chapter 34 ap bio

8/11/2019 chapter 34 ap bio

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Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)

Chapter 34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

A little more than 40% of the questions in Chapter 34 are scenario- or art-based or a combinationthereof. There are two new sets of scenario questions, one pertaining to the air sacs of birds and the other

to a deastating disease of bats in the eastern !nited "tates and Canada, thought to be caused b# a

fungus new to science. The new set of art questions pertains to swim bladders.

$ultiple-Choice uestions

&' Chordate phar#ngeal slits appear to hae functioned first asA' the digestie s#stem(s opening.

)' suspension-feeding deices.

C' components of the *aw.+' gill slits for respiration.

' portions of the inner ear.

Answer )Topic Concept 34.&

"ill /nowledgeComprehension

1' 2hich of the following statements would be leastacceptable to most oologistsA' The e5tant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of ertebrates.

)' The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 630 million #ears ago.

C' 7ecent wor in molecular s#stematics supports the h#pothesis that lancelets are the most recentcommon ancestor of all ertebrates.

+' The e5tant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes.

' 8ancelets displa# the same method of swimming as do fishes.Answer +

Topic Concept 34.&

"ill "#nthesisaluation

3' 2hich e5tant chordates are postulated to be mostlie the earliest chordates in appearance

A' lancelets

)' adult tunicatesC' amphibians

+' reptiles

' chondrichth#ansAnswer A

Topic Concept 34.&


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4' A new species of aquatic chordate is discoered that closel# resembles an ancient form. ;t has the

following characteristics e5ternal armor of bon# plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feedingmode of nutrition. ;n addition to these, it will probabl# hae which of the following characteristics

A' legs

)' no *awsC' an amniotic egg

+' endotherm#

Answer )

Topic Concept 34.1"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

6'


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@' The feeding mode of the e5tinct conodonts was

A' herbior#.)' suspension feeding.

C' predation.

+' filter feeding.' absorptie feeding.

Answer C

Topic Concept 34.3


' The earliest nown mineralied structures in ertebrates are associated with which functionA' reproduction

)' feeding

C' locomotion+' defense

' respiration

Answer )Topic Concept 34.3


&0' A team of researchers has deeloped a poison that has proen effectie against lampre# larae infreshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paral#sis b# detaching segmental muscles from

the seletal elements. The team wants to test the poison(s effectieness in streams feeding 8ae

$ichigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampre#s inman# wa#s. 2h# is this concern misplaced

A' A chemical poisonous to lampre#s could not also be to5ic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets.

)' 8ampre# larae and lancelets hae er# different feeding mechanisms.C' 8ancelets do not hae segmental muscles.

+' 8ancelets lie onl# in saltwater enironments.

' 8ancelets and lampre# larae eat different inds of food.

Answer +Topic Concepts 34.&, 34.3

"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

&&' The lampre# species whose larae lie in freshwater streams, but whose adults lie most of their

lies in seawater, are similar in this respect to certain species of

A' chondrichth#ans.)' actinopter#gians.

C' lungfishes.

+' coelacanths.' hagfishes.



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&1' Baws first occurred in which e5tant group of fishes

A' lampre#s)' chondrichth#ans

C' ra#-finned fishes

+' lungfishes' placoderms

Answer )

Topic Concept 34.4


&3' 2hich of these might hae been obsered in the common ancestor of chondrichth#ans and

osteichth#ansA' a mineralied, bon# seleton

)' opercula

C' bon# fin ra#s+' a spiral ale intestine

' a swim bladder

Answer ATopic Concept 34.4


&4' To which of the following are the scales of chondrichth#ans most closel# related in a structuralsense

A' osteichth#an scales

)' reptilian scalesC' mammalian scales

+' bird scales

' chondrichth#an teethAnswer

Topic Concept 34.4


&6' 2hich of these statements accuratel# describes a similarit# between shars and ra#-finned fishes

A' The sin is t#picall# coered b# flattened bon# scales.

)' The# are equall# able to e5change gases with the enironment while stationar#.C' The# are highl# maneuerable due to their fle5ibilit#.

+' The# hae a lateral line that is sensitie to changes in water pressure.

