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CHAPTER III, SECTION 4 Joint and Solidary Obligations (Arts. 1!"#1$

TITLE I, CHAPTER III

SECTION 4 JOINT AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS

(Arts. 1207-1222)

WEEK 5(27 JULY)

ADVANCE LECTURE

1. %&at ar' t&' inds o) obligations a**ording to t&' n+b'r o) -arti's

(a) Individual t&'r' is only on' d'btor or on' *r'ditor in an obligation.

(b) Collective t&'r' ar' t/o or or' d'btors and0or t/o or or' *r'ditors in on' andt&' sa' obligation. It ay b'jointor solidary.

2. Ho/ do yo+ disting+is& b't/''n a oint and solidary obligation(Art. 1208)

(a) Joint on' /&'r' t&'r' is a *on*+rr'n*' o) s'2'ral *r'ditors ors'2'ral d'btors, or

o) s'2'ral *r'ditors andd'btors, by 2irt+' o) /&i*& 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors &as a rig&tto d'and /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is bo+nd to r'nd'r *o-lian*' only /it& &isproportionate part of the prestation/&i*& *onstit+t's t&' ob'*t o) t&' obligation.

To each his own. In ot&'r /ords, 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors is 'ntitl'd to d'and t&'-ay'nt o) only a -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' *r'dit, /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is liabl' )ort&' -ay'nt o) only a -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' d'bt.

(b) olidary on' /&'r' t&'r' is a *on*+rr'n*' o) s'2'ral *r'ditors ors'2'ral d'btors,or o) s'2'ral *r'ditors andd'btors, by 2irt+' o) /&i*& 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors &as a

rig&t to d'and, /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is bo+nd to r'nd'r entire co!pliance/it& t&' -r'station, /&i*& *onstit+t's t&' ob'*t o) t&' obligation.

One for all, all for one. In ot&'r /ords, 'a*& o) t&' *r'ditors is 'ntitl'd tod'and t&' -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' *r'dit, /&il' 'a*& o) t&' d'btors is liabl' )or t&'-ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' d'bt.

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3. Pr's'nt'd b'lo/ ar' t&' ill+strati2' '))'*ts o) oint and solidary obligations intab+lat'd )or.

(a) "1and "2ar' oint d'btors o) C)or P!,!!!.!!.

Joint 3'btors 3'btors d+ty Cr'ditors *lai Indi2id+al Cr'ditor

"1 P1!,!!!.!!P!,!!!.!! C

"2 P1!,!!!.!!

Total liability P!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!! Total *lai

"1 and "2 ay b' *o-'ll'd to -ay only P1!,!!!.!! 'a*&, /&i*& is t&'ir-ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' total obligation.

(b) "1is a d'btor o) C1 and C2#oint *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!.

Indi2id+al3'btor

3'btors d+ty Cr'ditors *lai Joint Cr'ditors

" P!,!!!.!!P1!,!!!.!! C1

P1!,!!!.!! C2

Total liability P!,!!!.!! P!,!!! Total *lai

C1 and C2 *an d'and only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' total *r'dit /&i*& isP1!,!!!.!! 'a*&.

(c) "1and "2ar' oint d'btors o) C1 and C2# also oint *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!.

Joint 3'btors 3'btors d+ty Cr'ditors *lai Joint Cr'ditors

"1 P1!,!!!.!! P5,!!!.!! C1P5,!!!.!! C2

"2 P1!,!!!.!!P5,!!!.!! C1

P5,!!!.!! C2


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Art. 1!6 stat's t&at /&'n an obligation is joint# t&' total *r'dit or d'bt s&all b'di2id'd into as any '7+al s&ar's as t&'r' ar' *r'ditors or d'btors, t&' *r'dits or d'btsb'ing *onsid'r'd distin*t )ro on' anot&'r. ( d'btors 8 *r'ditors 9 4 d'bts0*r'dits$H'n*', 'it&'r "1or "2*an b' *o-'ll'd to -ay only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' d'bt

in t&' ao+nt o) P1!,!!!.!! 'a*& (P5,!!!.!! to C1and P5,!!!.!! to C2$. On t&' ot&'r&and, 'it&'r C1or C2*an d'and only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' *r'dit in t&' ao+nto) P1!,!!!.!! 'a*& (P5,!!!.!! )ro "1and P5,!!!.!! )ro "2$.

