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STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMESSTUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Describe business intelligence and its role2. Compare databases and data warehouses3. List/describe key characteristics of a
relational database4. Define 5 software components of a DBMS
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THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL
THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL
• There are many types of databases
• The relational database model is the most popular
• Relational database – uses a series of logically related two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a database
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Databases Are…Databases Are…
• Collections of information
• Created with logical structures
• With logical ties within the information
• With built-in integrity constraints
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Databases – Collections of InformationDatabases – Collections of Information
• Databases have many tables
• Consider Solomon Enterprises that provides concrete to home and commercial builders. Tables or files include:– Order
– Customer
– Concrete Type
– Employee
– Truck
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Databases – Created with Logical Structures
Databases – Created with Logical Structures
• In databases, the row number is irrelevant
• Not true in spreadsheet software
• In databases, column names are very important. Column names are created in the data dictionary
• Data dictionary – contains the logical structure of the information in a database
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Databases – With Logical Ties Within the Information
Databases – With Logical Ties Within the Information
• Logical ties must exist between the tables or files in a database
• Logical ties are created with primary and foreign keys
• Primary key – field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describes each record
• Can you find primary keys in Figure 3.1 on page 129?
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Databases – With Logical Ties Within the Information
Databases – With Logical Ties Within the Information
• Foreign key – primary key of one file that appears in another file
• Foreign keys help you create logical ties within the information in a database
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Databases – With Logical Ties Within the Information
Databases – With Logical Ties Within the Information
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Databases – With Built-In Integrity Constraints
Databases – With Built-In Integrity Constraints
• Integrity constraints – rules that help ensure the quality of the information
• Examples– Primary keys must be unique
– Foreign keys must be present
– Sales price cannot be negative
– Phone number must have area code
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLS
• Database management system (DBMS) – helps you specify the logical organization for a databases and access and use the information within a database– Word processing software = document
– Spreadsheet software = workbook
– DBMS software = database
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLS
• 5 software components:1. DBMS engine
2. Data definition subsystem
3. Data manipulation subsystem
4. Application generation subsystem
5. Data administration subsystem
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DBMS EngineDBMS Engine
• DBMS engine – accepts logical requests from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device
• DBMS engine separates the logical from the physical
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DBMS EngineDBMS Engine
• Physical view – how information is physically arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storage device
• Logical view – how you as a knowledge worker need to arrange and access information
• With a database, you only concern yourself with your logical view
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Data Definition SubsystemData Definition Subsystem
• Data definition subsystem – helps you create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database
• You must create a data dictionary before entering information into a database
• Module J covers this for Microsoft Access
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Data Manipulation SubsystemData Manipulation Subsystem
• Data manipulation subsystem – helps you add, change, and delete information
• This is your primary DBMS interface as you work with a database– Views
– Report generators
– QBE tools
– SQL
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ViewsViews
• View – allows you to see the contents of a database file– Make whatever changes you want
– Perform simple sorting
– Query to find the location of information
– Looks similar to a workbook with no row numbers
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Report GeneratorsReport Generators
• Report generator – helps you quickly define formats of reports and what information you want to see in a report
• You can save report formats and generate reports at any time with up-to-date information
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QBE ToolsQBE Tools
• Query-by-example (QBE) tool – helps you graphically design the answer to a question
• “What driver most often delivers concrete to Triple A Homes?”
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SQLSQL
• Structured query language (SQL) – standardized fourth-generation language found in most DBMSs
• Performs the same task as a QBE tool– But uses a sentence structure instead of point-
and-click interface
• SQL is used mostly by IT people
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Application Generation SubsystemApplication Generation Subsystem
• Application generation subsystem – contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications– Data entry screen (called forms)
– Programming languages
• Used mostly by IT specialists
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Data Administration SubsystemData Administration Subsystem
• Data administration subsystem – helps you manage the overall database environment– Backup and recovery
– Security management
– Query optimization
– Concurrency control
– Change management
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What Is a Data Warehouse?What Is a Data Warehouse?
• Data warehouse – logical collection of information – gathered from operational databases – used to create business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks
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What Is a Data Warehouse?What Is a Data Warehouse?
• Multidimensional
• Rows and columns
• Also layers
• Many times called hypercubes
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Data MartsData Marts
• Data warehouses can support all of an organization’s information
• Data marts have subsets of an organizationwide data warehouse
• Data mart – subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is kept
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Data Mining as a Career OpportunityData Mining as a Career Opportunity
• Knowledge of data mining can be a substantial career opportunity for you– Query and Analysis and Enterprise Analytic Tools
(Business Objects)
– Business Intelligence and Information Access tools (SAS)
– Many in Cognos (the data warehouse leader)
– PowerAnalyzer (Informatica)
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MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE
MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE
• Who should oversee your organization’s information resource?– Chief information officer (CIO) – oversees an
organization’s information resource
– Data administration – plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resource
– Database administration – technical and operational aspects of managing information
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CAN YOU…CAN YOU…
1. Describe business intelligence and its role2. Compare databases and data warehouses3. List/describe key characteristics of a
relational database4. Define 5 software components of a DBMS