' A swim bladder helps control buo#anc#.Answer +

Topic Concept 34.4




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&>' 2hich group(s members hae had both lungs and gills during their adult lies

A' shars, sates, and ra#s)' lungfishes

C' lancelets

+' amphibians' ichth#osaurs and plesiosaurs

Answer )

Topic Concept 34.4


&?' There is eidence that ra#-finned fishes eoled

A' in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichth#ans.)' directl# from lampre#s and hagfish.

C' earl# in the Cambrian period.

+' directl# from lancelets.' the swim bladder from a lung.

Answer

Topic Concept 34.4"ill /nowledgeComprehension

&@' The swim bladder of ra#-finned fishes

A' was probabl# modified from simple lungs of chondrichth#ans.)' deeloped into lungs in saltwater fishes.

C' first appeared in shars.

+' proides for regulation of buo#anc#.' Two of the options listed are correct.

Answer +


&' 2hich of the following belongs to the lobe-fin cladeA' chondrichth#ans

)' ra#-finned fishes

C' lampre#s

+' hagfishes' tetrapods

Answer




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10' Arrange these ta5onomic terms from most inclusie =most general' to least inclusie =most specific'.

&. lobe-fins1. amphibians

3. gnathostomes

4. osteichth#ans6. tetrapods

A' 4, 3, &, 6, 1

)' 4, 3, 1, 6, &

C' 4, 1, 3, 6, &+' 3, 4, &, 6, 1

' 3, 4, 6, &, 1

Answer +Topic Concepts 34.4, 34.6


1&' A trend first obsered in the eolution of the earliest tetrapods was

A' the appearance of *aws.

)' the appearance of bon# ertebrae.C' feet with digits.

+' the mineraliation of the endoseleton.' the amniotic egg.

Answer CTopic Concept 34.6


11' 2hat should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods

A' The# should show eidence of internal fertiliation.

)' The# should show eidence of haing produced shelled eggs.C' The# should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

+' The# should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichth#ans that lied at the same time.

' The# should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of *aws.Answer C

Topic Concept 34.6


13' 2hich of these are amniotes

A' amphibians

)' fishesC' egg-la#ing mammals

+' placental mammals

' $ore than one of these is correct.

Answer Topic Concept 34.>


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14' 2h# is the amniotic egg considered an important eolutionar# breathrough

A' ;t has a shell that increases gas e5change.)' ;t allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial enironment.

C' ;t prolongs embr#onic deelopment.

+' ;t proides insulation to consere heat.' ;t permits internal fertiliation to be replaced b# e5ternal fertiliation.

Answer )

Topic Concept 34.>


16' 2hich era is nown as the age of reptiles

A' Cenooic)' $esooic

C' :aleooic

+' +eonian' Cambrian

Answer )

Topic Concept 34.>"ill /nowledgeComprehension

1>' 2hich of these characteristics added most to ertebrate success in relatiel# dr# enironments

A' the shelled, amniotic egg)' the abilit# to maintain a constant bod# temperature

C' two pairs of appendages

+' bon# scales' a four-chambered heart

Answer A


1?' 2hich of the following is characteristic of most e5tant reptiles and most e5tant mammalsA' ectotherm#

)' diaphragm

C' shelled eggs

+' eratinied sin' conical teeth that are relatiel# uniform in sie

Answer +


1@' At the end of which era did most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become e5tinct

A' Cretaceous)' :ermian

C' +eonian+' Drdoician

' Triassic

Answer ATopic Concept 34.>


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1' 2hich of the following are the onl# e5tant animals that descended directl# from dinosaurs

A' liards)' crocodiles

C' snaes

+' birds' tuataras

Answer +

Topic Concept 34.>


30' 5amination of the fossils ofArchaeopteryxreeals that, in common with e5tant birds, it had

A' a long tail containing ertebrae.)' feathers.

C' teeth.

+' Three of the options listed are correct.' Two of the options listed are correct.

Answer )


3&' 2h# is the discoer# of the fossilArchaeopteryxsignificant ;t supports the

A' ph#logenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.)' contention that birds are much older than we originall# thought.

C' claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had eoled.