(d) "1and "2ar' oint d'btors o) C1 and C2# solidary *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!.

Joint 3'btors 3'btors d+ty Cr'ditors *lai Solidary Cr'ditors

"1 P1!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!! C1"2 P1!,!!!.!! C2


As solidary *r'ditors, 'it&'r only C1 or only C2 *an *oll'*t t&' 'ntir' P!,!!!.!!*r'dit. Ho/'2'r, t&' obligation o) t&' d'btors b'ing oint, t&' 'ntir' P!,!!!.!! d'bt*annot b' *oll'*t'd )ro only 'it&'r "1or "2. O) t&' P!,!!!.!! *r'dit /&i*& 'it&'r C1or C2/ill *oll'*t, only P1!,!!!.!! *an b' d'and'd )ro "1and t&' ot&'r P1!,!!!.!!)ro "2.

(e) "1and "2ar' solidary d'btors o) C1 and C2#oint *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!.

Solidary 3'btors 3'btors d+ty Cr'ditors *lai Joint Cr'ditors

"1P!,!!!.!!

P1!,!!!.!! C1

"2 P1!,!!!.!! C2


Sin*' "1and "2ar' solidary d'btors, anyon' o) t&' ay b' *o-'ll'd to -ay t&''ntir' P!,!!!.!! d'bt. Ho/'2'r, t&' *r'ditors obligation b'ing 'r'ly oint, n'it&'r C1nor C2*an d'and -ay'nt b'yond t&'ir -ro-ortionat' -art o) t&' *r'dit. In ot&'r /ords,/&il' t&' 'ntir' d'bt ay b' -aid by only on' o) t&' d'btors ('it&'r "1 or "2$, t&'-ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' *r'dit *annot b' d'and'd by only on' o) t&' *r'ditors ('it&'r C1

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or C2$. H'n*', C1 and C2*an d'and only t&'ir -ro-ortionat' s&ar' o) t&' obligation,/&i*& is P1!,!!!.!! 'a*&, )ro 'it&'r "1only or"2 only.

(f) "1and "2ar' solidary d'btors o) C1 and C2# solidary *r'ditors, )or P!,!!!.!!.

Solidary 3'btors 3'btors d+ty Cr'ditors *lai Solidary Cr'ditors

"1P!,!!!.!! P!,!!!.!!

C1

"2 C2


Sin*' t&' obligations o) bot& -arti's ar' solidary, any on' o) t&' *r'ditors ('it&'r C1or C2$ ay d'and -ay'nt )or t&' 'ntir' *r'dit. In t&' sa' ann'r, any on' o) t&'d'btors ('it&'r "1or "2$ ay b' ad' liabl' )or t&' 'ntir' d'bt.

4. Art. 1208. %&'n t&' obligation is *oll'*ti2' (i.e.,t&'r' ar' t/o or or'd'btors or t/o or or' *r'ditors$, t&' obligation is presu!edto b'joint.

H'n*', solidarity in a *oll'*ti2' obligation is n'2'r -r's+'d. T&'r' ar' only t&r''instan*'s /&'n solidarity ay b' d'and'd :

;inds o)SolidarityA**ording toSo+r*' :

(a) Conventional /&'n t&' *ontra*ting -arti's '

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6. Ho/ do yo+ disting+is& b't/''n a oint and indi2isibl' obligation

(a) %&'n /' say oint obligation, it &as -arti*+lar r')'r'n*' to t&' +ridi*al ti' /&i*& bindst&' -arti's to t&' obligation. It s-'as o) t&' r's-'*ti2' obligations o) t&' -arti's.

H'n*', as -r'2io+sly dis*+ss'd, t&' -arti's in a oint obligation ar' liabl' only )or t&'irproportionate shares.

(b) On t&' ot&'r &and, /&'n /' say indi2isibl' obligation, t&is &as -arti*+lar r')'r'n*' tot&' -r'station o) t&' obligation t&at is, t&' -ossibility or i-ossibility o) -artial)+l)ill'nt o) t&' -arti's -r'station. H'n*', /&'n t&' obligation is indi2isibl', it'ans t&at t&' -r'station r'7+ir'd to b' -'r)or'd by t&' d'btor is not s+s*'-tibl' o)di2ision.

