Today’s Quote

“A free government is a complicated piece of

machinery, the nice and exact adjustment of

whose springs, wheels, and weights, is not

yet well comprehended by the artists of the

age, and still less by the people.”

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA

Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S.

1800-1808

1800 Election Results

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes

Jefferson Memorial

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000

More than doubled the size of our country

Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN

Causes: British

“impressment” (seizing

Americans at sea and

drafting them into their navy)

upset Americans

The War: 1814 – British

sack D.C. Burn White house

Andrew Jackson leads great

victory in New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent signed,

Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S.

seamen upset Americans

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

Results of the war

included:

End of the Federalist

Party (opposed war)

Encouraged industries

in U.S.

Confirmed status of

U.S. as a strong, free,

and independent

nation Despite the burning of the President’s

mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY

James Monroe was elected

president in 1816

Immediately, Nationalism

clearly established as key

concern of administration

Treaty with Britain to jointly

occupy the Oregon Territory

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

secured Florida & southern-

most areas of SE America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere

(Monroe Doctrine)

What idea does this political cartoon convey?

THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2

During a time of

growing

Sectionalism,

Andrew Jackson’s

election in 1828,

ushered in a new

era of popular

democracy

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

The Northeast continued to

develop industry while the

South and West continued

to be more agricultural

The Industrial Revolution

reached America by the

early-mid 19th century

New England first to

embrace factory system

Especially in textile (fabric)

mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power

Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated

cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

Economic differences

created political tension

between North & South

As the regions moved apart,

politicians attempted to keep

nation together

House Speaker Henry

Clay’s American Plan called

for a protective tariff, a

National Bank, and an

improved infrastructure to

help travel

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

In 1818 settlers in Missouri

applied for statehood

Northerners and

Southerners disagreed on

whether Missouri should be

admitted as a “free” state

Henry Clay organized a

compromise in which

Missouri was “slave” but

Maine would be “free”

Also Louisiana Territory split

at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

Jackson, hero of the common

man, won election in 1828 in part

because the right to vote had

been expanded to more citizens

In the 1824 election, won by John

Quincy Adams, 350,000 white

males voted

In 1828, over 1,000,000 white

males voted

Many of the new voters supported

the rugged westerner Jackson

who also won re-election in 1832 ANDREW JACKSON

IS ON THE $20 BILL

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

As part of his political

philosophy, Jackson sought to

grant political power to the

common people

Called The Spoils System or

Jacksonian Democracy,

Jackson hired his own

supporters to replace the

previous administration’s staff

Jackson gave away many jobs

to his friends and political allies

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830

Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west

The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court

Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision

Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

In 1824 and again in

1828, Congress

increased the Import

Tariff of 1816

Southerners called the

1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of

Abominations,” and

blamed it for economic

problems in the South

THE NORTH

THE SOUTH

TARIFFS

NULLIFICATION THREAT

In an attempt to free South

Carolina from the tariff, John

Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from

S.C.), developed the Theory

of Nullification

He believed if a state found

an act of Congress to be

unconstitutional, it could

declare the law void within

its borders

Tensions only relieved by a

Clay Compromise Tariff in

1833

JACKSON’S BANK WAR

Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats

Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president

In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

PANIC OF 1837

In 1836, Democrat Martin

Van Buren won the

Presidency

He inherited problems from

the “Bank Wars”

Jackson’s Pet Banks printed

money without Gold backing

In 1837 a panic set in and

many banks closed,

accounts went bankrupted,

and unemployment soared

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841

HARRISON & TYLER

Whig William Henry

Harrison defeated

Democrat Van Buren in

the election of 1840

Harrison, known as

“Tippecanoe” for a

battle he won against

natives, died a month

into his term

His VP, John Tyler

became president HARRISON

1841

TYLER

1841-1845

MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3

In the 1840s Americans

became preoccupied

with expansion

Many believed that their

movement westward

was predestined by

God

Manifest Destiny was

the belief that the U.S.

would expand “from

sea to shining sea”

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY

FAMOUS TRAILS WEST

No highways existed, thus

wagon trails served as the

roads to the West

Santa Fe Trail ran from

Independence, Missouri to

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Oregon Trail stretched from

Independence to Oregon

City, Oregon

Mormons especially utilized

the Oregon Trail on their

way to Salt Lake City

MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS

After 300 years of Spanish

rule, Mexican settlers felt at

home in Texas territory

Mexico won their

independence from Spain in

1821 and Texas was theirs

Mexican officials offered

land to Americans to make

the area more stable

Americans soon

outnumbered Mexicans in

Texas – trouble started

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans in Texas

Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and Americans in Texas

One issue was the slaves many Americans had brought with them

Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829

REMEMBER THE ALAMO

Mexican President Santa Anna was determined to force Texans to obey Mexican law

Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio – at the same time Austin issued a call to arms for all American Texans

American forces moved into a mission known as the Alamo in 1836

After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls and slaughtered all 187 Americans

THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

1844 presidential election winner, James Polk, eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.

Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory in 1845

America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico & California

MEXICAN PRESIDENT

SANTA ANNA

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

After gold was discovered

at Sutter’s Mill, migration to

California rose from 400 in

1848 to 44,000 in 1850

Folks who rushed to San

Francisco in 1849 became

known as Forty-niners

By 1857, the total amount

of gold mined in California

topped $2,000,000,000

THE MARKET REVOLUTION: SECTION 4

The first half of the 19th century in America, brought vast changes to technology, transportation, and production

Known as the Market Revolution, people increasingly bought and sold goods rather than make them for themselves

A 19th century market

NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY

1837 – Samuel Morse invented the Telegraph

Railroads were becoming faster and more numerous by 1830 surpassing canals as # 1 means of transport

Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830, 200 were on the Mississippi

John Deere’s Plow and Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper improved agriculture

By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph

wire crossed the country

WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS

In 1834, Lowell,

Massachusetts textile

workers went on strike after

their wages were lowered –

one example of the dozens

of strikes in the U.S. in the

1830s and 1840s

Several industries formed

the National Trade Union in

1834 in hopes of bettering

their conditions

STRIKES AND

UNIONS

BECAME

MORE

NUMEROUS

AFTER 1830

REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY: SECTION 5

The Second Great Awakening spread Christianity through revival meetings

Another growing religious group was the Unitarians who emphasized reason as path to perfection

Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian preacher who developed Transcendentalism

These and other religions became the impetus for reforming society

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

1820s: Abolitionist

movement to free

African Americans from

slavery arose

Leader was a white

radical named William

Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist called for

immediate

emancipation of all

slaves

FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER

Freed slave, Frederick

Douglass escaped from

bandage and became an

eloquent abolitionist (critic

of slavery) leader

He began an anti-slavery

newspaper called,

Northstar – named after

the star that guided

runaway slaves to freedom

TURNER’S REBELLION

The vast majority of African-Americans were enslaved in the South and were subjected to constant degradation

Some rebelled against their condition

Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner

Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60 whites – he was caught and executed

Turner plans his rebellion

WOMEN AND REFORM

From abolition to education, women worked actively in all reform movements

Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to become educated increased

1833: Oberlin College became first coed institution

WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES

Reform movements of the

19th century spurred the

development of a

Women’s movement

For example, Elizabeth

Cady Stanton and

Lucretia Mott had both

been ardent abolitionists

In 1848, more than 300

women participated in a

Women’s Right

convention in Seneca

Falls, N.Y.

Two pioneers in women’s rights:

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and

Susan B. Anthony