+' idea that the first birds were ratites.' h#pothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

Answer A


31' +uring chordate eolution, what is the sequence =from earliest to most recent' in which thefollowing structures arose

&. amniotic egg

1. paired fins3. *aws

4. swim bladder

6. four-chambered heartA' 1, 3, 4, &, 6

)' 3, 1, 4, &, 6

C' 3, 1, &, 4, 6+' 1, &, 4, 3, 6

' 1, 4, 3, &, 6Answer A

Topic Concepts 34.3E34.>"ill /nowledgeComprehension

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33' Among e5tant ertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in

A' birds.)' monotremes.

C' marsupials.

+' placentals.' Three of the options listed are correct.

Answer

Topic Concept 34.?


34' 2hich of these would a paleontologist be most liel# to do in order to determine whether a fossil

represents a reptile or a mammalA' 8oo for the presence of mil-producing glands.

)' 8oo for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm.

C' )ecause mammals are eutherians, loo for eidence of a placenta.+' !se molecular anal#sis to loo for the protein eratin.

' 5amine the teeth.

Answer Topic Concept 34.?


36' 2hich of the following represents the strongest eidence that two of the three middle ear bones of

mammals are homologous to certain reptilian *awbones

A' The# are similar in sie to the reptilian *awbones.)' The# are similar in shape to the reptilian *awbones.

C' The mammalian *aw has fewer bones than does the reptilian *aw.

+' These bones can be obsered to moe from the deeloping *aw to the deeloping middle ear inmammalian embr#os.

' $ammals can hear better than reptiles.

Answer +

Topic Concept 34.?"ill "#nthesisaluation

3>' Female birds la# their eggs, thereb# facilitating flight b# reducing weight. 2hich strateg# seemsmost liel# for female bats to use to achiee the same goal

A' la# shelled eggs

)' limit litters to a single embr#oC' refrain from fl#ing throughout pregnanc# =about > wees long'

+' gie birth to underdeeloped #oung, and subsequentl# carr# them in a pouch that has teats

' feed multiple embr#os internall# using placentasAnswer )

Topic Concept 34.?"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

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3?' ;n which ertebrates is fertiliation e5clusiel# internal

A' chondrichth#ans, osteichth#ans, and mammals)' amphibians, mammals, and reptiles

C' chondrichth#ans, osteichth#ans, and reptiles

+' reptiles and mammals' reptiles and amphibians

Answer +

Topic Concepts 34.6E34.?


For the following items, match the e5tant ertebrate groups with the descriptions.

3@' Their scales most closel# resemble teeth in both structure and origin.

A' amphibians

)' nonbird reptilesC' chondrichth#ans

+' mammals

' osteichth#ansAnswer C

Topic Concepts 34.4E34.?"ill /nowledgeComprehension

3' ;nternal fertiliation, leather# amniotic egg, and sin that resists dr#ing are characteristics of

A' amphibians.)' nonbird reptiles.

C' chondrichth#ans.

+' mammals.' birds.

Answer )

Topic Concepts 34.4E34.?


40' 2hich of the following are the most abundant and dierse of the e5tant ertebrates

A' ra#-finned fishes)' birds

C' amphibians

+' nonbird reptiles' mammals

Answer A

Topic Concepts 34.4E34.?"ill /nowledgeComprehension

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4&' 2hat is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes e5tant birds from other e5tant ertebrates

A' endotherm#)' feathers

C' an amniotic egg

+' flight' a four-chambered heart

Answer )

Topic Concepts 34.>E34.?


41' Arrange the following ta5onomic terms from most inclusie =most general' to least inclusie =most

specific'.&. apes

1. hominins

3. Homo4 anthropoids

6. primates

A' 6, &, 4, 1, 3)' 6, 4, &, 1, 3

C' 6, 4, 1, &, 3+' 6, 1, &, 4, 3

' 6, 1, 4, &, 3Answer )

Topic Concept 34.@


43' 2hich of these traits is most strongl# associated with the adoption of bipedalismA' fingerprints

)' enhanced depth perception

C' shortened hind limbs

+' opposable big toe' repositioning of foramen magnum

Answer

Topic Concept 34.@"ill /nowledgeComprehension

44' 2hich of the following statements about human eolution is correctA' $odern humans are the onl# human species to hae eoled on arth.

)'


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46' 2hich of the following are considered apes

A' lorises)' Gew 2orld mone#s

C' Dld 2orld mone#s

+' orangutans' tarsiers

Answer +

Topic Concept 34.@


4>' 2hich of these species was the first to hae been adapted for long-distance bipedalism

A'Australopithecus garhi)'H. erectus

C'H. ergaster

+'H. habilis'H. sapiens

Answer C


4?' 2hich of these species was apparentl# the first to craft stone toolsA'Australopithecus garhi

)'H. erectus

C'H. ergaster+'H. habilis

'H. sapiens

Answer ATopic Concept 34.@


4@' 2hich of these species was the first to hae some members migrate out of AfricaA'Australopithecus garhi

)'H. erectus

C'H. ergaster+'H. habilis

'H. sapiens

Answer )Topic Concept 34.@


4' 2hich of these species is currentl# thought to hae coe5isted =at the same time and places' withH.

neanderthalensisA'H. erectus

)'H. ergasterC'H. habilis

+'H. sapiens

Answer +Topic Concept 34.@




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60' 2hich of these species had members who moed out of Africa

A'H. erectus)'H. ergaster

C'H. habilis

+'H. sapiens' bothH. sapiensandH. erectus

Answer

Topic Concept 34.@


6&' 2ith which of the following statements would a biologist be mostinclined to agreeA' million #ears ago.)' &.> million #ears ago.

C' &6,000 #ears ago.

+' >0,000 #ears ago.' &>,000 #ears ago.

Answer C




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64' 2hich of the following statements is correct in regard toHomo erectus

A' Their fossils are not limited to Africa.)' Dn aerage,H. erectushad a smaller brain thanH. habilis.

C'H. erectushad a leel of se5ual dimorphism less than that of modern humans.

+'H. erectuswas not nown to use tools.'H. erectuseoled beforeH. habilis.

Answer A

Topic Concept 34.@


66' 2hich of the following is the most inclusie =most general' group, all of whose members haeforamina magna centrall# positioned in the base of the cranium

A' hominoids

)'HomoC' anthropoids

+' hominins

' primatesAnswer +

Topic Concept 34.@


6>' 2hich of the following is the most inclusie =most general' group, all of whose members hae full#

opposable thumbs

A' apes)'Homo

C' anthropoids

+' hominins' primates

Answer C

Topic Concept 34.@


6?' 2hich of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Dld 2orld mone#s and the

Gew 2orld mone#sA' apes

)'Homo

C' anthropoids+' hominins

' primates

Answer CTopic Concept 34.@




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6@' At least one of these has been found in all species of eumetaoan animals studied thus far.

A'Hox)'Dlx

C' Otx

+'FOXP2' more than one of these

Answer A

Topic Concepts 34.&E34.@


6' 2hich of the following is a cluster of genes coding for transcription factors inoled in the eolutionof innoations in earl# ertebrate nerous s#stems and ertebrae

A'Hox

)'DlxC' Otx

+'FOXP2

' more than one of theseAnswer )

Topic Concepts 34.&E34.@




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Art uestions

Figure 34.

Fishes that hae swim bladders can regulate their densit# and, thus, their buo#anc#. There are two t#pes

of swim bladder ph#sostomus and ph#soclistus. The ancestral ersion is the ph#sostomus ersion, inwhich the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus ia a short tube =Figure 34.&'. The fish fills this

ersion b# swimming to the surface, taing gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is

remoed from this ersion b# belching. The ph#soclistus ersion is more deried, and has lost itsconnection to the esophagus. ;nstead, gas enters and leaes the swim bladder ia special circulator#

mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.

>0' The presence of a swim bladder allows the t#pical ra#-finned fish to stop swimming and still

A' effectiel# circulate its blood.

)' be highl# maneuerable.C' use its lateral line s#stem.

+' use its swim bladder as a respirator# organ.' not sin.

Answer Topic Concept 34.4


>&' 7an the following fish, from most to least, in terms of the amount of energ# it must use to maintain

its position =depth' in the water column oer the long term.&. ph#soclistus fish

1. ph#sostomus fish

3. chondrichth#an fish

A' &, 1, 3)' 1, 3, &

C' 1, &, 3

+' 3, &, 1' 3, 1, &

Answer

Topic Concept 34.4"ill "#nthesisaluation

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>1' ;f a ph#soclistus fish remoes gas from its swim bladder, this fish(s densit# cannot actuall# change

until that gas arries at theA' mouth.

)' gills.

C' sin.+' heart.

' anus.

Answer )


>3' 2hich shar structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gasA' its lateral line s#stem

)' its spiral ale

C' its lier+' its dead-end nostrils

' its gills

Answer CTopic Concept 34.4


>4' 2hen a shar stops swimming, it does which of the following

&. sins

1. quicl# dies3. o5#genates its blood less effectiel#

A' & onl#

)' 1 onl#C' 3 onl#

+' & and 3

' &, 1, and 3

Answer +Topic Concept 34.4


>6' 2e should e5pect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is deried from

A' ectoderm.

)' endoderm.C' mesoderm.

+' mesoglea.

' neurectoderm.Answer )

Topic Concepts 31.3, 34.4"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

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>>' 7egarding its position in the water column, the same thing that happens to a shar when it stops

swimming also happens to aA' ph#sostomus fish when it gulps air.

)' ph#soclistus fish when it moes gas from the blood into the water.

C' ph#soclistus fish when it moes gas from the swim bladder into the blood.+' ph#soclistus fish when it moes gas from the blood into the swim bladder.

Answer )

Topic Concept 34.4


>?' ;n coelacanths, a swim bladder is present, but the swim bladder is full of adipose tissue =fat', which

is there on a fairl# permanent basis. ;f such a swim bladder is used b# coelacanths to affect buo#anc#,then it does so in much the same wa# as does the

A' lier of a shar.

)' ph#soclistus swim bladder.C' ph#sostomus swim bladder.

+' lung of a lungfish.

Answer ATopic Concept 34.4


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>@' 2hich graph properl# depicts the relationship between the amount of gas in the swim bladder and

the densit# of the fishA'

)'

C'

+'

'

Answer C


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>' ;f a ra#-finned fish is to both hoer =remain stationar#' in the water column and entilate its gills

effectiel#, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it useA' its heart

)' its pectoral fins

C' its lateral line s#stem+' its caudal =tail' fin

' its opercula

Answer




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?0' 2hich graph below best represents the wa# that densit# changes oer time in a ph#soclistus fish and

in a ph#sostomus fish, respectiel#A'

)'

C'

+'

A' A and )

)' ) and A

C' ) and C+' C and )

' + and )

Answer +


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?&' At 6, &0, and &6 hours in the graph below, which of the following statements should be true

A' This fish is in the process of adding gas to its swim bladder.

)' This fish is in the process of remoing gas from its swim bladder.

C' This fish has a swim bladder that is relatiel# full of gas.+' This fish has a swim bladder that contains relatiel# little gas.

Answer +

Topic Concept 34.4


The following questions refer to the ph#logenetic tree shown in Figure 34.1.

Figure 34.!

?1' 2hich number represents the birds

A' 3)' 4

C' >

+' @' &0, if it were at the end of a branch emerging from the dinosaurs

Answer Topic Concept 34.>




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?3' 2hich pair of numbers represents e5tinct reptiles that had returned to an aquatic life

A' & and 1)' 3 and 4

C' 6 and ?

+' > and @' ? and

Answer A

Topic Concept 34.>


?4' ;f circle 3 includes all of the e5tant reptiles that are ectotherms, then what do circles 4 and >represent

A' crocodiles and birds

)' turtles and birdsC' ratites and carinates

+' mammals and birds

' There is not enough information to sa#.Answer

Topic Concept 34.>


?6' 2hich number represents the closest relatie to the parareptiles

A' &

)' 1C' 3

+'

' ;t is not possible to sa#.Answer +

Topic Concept 34.>


?>' 2hich of these numbers represents ectotherms that were able to fl#

A' &

)' 1C' ?

+' @

' ;t is not possible to sa#.Answer C

Topic Concept 34.>


??' 2hose +GA would hae had the most sequence homologies with amphibian +GAA' 6

)' >C' ?

+' @

' Answer

Topic Concept 34.>




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?@' ;n order for the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals to be homologous, which other

organisms would hae to hae had four-chambered heartsA' dinosaurs

)' thecodonts

C' plesiosaurs+' s#napsids

' stem reptiles

Answer

Topic Concept 34.>"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

?' The organisms represented b# number @ areA' birds.

)' mammals.

C' nonbird, terrestrial reptiles.+' aquatic reptiles.

' all mammals e5cept humans.

Answer )Topic Concepts 34.>, 34.?


"cenario uestions

The following questions refer to the description below.

Terr# catches a ra#-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flan is an equall# long,

snaelie organism. The attached organism has no e5ternal segmentation, no scales, a round mouth

surrounded b# a sucer, and two small e#es. Terr# thins it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or alampre#.

@0' 2hich feature e5cludes the organism from possibl# being a leechA' elongated shape

)' lac of scales

C' lac of e5ternal segmentation

+' round mouth' anterior sucer

Answer C




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@&' Terr# detaches the snaelie organism from the fish and uses a nife to cut off its head. ;n doing so,

its brain slides out onto the dec of the boat. Terr# peers into the cut end of the head and notices that thebrain had lain in a sort of panlie structure that onl# partiall# surrounded the brain. 2hat is the structure

Terr# is obsering, and what is it made of

A' sull, made of bone)' cranium, made of bone

C' cranium, made of cartilage

+' ertebral column, made of bone

' ertebral column, made of cartilageAnswer C

Topic Concept 34.1


@1' Terr# taes the bod# of the snaelie organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. ;f it is a

hagfish, what should Terr# seeA' a well-deeloped series of bon# ertebrae surrounding the spinal cord

)' a well-deeloped series of cartilaginous ertebrae surrounding the spinal cord

C' a tube of cartilage =surrounding the notochord' with dorsal pro*ections on both sides of the spinalcord

+' a notochord, located underneath the spinal cordAnswer +


@3' The snaelie organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequentl#, wh# should Terr# throw the fish towhich the hagfish was attached oerboard, rather than haing it for dinner

A' ;t has mucus on its sin.

)' ;f it had an ectoparasite, then it must also hae endoparasites.C' The bite of the hagfish introduces paral#tic neuroto5ins, which Terr# wants to aoid.

+' ;t was alread# sic or d#ingH otherwise, the hagfish would probabl# not hae attaced it.

Answer +Topic Concept 34.1


@4'


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@6' Terr# saed some of the tooth-lie ob*ects within the hagfish(s round mouth to anal#e their

composition in his mentor(s biochemistr# research lab. Terr# will find that the# are composed of thesame protein found in tetrapod

A' sin.

)' teeth.C' bones.

+' cartilage.

' muscles.

Answer ATopic Concepts 34.1, 34.>


The following questions refer to the description below.

2hile on an intersession course in tropical ecolog#, /ris pulls a large, snaelie organism from a burrow=the class was granted a collecting permit'. The &-m-long organism has smooth sin, which appears to

be segmented. ;t has two tin# e#es that are hard to see because the# seem to be coered b# sin. /ris

brings it bac to the lab at the field station, where it is a source of pulement to the class. /ris sa#s thatit is a giant oligochaete wormH "haun suggests it is a legless amphibianH /ell# proposes it belongs to a

snae species that is purel# fossorial =lies in a burrow'.

@>' The class decided to humanel# euthanie the organism and subsequentl# dissect it.


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@@' The adaptation of the bod# shape of snaes has resulted in one of their lungs becoming estigial.Another adaptation =to a fossorial lifest#le' is snaes( absence of limbs. ;f the m#ster# organism has

also become adapted to a fossorial lifest#le, though its ancestors moed about on the surface, then which

structures should one e5pect to find upon dissecting the organism&. reduced or absent pelic andor pectoral girdles

1. metanephridia

3. h#drostatic seleton

A' & onl#)' & and 1

C' & and 3

+' 1 and 3' &, 1, and 3

Answer A


@' 2hich one of these, if found, should clear up an# remaining doubt as to the identit# of the organism

A' estigial pelic girdle

)' blood essels carr#ing o5#genated blood from both the sin and the functional lung to the heartC' closed circulator# s#stem+' abilit# to produce to5ins from glands located on the sin, or that empt# into the mouth

' two-chambered heart



+ue to its s#stem of nine air sacs connected to the lungs, the respirator# s#stem of birds is arguabl# the

most effectie respirator# s#stem of all air-breathers. !pon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air

sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the wa# to being e5haled. Thus, there is one-

wa# flow of air through the lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi.

0' ;f the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highl# ascularied, then what can be inferred

about the air sacsA' The# must not belong to the respirator# s#stem.

)' The# cannot be deried from endoderm.

C' The# cannot be sites of gas e5change between air and blood.+' The# must obtain nutrition from some source other than the bloodstream.

' The# cannot effectiel# moisturie the air before it reaches the lungs.

Answer CTopic Concept 34.>


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&' "ome bird bones are hollow rather than hone#combed. The hollow bones mostl# contain air sacs.

The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properl# understood as an adaptation toA' reduce the weight of the bird.

)' facilitate flight.

C' eliminate the functions that marrow performs.+' All three of the options listed are correct.

' Dnl# two of the options listed are correct.

Answer

Topic Concept 34.>"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

1' )irds generate a lot of heat, especiall# during flight. Iet the adipose tissue under their sin and the

feathers atop their sin mae it difficult to eliminate e5cess heat across the sin. 2hich of the following

alternaties can absorb bod# heat and eliminate it from the bird most effectiel#A' air in the air sacs

)' l#mph in the l#mphatic essels

C' blood in the essels+' blood in the heart

' urine in the bladder

Answer ATopic Concept 34.>"ill ApplicationAnal#sis

3' ;fArchaeopteryxhad air sacs, then which of its features would hae had the opposite effect onenablingArchaeopteryxto fl# long distances from that proided b# air sacs

&. teeth

1. contour feathers3. wing claws

4. long tail with man# ertebrae

A' & and 1

)' & and 4C' 1 and 3

+' &, 1, and 4

' &, 3, and 4Answer

Topic Concept 34.>


4' 2hich feature of some carinates has the same effect on weight as the presence of air sacs

A' presence of a large, heail# eratinied bea)' absence of a urinar# bladder

C' presence of a carina =eel'+' number of chambers in the heart

' presence of large pectoral musclesAnswer )

Topic Concept 34.>


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6' The moement of air along parabronchi is mostsimilar to the moement of

A' air in the lungs of other amniotes.)' foodwaste in a gastroascular cait#.

C' foodwaste in a digestie s#stem with separate mouth and anus.

+' the frog tongue during feeding.' air in lungs of terrestrial amphibians.

Answer C

Topic Concepts 33.3, 34.>


>' 2hich t#pe of bird is mostliel# to need air sacs to reduce its weight

A' birds that migrate long distances)' waterfowl that float on water, but do not die

C' birds that spend much of their time underwater

+' ratitesAnswer A

Topic Concept 34.>


?' The one-wa# flow of air along parabronchi maes what t#pe of e5change mechanism possible, atleast theoreticall#

A' the same as that occurring in fish gills)' the same as that occurring in insect tracheae

C' the same as that occurring in mammalian lungs

+' the same as that occurring in echinoderm sin gillsAnswer A

Topic Concepts 33.4E34.>, 41.6


;n the !nited "tates and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to surie winter The# either migrate

south, or the# hibernate. 7ecentl#, those that hibernate seem to hae come under attac b# a fungus,Geomyces destructans=Jd', an attac that is occurring from $issouri to southern Canada. $an#

infected bats hae a delicate, white filamentous mat on their mules, which is referred to as white-nose

s#ndrome =2G"'. The fungus inades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awaens the bat from itshibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaes

abnormall#, leaing its cae during da#time in winter to search for food. Their food, primaril# insects, is

scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimatel# stare to death. "ince 100?, it is estimated that up to &million bats hae perished from 2G".

@' The Jd mat on the fur of the bats should be e5pected to consist ofA' h#phae.

)' haustoria.C' arbuscules.

+' #easts.' basidia.

Answer A

Topic Concepts 3&.&, 34.?"ill ApplicationAnal#sis



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' Jd is a cold-loing fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behaior can be moste5pected

to faor the growth of this fungusA' southward migration during the winter

)' communal roosting in tightl# paced clusters during hibernation

C' reliance on fat reseres for calories during hibernation+' much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation

' hibernating in parts of the cae that are farthest awa# from the mouth of the cae

Answer +


&00' Jd is a cold-loing fungus. Thus, which characteristics of abnormalbat behaior can be moste5pected to faor the growth of this fungus

A' shifting roosting location to the mouth of the cae during winter

)' searching for food during winterC' searching for food during the da#

+' All three of the options listed are correct.

' Dnl# two of the options listed are correct.Answer +


&0&' Jd is a cold-loing fungus. Thus, which characteristics of normal bat behaior can be most

e5pected to faor the spread of this fungus to uninfected batsA' southward migration during the winter

)' communal roosting in tightl# paced clusters during hibernation

C' reliance on fat reseres for calories during hibernation+' much-reduced metabolic rate during hibernation

' hibernating in parts of the cae that are farthest awa# from the mouth of the cae

Answer )


&01' Almost all Gorth American bats are insectiores, with one notable e5ception being a bat that bitesand then laps blood from the wound. The blood-lapping bats are limited to the warm, southwestern

!nited "tates. Thus, if 2G" continues to decimate bat populations in the !nited "tates and Canada,

then we can e5pectA' liestoc bites from ampire bats to increase in frequenc#.

)' plant diseases that are spread b# insects to increase in frequenc#.

C' plant diseases directl# caused b# insect feeding to increase in frequenc#.+' human and liestoc diseases that are spread b# insects to increase in frequenc#.

' all but one of these are correct.Answer




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&03' 2hich feature=s' allow=s' hibernating bats to consere heat without using calories

A' shiering)' fur

C' fat la#er below the sin

+' All three of the options listed are correct.' Two of the options listed are correct.

Answer

Topic Concept 34.?


nd-of-Chapter uestions

The following questions are from the end-of-chapter KTest Iour !nderstandingL section in Chapter 34 of

the te5tboo.

&04' Mertebrates and tunicates share

A' *aws adapted for feeding.

)' a high degree of cephaliation.C' the formation of structures from the neural crest.

+' an endoseleton that includes a sull.' a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nere cord.

Answer Topic nd-of-Chapter uestions


&06' "ome animals that lied 630 million #ears ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a sull.

These animals ma# representA' the first chordates.

)' a missing lin between urochordates and cephalochordates.

C' earl# craniates.

+' marsupials.' nontetrapod gnathostomes.

Answer C

Topic nd-of-Chapter uestions"ill /nowledgeComprehension

&0>' 2hich of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of liing tetrapodsA' a sturd#-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had seletal supports similar to those of

terrestrial ertebrates

)' an armored, *awed placoderm with two pairs of appendagesC' an earl# ra#-finned fish that deeloped bon# seletal supports in its paired fins

+' a salamander that had legs supported b# a bon# seleton but moed with the side-to-side bendingt#pical of fishes

' an earl# terrestrial caecilian whose legless condition had eoled secondaril#Answer A

Topic nd-of-Chapter uestions


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&0?' !nlie eutherians, bothmonotremes and marsupials

A' lac nipples.)' hae some embr#onic deelopment outside the uterus.

C' la# eggs.

+' are found in Australia and Africa.' include onl# insectiores and herbiores.

Answer )

Topic nd-of-Chapter uestions


&0@' 2hich clade does notinclude humans

A' s#napsids)' lobe-fins

C' diapsids

+' craniates' osteichth#ans

Answer C

Topic nd-of-Chapter uestions"ill /nowledgeComprehension

&0' As hominins dierged from other primates, which of the following appeared firstA' reduced *awbones

)' language

C' bipedal locomotion+' the maing of stone tools

' an enlarged brain

Answer CTopic nd-of-Chapter uestions


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chapter 34 ap bio