Example: T&' -r'station to d'li2'r a *ar is indi2isibl' b'*a+s' t&' d'btor *annot

d'li2'r &al) o) t&' *ar today and d'li2'r t&' ot&'r &al) toorro/.

(c) An obligation, t&'r')or', ay b' =oint and di2isibl'>, =oint and indi2isibl'>, =solidaryand di2isibl'>, or =solidary and indi2isibl'> (Art. 1210). %' /ill +nd'rstand t&'*ons'7+'n*'s o) t&is *lass o) obligations b'tt'r /&'n /' go to S'*tion 5 onDivisible and Indivisible Obligations.

7. ?'t +s say t&at "1, "2 @ "& ar' ointly liabl' to gi2' C a *ar 2al+'d atP4,!!!.!!. T&is is an '

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(d) T&' rig&t to do /&at'2'r ay b' +s')+l to t&' ot&'r *r'ditors, b+t not anyt&ing t&atay b' -r'+di*ial to t&' ot&'r *r'ditors. (Art. 1212)

(e) T&' rig&t to assign &is rig&ts +nd'r t&' solidary obligation, FT ON?G /it& t&'

*ons'nt o) t&' ot&'r solidary *r'ditors. (Art. 121&)

(f) T&' rig&t to a' a no2ation, *o-'nsation, *on)+sion or r'ission o) t&' d'bt. (Art.121*)

9. ?'t +s a--ly t&' )or'going -r'*'-ts to an ill+strati2' *as' : "1# "2 @ "solidary d'btors, o/' C1# C2 @ Csolidary *r'ditors, t&' s+ o) P!!,!!!.!! -ayabl' on3'*'b'r 15, !15.

(a) C1# C2 AN30OR C& ay d'and )ro "1# "2 OR "& -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir'P!!,!!!.!!.

(b) C1# C2 AN30ORC& ay d'and )ro "1# "2 AN30OR"& -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir'P!!,!!!.!!.

(c) I) C1# C2 AN30ORC& d'ands -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! only )ro "1#and"1 is not abl' to -ay or -ays only P!!,!!!.!!, C1# C2 AN30ORC& *an still -ro*''dagainst "2 AN30OR"& )or P!!,!!!.!! (i) "1did not -ay any ao+nt$, or t&' 'ntir'

r'aining balan*' o) P4!!,!!!.!! (i) "1-aid only P!!,!!!.!!$.

(d) T&is r+l' is bas'd on t&' t&'ory o) +t+al ag'n*y ( i.e.,t&' rig&t o) on' to a*t )or andin t&' na' o) t&' ot&'rs$aong t&' solidary *r'ditors.

(d.1.) E

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o) t&' )a*t t&at t&' noti*' o) *ondonation *a' )ro on' o) t&' solidary *r'ditors /&ois d'''d to &a2' *ondon'd t&' 'ntir' obligation )or and in b'&al) o) t&' ot&'rsolidary *r'ditors, C2 @C&. Ho/'2'r, t&' a*t b'ing -r'+di*ial to C2 @CC1&as tor'ib+rs' C2 @C& t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!! 'a*&, t&' latt'rs r's-'*ti2' s&ar's in

t&' 'ntir' *r'dit. (Art. 121*)

(e) S&o+ld on' o) t&' solidary *r'ditors d'*id' to assign &is rig&t to anot&'r -'rson, &'*an only do so i) &' obtains t&' *ons'nt o) A?? t&' ot&'r solidary *r'ditors. (Art.121&) T&' r'ason b'&ind t&is -ro&ibition is t&at 'a*& *r'ditor r'-r's'nts t&' ot&'rs,and t&' assign'' (t&' -'rson to /&o t&' *r'dit /as assign'd$ ay not &a2' t&'*on)id'n*' o) t&' original solidary *r'ditors. It is r'asonabl' )or t&' ot&'r solidary*r'ditors to anti*i-at' t&' -ossibility t&at t&' *r'ditor#assign'' a)t'r r'*'i2ing-ay'nt ay not gi2' t&' s&ar's o) &is *o#solidary *r'ditors.

