other leading
brands.
Statistical methods in the broadest sense are classified into main groups namely
Des c riptive and In fere n tial statistics.
Interpretation of data is very much dependent on the type of analyses to which
the data is subjected to:-
y Availability of appropriate data
y Availability of adequate data
4.2.2 Need for i n terpretatio n
Interpretation of data is very much dependent on the type of analysis to which the data is
subjected to. Selection appropriate tools of analysis will yield useful results. But how
these results could be used to defend any theory or inferences depends on how results
are interpreted.
Interpretation is necessary because of,
The scholar will able to bring to light new relationship among variables
The interpretation can emerge as a useful source of hypothesis
Interpretations can become the guide posts for feature research and
A new insight in relationship is established among variables, which may open up
the scope for new technology or encourage innovation.
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4.1 Analysis of Data
Table 4.1.1 Table S howi ng the Ag e of Respo n de n ts
Opi n io n No . of respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
18 -25 7 13 .46
26- 3 5 1 2 2 3 .07
3 6-45 1 5 3 4.6 1
45 and Above 1 5 2 8 .24
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.1 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Ag e of Respo n de n ts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
18-2 5 26-3 5 36-4 5 45 andAbove
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Majority of the respondents under the sample, fall under the age group 3 6-45
contributing almost 3 5% of the respondents and 65% person falling under the age of 46
and above prefers this company.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that most of the respondents are
between 3 6 to 45 yrs.
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Table 4.1.2 Table S howi ng the Ge n der of Respo n de n ts
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n t Per c e n ta g e%
Male 3 5 67. 3 0
Female 1 7 3 2.70
Total 52 1 00
Figu re 4.1.2 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Ge n der of Respo n de n ts
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
M ale Female
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Majority of Males 3 5 have shown more interest in investing in an insurance company
holding 67. 3 % and females were 1 7 only rather than males contributed in an insurance
company that is 3 2.7%.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that most of the respondents between
males and females, males 3 5 mean 67. 3 % are greater.
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Table 4.1.3 Table S howi ng the O ccu patio n of Respo n de n ts
Occu patio n No . of respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e (%)
G ovt. Service 1 2 2 3 .07
Private Service 20 38 .46
Business 1 5 2 8 .8 4
Others 05 9.6 3
TOTAL 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.3 This Fi gu re S howi ng the O ccu patio n of Respo n de n ts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
G ovt. Service PrivateService
Business Others
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Majority of the people 38 .46% doing private service are interested for this company
whereas the government 2 3 .07%, in business 2 8 .8 4% and others 9.6 3 % are interested
in other fields. Therefore it can be said that the company has not yet convinced themdue to any reason.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded most of the respondents 38 .46% working
in private services.
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Table 4.1.4 Table S howi ng the I nc ome of Respo n de n ts
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n t Per c e n ta g e%
Up to 2 lakhs 0 8 1 5.40
Between 2.5 lakhs 24 46. 1 5
5-7 lakhs 1 4 26.92
7 and Above 06 11 .5 3
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.4 This Fi gu re S howi ng the I nc ome of Respo n de n ts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
U p to 2 lakhs Between 2. 5 lakhs
5 -7 lakhs 7 and Above
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Majority of the people who are in between 2-5 lakhs 46. 1 5% have shown more interest
succeeded by the income group of 5-7 lakhs 26.92%, and up to 2 lakhs 1 5.40% or 7
and above are very less than between 2.5 lakhs.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that most of respondents income is
between 2-5 lakhs.
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Table 4.1.5 Table S howi ng the Aware n ess of the Compa n y
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
Yes 40 7 3
No 1 2 27
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.5 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Aware n ess of the Compa n y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Majority of the total sample size 40, 7 3 % are aware of the company. There can be
various reasons for the remaining population of 1 2, 27% not knowing about the
company.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that most of the respondent 7 3 % are
satisfies with the awareness of this company.
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Table 4.1.6 Table S howi ng the Obje c tive for I n vestme n t i n the Compa n y
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
Pension 04 7.70
Income growth 1 6 3 0.76
Tax rebate 2 3 42. 3 0
Other 1 0 1 9.24
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.6 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Obje c tive for I n vestme n t in the Compa n y
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Pension Incomegrowth
Tax rebate Other
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
As per the respondents their main objective of investment is tax rebate 2 3 , 42. 3 0% and
income growth 1 6, 3 0.76%. The objective of pension constitutes only 04, 7.7%. They
feel that this is the best benefit of this company which is utilized by them and other 1 0,1 9.24% are only for name sake.
In terpretatio n
From the data this has been concluded that Tax rebates is mostly used of the objective
for investment in the company and then income growth.
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Table 4.1.7 Table S howi ng the Ra nk ing of Compa n ies Re g ardi ng Respo n de n ts
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
ICICI Prudential 9 1 7. 3
HDFC Standard 1 5 2 8 .8
Bajaj Alliance 1 0 1 9.2
Kotak life insurance 5 9.6
Any other 13 25
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.7 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Ra nk ing of Compa n ies Re g ardi ng Respo n de n ts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ICICIPredential
HDFCStandard
Bajaj Alliance Kotak lifeinsurance
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Majority of the respondents have ranked for HDFC which holds 1 5, 2 8 .8 % and ICICI
Prudential 9, 1 7. 3 %, Bajaj Alliance 1 0, 1 9.2%, Kotak life insurance 5, 9.6%. But still
there are good competitors present in the market holding 13 , 25 %.This little differencecan come as a fear for the company.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that HDFC Standard is one the best
companys occupation in the respondents point of view.
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Table 4.1.8 Table S howi ng the I n vesti ng in this Parti cu lar Compa n y
Figu re- 4.1.8 This Fi gu re S howi ng the I n vesti ng in this Parti cu lar Compa n y
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
Safety 1 2 2 3 .07
Liquidity 20 38 .46
G rowth 1 5 2 8 .8 4
Other reason 05 9.6 1
Total 52 1 00
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Safety Liquidity G rowth Other reason
No.of Respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Most of the respondents have shows that 2 3 .07% respondents are investing in this
particular company for safety, 38 .46% for liquidity 2 8 .8 4% for growth and 9.6 1 % for
other reason.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that most of the respondents are
investment in this particular company for liquidity.
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Table 4.1.9 Table S howi ng the Reaso n for I n vestme n t i n HDFC S ta n dard
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
Affiliation 5 9.6
Plans 3 5 67. 3
HDFC bank position 20 38 .46
Other reason 1 2 2 3 .07
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.9 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Reaso n for I n vestme n t in HDFC S ta n dard
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Affiliation Plans HDFC bankposition
Other reason
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
It is inferred from the above graph and table the main reason for investment done by the
people is the company plans. It holds 67. 3 % whereas due to other reason only 2 3 .07%
of the total sample size invests.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that a plan is one of the biggest reasons
for investment in HDFC Standard rather than other.
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Table 4.1.10 Table S howi ng the Poli c y Name
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
Life insurance 2 8 54
Term product 06 11 .5
Pension plan 0 8 1 5.5
Endowment 1 0 1 9.2
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.10 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Poli c y Name
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lifeinsurance
Termproduct
Pension plan Endowment
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
The above graph and table shows that most of the people prefers to go for Life
Insurance policy of the company. They have this belief that the benefit received in this
particular policy is better than others.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that most of the responded are satisfies
with thee policy name- Life Insurance.
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Table 4.1.11 Table S howi ng the I n vested i n Childre ns Poli c y
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e%
Yes 3 7 7 1 .1 5
No 1 5 2 8 .8 4
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.11 This Fi gu re S howi ng the I n vested i n Childre ns Poli c y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
Most of the respondents have been shows that 7 1 .1 6% respondents are interested in
children policy and 2 8 .8 4% are not interested.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been colluded that most of the respondents are interested
in the children policy.
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Table 4.1.12 Table S howi ng the Time Horizo n of I n vestme n t
Opi n io n No . of Respo n de n ts Per c e n ta g e
Up to 5 yrs 06 11 .5
5-1 0 yrs 1 4 3 0
1 0- 1 5 yrs 22 42. 3
1 5 yrs and Above 1 0 1 9.2
Total 52 1 00
Figu re- 4.1.12 This Fi gu re S howi ng the Time Horizo n of I n vestme n t
0
5
10
15
20
25
303
5
40
45
U p to 5 yrs 5 -10 yrs 1 0 -15 yrs 1 5 yrs and
Above
No. of respondents
Percentage%
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In fere nc e
This is inferred from this graph and table that the time horizon which is preferred by the
respondents is 1 0-1 5 yrs. It contributes 42. 3 5 of the total sample size.
In terpretatio n
From the above data this has been concluded that between 1 0-1 5 yrs is the best time
horizon of investment.
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4.2 Interpretation of Data
4.2.1 An alysis of Opi n io n of Respo n de n ts Re g ardi ng Obje c tive a n d O ccu patio n
Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant relationship between occupation and the
objective for investment of the customers. Alternate Hypothesis (H1 ): There is significant
relationship between occupation and the objective for investment of the customers.
TABLE -4.2.1
Objective pension Income
G rowth
Tax Rebate others TOTAL
Occupation
G ovt.
Service
0 2 8 2 1 2
Private
service
2 5 1 0 3 20
Business 1 8 2 4 1 5
Others 1 1 2 1 5
TOTAL 4 1 6 22 1 0 52
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Comp u tatio n of Chi- Squ are Test
O E O-E (O-E) 2 (O-E) 2/E
0
2
8
2
2
5
1 0
3
1
8
2
4
1
1
2
1
0.92
3 .69
5.07
2. 3 0
1 .5 3
6. 1 5
8 .46
3 .8 4
1 .1 5
4.6 1
6. 3 4
2. 88
0. 38
1 .5 3
2. 11
0.96
-0.92
-1 .69
2.9 3
-0. 3
0.47
-1 .1 5
1 .54
-0. 8 4
-0. 1 5
3 .3 9
-4. 3 4
1 .1 2
0.62
-0.5 3
-0. 11
0.04
0. 8 464
2. 8 56 1
8 .5 8 49
0.09
0.2209
1 .3 225
2. 3 71 6
0.7056
0.0225
11 .492 1
18 .83 56
1 .2544
0. 38 44
0.2 8 09
0.0 1 21
0.00 1 6
0.92
0.774
1 .69 3
0.0 3 9
0. 1 44
0.2 1 5
0.2 8 0
0. 183
0.0 1 9
2.492
2.970
0.4 3 5
1 .0 11
0. 183
0.005
0.00 1
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Degree of freedom= (r- 1 ) (c- 1 )
= (4- 1 ) (4- 1 ) = 9
X2 table value = 1 6.9 1 9
X2 calculated value = 11 .3 7
In fere nc e
Since the calculated value of is 0.065 1 which is less than table value,
.. H 0 is accepted at 5% level.
There is no significant difference between gender and their opinion about the team
building is efficiency.