Chapter 3

When temperatures rise in the spring, the ice begins to melt on Bow Lake at Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada

3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases Describing States of Matter Materials can be classified as ________, _______,

or ______ based on whether their shapes and volumes are ________ or ________.

Solids The state of matter in which materials have a

________ shape and a __________volume. Definite means that the shape and volume of a pencil

_____________________as you move it around. However, definite doesn’t mean it will ________

change. You can ___________a pencil. Atoms in solids are packed ________together. Most

solids also have an _______ arrangement of particles.

Liquids

The state of matter in which a material has a ______ volume but ___ a definite shape. Liquids always have the shape of the _________. Liquid atoms are ________ together but their

arrangement is more _____________.

Gases

The state of matter in which a material has _______a definite shape nor a definite ________. A gas takes the ______ and

________ of its container. Arrangement of atoms is

_______, and there is a lot of ________ between them, allowing for ____________.

Plasma There is a _____ state of

matter called plasma. It’s found in _____ at very ____ temperatures. ___% of all matter in the universe exists as plasma.

BEC There is a ____ state of matter proposed by

Einstein. It exists at extremely ____ temperatures Groups of atoms would behave as though they

were a ________ particle Scientists were able to produce this matter in

______ and called it a Bose-Einstein ______________(BEC)

Kinetic Theory Kinetic energy- The energy an object has due to its ______.

The _______ an object moves, the greater the _______ energy.

____________of matter says that all particles of matter are in constant ______.

The kinetic energy of a baseball depends on the ______ at which the pitcher throws the ball

Explaining the Behavior of Gases

Think of pool, balls move in a straight line until they hit _________ ball. Energy gets _________

Motion in Gases

Particles in a gas are _______ at rest. There are forces of ________ among the particles in all

matter, but they can basically be _________ because particles in a gas move so ___________.

 Kinetic Theory of GasesThe constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to_____a container of any _______________.

Three points: Particles in a gas are in _________, _________ motion The motion of one particle is _________ by the motion of the

other particles unless the particles __________. Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be

ignored under __________ conditions.

Explaining the Behavior of Liquids The average speed of the particles in a liquid are

much ________ than a gas.

Liquid atoms have _______ masses than gases.

 A liquid takes the shape of its __________ because the particles in a liquid can _____ to new locations. The ___________keep the particles close together.

Explaining the Behavior of Solids Think of people in a crowded movie theater. You can move around in

your seat, but you don’t __________ seats.

Solids have a _________ shape and volume because the particles in a solid vibrate around __________ locations.

 Vibration is a ____________ back and forth motion.

 The strong ____________ among atoms ________ their motion and keep each atom in a _____ location to its neighbors.

3.2 The Gas Laws Pressure

The _________ the area of impact, the _________the force is.

Pressure is the result of ______ ____________ over an area. If the ______ of a hockey puck hits the glass, it

exerts more pressure than if the _____ of the puck hits the glass at the same speed.

The SI unit for pressure is the ________(___)

Pressure

An atom by _____ does not exert a lot of pressure, but ____ helium atoms in a small balloon produce a ________ pressure.

Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the __________ in a _______ container.

Factors That Affect Gas Pressure

Factors that affect the pressure of an enclosed gas are its __________, its ________, and the _______________________.

The firefighter is using a pressure gauge to check the air pressure in a tire on a fire truck.

Temperature As temperature rises, average kinetic energy

_________. At an increased energy, particles move _______________ more often with the walls and with greater force.

Raising the temperature of a gas will ______ its pressure if all other conditions are kept __________.

Volume

An empty plastic bottle with a cap will give a little, but then the ________ will stop the bottle from _______. As the volume is decreased, particles of trapped air collide ___________with the walls of the bottle.

Reducing the volume of a gas _________ its pressure if all other conditions are kept ____________.

Movement of a muscle called the diaphragm changes the volume of your chest cavity. The volume increases when you inhale and decreases when you exhale.

Number of Particles Once a tire is inflated, its _________ is fairly

constant. Adding more air will increase the _________ inside the tire.

Increasing the number of particles will increase the _________ of a gas if the ________________________ are constant.

CHARLES’S LAW

The volume of a gas is __________ proportional to its temperature in ________ if the ________ and the _______ of particles in a gas are constant.