(f) No2ation, *o-'nsation, *on)+sion or r'ission o) t&' d'bt &as on' +ni)or '))'*t ont&' obligation its '

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obligation /ill b' '

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b+t "& *annot r')+nd t&' P!!,!!!.!! to "1 b'*a+s' o) &is ("&) insol2'n*y Fnd'r Art.11", -ar. , &o/ +*& is "2oblig'd to r')+nd "1in addition to "23s -ro-ortionat' s&ar'o) P5!,!!!.!! Art. 11", -ar. says t&at t&' s&ar' o) t&' insol2'nt solidary d'btor s&allb' born' by &is *o#d'btors in -ro-ortion to t&' d'bt o) 'a*&. Ho/ do /' *o-+t' t&is

Sol2'nt3'btors

Pro-ortionat'S&ar' in t&'

3'bt

R'ib+rs''nt S&ar' int&' Insol2'nt 3'btors

S&ar'

Insol2'nt3'btorsS&ar'

Pro-ortionat' S&ar' to b'orn' by t&' Sol2'nt 3'btors

(Art. 121# par. &)

"1 15!,!!!.!! 15!,!!!04!!,!!! 9 06

P!!,!!!.!!

06 o) P!!,!!! 9 P "5,!!!

"2 5!,!!!.!! 5!,!!!04!!,!!! 9 506 506 o) P!!,!!! 9 P15,!!!

TOTA? 4!!,!!!.!! 606 TOTA? P!!,!!!.!!

So, i) "& b'*o's insol2'nt, "2&as to r'ib+rs' "1 &is -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' 'ntir'd'bt (/&i*& is P5!,!!!.!!$, -l+s "23sr'ib+rs''nt s&ar' in t&' -ro-ortionat' d'bt o)t&' insol2'nt d'btor in t&' ao+nt o) P15,!!!.!! a total o) P"5,!!!.!!.

(c.2.) I) a solidary d'btor, &o/'2'r, a's -ay'nt a)t'r t&' obligation &as b''n'

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and C2. In s+*& a *as', "2 &as no obligation to r'ib+rs' "1)or t&' P!,!!!.!! o) "23s-ro-ortionat' s&ar' /&i*& /as a))'*t'd by t&' r'ission. Ho/'2'r, "2is still liabl' to C1and C2 )or P!,!!!.!!, t&' r'aining -ortion o) &is -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' 'ntir'P1!!,!!!.!! d'bt o/ing.

(d) To -ay )or &is s&ar' in t&' d'bt in *as' t&' d'bt &ad b''n totally -aid by anyon' o)t&' d'btors b')or' t&' r'ission /as '))'*t'd (Art. 1215).

(d.1.) T&is ay aris' in a sit+ation /&'r' t&' *r'ditor a's a r'ission o) t&' s&ar'/&i*& a))'*ts on' o) t&' solidary d'btors. In t&is *as', t&' solidary d'btor /&o is t&'b'n')i*iary o) t&' r'ission by t&' *r'ditor, a)t'r )+ll -ay'nt by &is *o#d'btor, is stilloblig'd to r'ib+rs' t&' d'btor#-ayor )or &is (t&' d'btor#b'n')i*iary$ -ro-ortionat's&ar' in t&' d'bt.

(d.2.) Ill+strati2' '

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(d.&.1.) Can "1# a)t'r &a2ing -aid )or t&' 'ntir' d'bt, as )or r'ib+rs''nt)ro "&)or t&' latt'rs -ro-ortionat' s&ar' in t&' obligation 67. %&'n "1 -aid t&''ntir' obligation on M'br+ary 14, !15 (in*l+si2' o) t&' P5!!,!!!.!! -ro-ortionat's&ar' o) "&$# C&ad alr'ady r'itt'd t&' s&ar' o) "&. H'n*', as o) Jan+ary 15,

!15, t&' -ro-ortionat' s&ar' o) "/&i*& /as r'itt'd by C# &ad alr'ady b''n'

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to t&' r'*o2'ry o) t&' ao+nt o/'d by t&' d'btor /&os' obligation &as alr'ady at+r'd,l'a2ing in s+s-'ns' &is rig&t to r'*o2'r t&' s&ar's *orr's-onding to t&' ot&'r d'btors/&os' obligations &a2' not y't at+r'd. T&is liitation on t&' *r'ditors rig&t do's notd'stroy t&' solidary *&ara*t'r o) t&' obligation b'*a+s', +ltiat'ly, &' *an still *o-'l

on' and t&' sa' d'btor, i) t&at is &is /is&, to -ay t&' 'ntir' obligation. T&'r')or', on3'*'b'r 1, !14, /&'n "23sobligation s&all &a2' at+r'd, C *an *oll'*t t&' ao+nto) P15!,!!!.!! )ro 'it&'r "1# "2 or "&. And on J+n' !, !15, C *an again *oll'*t t&'r'aining balan*' o) P1!!,!!!.!! )ro any o) t&' solidary d'btors. Ass+ing t&at C#aso) J+n' !, !15, &ad not *oll'*t'd anyt&ing )ro t&' solidary d'btors, t&is ti' C *an*oll'*t &is 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! )ro any on' o) t&' solidary d'btors "1# "2 or "&.

12. %&at ar' t&' rig&ts and obligations o) solidary d'btors in *as' o) loss ori-ossibility o) t&' -r'station Ho/ ar' s+*& rig&ts and obligations a))'*t'd by t&'

&a--'ning o) a )ort+ito+s '2'nt, and t&' ons't o) d'lay (Art. 1221)

(a) I) /it&o+t )a+lt or d+' to a )ort+ito+s '2'nt no liability is atta*&'dK t&' obligation is'

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liabl' -/&' *an lat'r on r'*o2'r )ro t&' g+ilty d'btor, "1#t&' ao+nt o) daag'sor int'r'st t&at &' -aid C. T&is is b'*a+s' &ad "1not b''n at )a+lt, t&' obligation/o+ld &a2' b''n alr'ady '

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o) dis*laiing liability )or "13ss&ar'. H'n*', &a2ing only a -artial d')'ns', "2 *anstill b' &'ld liabl' )or P!!,!!!.!!.

APPLICATION OR PROBLEMS:

The groups are hereby directed to apply the provisions on this section

to the problems given below. Discuss the problems together, and makesure all the members in the group are versed with the principles used.

1. Joo and Jaa sold 1,!!! sa*s o) ri*' to ;io and ;aa )or P1.5. On ;iosr'7+'st and a)t'r -aying t&' -ri*' t&'r')or, Joo and Jaa d'li2'r'd to &i t&' 1,!!! sa*so) ri*'. ?at'r, ;io r'sold t&' ri*' )or P and did not t+rn o2'r any -art o) it or its -ri*' to;aa. ;aa no/ d'ands )or t&' d'li2'ry o) t&' ri*'. ay ;aa *o-'l Joo and Jaa tod'li2'r /&at &' bo+g&t I) so, &o/ +*& /ill Joo and Jaa b' liabl' to ;aa +nd'r t&')a*t+al *ir*+stan*'s o) t&' *as'

2. On M'br+ary 15, !14, ?yn and Ros', in a solidary obligation, bo+ndt&'s'l2's to -ay P1.5 to Jona, ?arry, and 3on s+b'*t to t&' )ollo/ing t'rs and*onditions: Jonas s&ar' /ill b' d+' on J+n' 1, !14K ?arry /ill g't &is s&ar' only i) &'-ass's t&' !14 ar E

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/ords, 3an' and i'r /'r' no long'r int'r'st'd in t&' obligation. Ho/ +*& *an t&'r'aining *r'ditors Sy and ?'i 'a*& *oll'*t )ro 'a*& o) t&' d'btors

4. 'ni' oblig'd to gi2' solidary *r'ditors Conni' and Al'o P1!!,!!!.!! on J+n'

!, !15. On ay 15, !15, Conni' assign'd &is rig&t to *oll'*t +nd'r t&' obligation toaby. Conni' in)or'd 'ni' abo+t t&' assign'nt. On J+n' !, !15, as -rois'd,'ni' -aid t&' 'ntir' P1!!,!!!.!! obligation to aby. On J+ly 1, !15, all'ging t&at &'&as as y't not r'*'i2'd any -ay'nt, Al'o d'and'd )ro 'ni' &is -ro-ortionat' s&ar'in t&' *r'dit in t&' ao+nt o) P5!,!!!.!!. 3o's 'ni' still &a2' an obligation to Al'o

5. T'otio and i*'nt', solidary d'btors, -rois'd to -ay ?ydio, Ison, and S')a,solidary *r'ditors, t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!! on 3'*'b'r 1, !14. On Jan+ary 15,!15, t&' la/y'r o) S')a s'nt a d'and l'tt'r to T'otio d'anding )or -ay'nt o) t&'

'ntir' P!!,!!!.!!. Ho/'2'r, i*'nt', /&o did not no/ o) t&' d'and, &ad -aid ?ydiot&' 'ntir' P!!,!!!.!! on t&' 2'ry sa' day t&' d'and /as ad'. Is t&' d'btorsobligation no/ '

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9. On Jan+ary 15, !14, 3onna, 3iana and 3ora sign'd a -roissory not' /&i*&r'ad as )ollo/s : =Mor 2al+' r'*'i2'd, /' -rois' solidarily to -ay Caloy and Car'l t&'s+ o) P!!,!!!.!! on or b')or' J+n' !, !15.> On 3'*'b'r 5, !14, Car'l )'ll in

lo2' /it& 3iana, and r'itt'd &'r s&ar' in t&' obligation. On Jan+ary 6, !15, 3onnab'*a' insol2'nt.

(a) On J+ly 1, !15, Caloy /'nt to t&' &o+s' o) 3iana and /ant'd to r'*o2'r t&' 'ntir'P!!,!!!.!! only )ro 3iana. Can Caloy do so Ho/ +*& *an Caloy &old 3ianaliabl' +nd'r t&' )a*t+al *ir*+stan*'s

(b) A)t'r 3onna &ad b'*o' insol2'nt, on M'br+ary 5, !15, 3ora -aid t&' 'ntir'P!!,!!!.!! obligation to Caloy /&o a*no/l'dg'd r'*'i-t o) t&' 'ntir' ao+nt.

A)t'r -aying t&' said ao+nt, 3ora no/ s''s r'ib+rs''nt )ro 3iana. Ho/+*& is 3ianas liability to 3ora

(c) Caloy and Car'l &ad an alt'r*ation on t&' o**asion o) on' o) t&'ir drining s-r''s.T&'r'a)t'r, or on J+n' !, !15, to a' s+r' t&at Car'l /o+ld not b' abl' to doanyt&ing to *&'at Caloy o+t o) &is s&ar' in t&' obligation, Caloy instr+*t'd &is la/y'rto s'nd a d'and l'tt'r to 3iana d'anding )ro &'r -ay'nt o) Caloys s&ar' int&' *r'dit in t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!!. 3o's Caloys a*t &a2' l'gal basis Can3iana b' *o-'ll'd to -ay Caloy t&' ao+nt o) P!!,!!!.!! d's-it' t&' r'ission'arli'r grant'd by Car'l in &'r )a2or

10. C'dri* and att ar' solidarily oblig'd to gi2' ;at a !14 Mord E

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17/17


-roissory not', t&' solidary d'btors bo+nd t&'s'l2's to -ay Mran*is, on A-ril 15, !15,t&' ao+nt o) P1!,!!!.!!. %&'n at+rity dat' *a', t&' d'btors did not a' goodt&'ir -rois' +nd'r t&' not'. H'n*', on A-ril !, !15, Mran*is )il'd an a*tion againstladys d'anding )or t&' -ay'nt o) t&' 'ntir' P1!,!!!.!! obligation. Ho/ +*& is

ladys liabl' to Mran*is +nd'r t&' -roissory not', and *onsid'ring t&' )a*t+al*ir*+stan*'s

*** END ***

Being forced to work, and forced to do yourbest, will breed in you temperance and self-

control, diligence and strength of will,

cheerfulness and content, and a hundred

virtues which the idle will never know.Charles Kingsley

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

Benjamin Franklin

What we hope ever to do with ease, we must

learn first to do with diligence.Charles Kingsley

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CHAPTER-3-SEC.-4-Arts.-1207-1222