V1 = V2

T1 T2

BOYLE’S LAW

The volume of a gas is __________ proportional to its pressure if the ___________ and the _________ of particles are constant.

P1V1 = P2V2

Gas Law Summary Chart

Temperature Pressure Volume

Boyle

___________ ↑ ↓

___________ ↓ ↑

Charles

↑ ____________ ↑

↓ ____________ ↓

Guy - Lussac

↑ ↑ ___________

↓ ↓ ___________

The Combined Gas Law _______ and ________ law can be described by a

single law.  P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

Math Practice

A gas has a volume of 5.0 L at a pressure of 50 kPa. What happens to the volume when the pressure is increased to 125 kPa? The temperature does not change.

2.Gas stored in a tank at 273 K has a pressure of 388 kPa. The safe limit for the pressure is 825 kPa. At what temperature will the gas reach this pressure?

3.At 10°C, the gas in a cylinder has a volume of 0.250 L. The gas is allowed to expand to 0.285 L. What must the final temperature be for the pressure to remain constant? (Hint: Convert from degrees Celsius to kelvins using the expression °C + 273 = K.)

3.3 Phase Changes

Phase change- ________ physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one _____________to another.

__________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ are the six common phase changes.

 

Phase Changes

*One way to recognize a phase change is by measuring the __________ of a substance as it is ____________________.

*The temperature of a substance ________change during a phase change. (heating curve pg 85)

This graph shows what happens to the temperature of a solid sample of naphthalene as the sample is slowly heated.

Energy and Phase Changes During a phase change, energy is transferred

between a ____________and its ____________.

Energy is either _________or ____________during a phase change.

Endothermic Change

_________________-the system absorbs energy from its surroundings.

This ice sculpture of a dog sled was carved at a winter fair in Fairbanks, Alaska. The ice sculpture will start to melt if the temperature rises above 0°C or sunlight shines directly on the ice.

Exothermic Change _______________-the system releases energy to its

surroundings.

Energy released as ice forms on these strawberry plants keeps the plants from freezing at temperatures slightly below 0°C.

MELTING Heat flows from the ____________. As ice ______

energy, the molecules _________ more quickly. At the melting point of water, ____, some molecules have enough ___________ to overcome the attractions and move.

When ___ the molecules have enough energy to move, __________________. Any additional energy will cause the _________________________________.

MELTING Melting is _____________ because it takes __

energy. The amount of energy taken in to change 1 gram to a liquid is called the _________________ (melting) and varies depending on the substance.

FREEZING When liquid is placed in a freezer, energy flows

from the _____________in the freezer. The water ______ down. Kinetic energy ___________, particles move more _____ and begin to arrange themselves in an ______ pattern.

Freezing is ___________ because it ________ energy to the surroundings.

Freezing does not mean “____.” Silicon freezes at ________.

VAPORIZATION

When a substance changes from a liquid to a gas, The substance must _____________________.

__________________is the amount of energy needed to change 1 gram to a gas.

In a refrigerator, a pair of phase changes keep the food cold. Energy from inside the food compartment is used to change a liquid to a gas in the evaporator. This energy is released when the compressed gas changes back to a liquid in the condenser

VAPORIZATION

EVAPORATION A process that changes a substance from a ____________ at

temperatures ______ the substance’s boiling point. Some molecules near the surface are moving ____ enough

to _______________ and become a vapor. In a closed container, water evaporates and vapor collects

________ the liquid. The pressure caused by the collisions of this vapor and the walls of the container is called _____ ___________.

Vapor pressure increases as __________________

Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid.

VAPORIZATION

BOILING When ___________becomes

equal to the ____________ __________, the water boils.

Boiling point of a substance depends on _____________ pressure.

The normal boiling point of water at __________is ______.

In Denver, water boils at ___ ºC because air pressure is _____. Food takes longer to cook.

Boiling takes place throughout a liquid.

Condensation

CONDENSATION The phase change in which a substance changes

from ___________________.

Water vapor from the air condensed into drops of liquid water on these blades of grass

More Phase Changes

SUBLIMATION Phase change in which a

substance changes from a __________ without first changing to a ______. Ex: _______

DEPOSITION Phase change when a

____ changes directly into _____without first changing to a ______. Ex: ________

The trap is baited with dry ice because mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide.