3-1 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses Building Business Intelligence

3-3-11 Management Information Systems Management Information Systems

for the Information Agefor the Information Age

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Databases and Databases and

Data WarehousesData Warehouses

Building Business IntelligenceBuilding Business Intelligence



Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence The Relational Database ModelThe Relational Database Model Database Management System ToolsDatabase Management System Tools Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Warehouses and Data Mining Managing The Information Resource In An Managing The Information Resource In An

OrganizationOrganization



Opening Case StudyOpening Case StudyHigh Tech Battles High School TruancyHigh Tech Battles High School Truancy

Organizations need databases (and data Organizations need databases (and data warehouses) for organizing and managing warehouses) for organizing and managing information.information.

Why are the implementation of security Why are the implementation of security and privacy measures difficult?and privacy measures difficult?



IntroductionIntroduction

Databases and data warehouses are Databases and data warehouses are methods for organizing and managing methods for organizing and managing information and business intelligence.information and business intelligence.

Database management systems and data Database management systems and data mining tools are IT tools you use to work mining tools are IT tools you use to work with information and business intelligence.with information and business intelligence.



Business intelligenceBusiness intelligence - is - is knowledge about your:knowledge about your:CustomersCustomersCompetitorsCompetitorsPartnersPartnersCompetitive environmentCompetitive environment Internal operationsInternal operations

Business IntelligenceBusiness Intelligence







Two types of information processing include:Two types of information processing include:

1.1. Online transaction processingOnline transaction processing ( (OLTPOLTP) - the ) - the gathering of input information, processing that gathering of input information, processing that information, and updating existing information to information, and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and processed information. reflect the gathered and processed information.

• Operational databases -Operational databases - databases that support OLTP. databases that support OLTP.

2.2. Online analytical processingOnline analytical processing ( (OLAPOLAP) - the ) - the manipulation of information to support decision manipulation of information to support decision making. making.




A data warehouse is a special form of a A data warehouse is a special form of a database that contains information database that contains information gathered from many operational gathered from many operational databases for the purpose of supporting databases for the purpose of supporting decision-making tasks.decision-making tasks.



The Relational Database The Relational Database ModelModel

DatabaseDatabase - a collection of information that you organize - a collection of information that you organize and access according to the logical structure of that and access according to the logical structure of that information. information.

Relational database model - Relational database model - uses a series of logically uses a series of logically related two-dimensional tables or files to store related two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a database. information in the form of a database.

RelationRelation - describes each two-dimensional table or file in - describes each two-dimensional table or file in the relational model.the relational model.



The Relational Database The Relational Database ModelModel

Relational databases are composed of Relational databases are composed of two parts:two parts:

1.1. Information – stored in a series of two-Information – stored in a series of two-dimensional tables, files, or relations.dimensional tables, files, or relations.

2.2. Logical structure of the information.Logical structure of the information.



The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model Collections of InformationCollections of Information



The Relational Database The Relational Database Model Model

Created with Logical StructuresCreated with Logical Structures

When you create a database, you first When you create a database, you first create the data dictionary. create the data dictionary.

Data dictionaryData dictionary - contains the logical - contains the logical structure for the information. structure for the information.



The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model Created with Logical StructuresCreated with Logical Structures

Part NumberPart Number is the is the primary key because primary key because of the key icon beside of the key icon beside it.it.

For For Percentage MarkupPercentage Markup, , we defined its we defined its FormatFormat as “Percent” and its as “Percent” and its number of decimal number of decimal places as 2.places as 2.




With Logical Ties Among the InformationWith Logical Ties Among the Information

Primary keyPrimary key - a field (or group of fields in - a field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describes each some cases) that uniquely describes each record. record.

Foreign key - Foreign key - a primary key of one file a primary key of one file that appears in another file. that appears in another file.



The Relational Database Model The Relational Database Model With Logical Ties Among the InformationWith Logical Ties Among the Information




With Built-In Integrity ConstraintsWith Built-In Integrity Constraints

Integrity Integrity constraintsconstraints – rules – rules that help ensure the that help ensure the quality of the quality of the information. information.

Team Work

Primary Keys, Foreign Keys, and Integrity Constraints

(p. 133)(p. 133)



Database Management Database Management System ToolsSystem Tools

Database management systemDatabase management system ( (DBMSDBMS) – helps you ) – helps you specify the logical organization for a database and specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database.access and use the information within a database.

A DBMS contains the following five important software A DBMS contains the following five important software components:components: DBMS engineDBMS engine Data definition subsystemData definition subsystem Data manipulation subsystemData manipulation subsystem Application generation subsystemApplication generation subsystem Data administration subsystemData administration subsystem






DBMS engineDBMS engine - accepts logical requests from the - accepts logical requests from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device. device.

Physical viewPhysical view - deals with how information is physically - deals with how information is physically arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storage arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storage device such as a hard disk. device such as a hard disk.

Logical viewLogical view - focuses on how you arrange and access - focuses on how you arrange and access information to meet your particular business needs.information to meet your particular business needs.




DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Definition SubsystemData Definition Subsystem

Data definition subsystemData definition subsystem - helps you create - helps you create and maintain the data dictionary and define the and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database. structure of the files in a database.

(For a great overview on the logical properties of (For a great overview on the logical properties of information review the table on page 136)information review the table on page 136)



DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation SubsystemData Manipulation Subsystem

Data manipulation subsystemData manipulation subsystem - helps you add, - helps you add, change, and delete information in a database change, and delete information in a database and mine it for valuable information. Tools here and mine it for valuable information. Tools here include views, report generators, QBE, and SQL. include views, report generators, QBE, and SQL.

ViewView - allows you to see the contents of a - allows you to see the contents of a database file, make whatever changes you want, database file, make whatever changes you want, perform simple sorting, and query to find the perform simple sorting, and query to find the location of specific information. location of specific information.



DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Manipulation Subsystem Data Manipulation Subsystem

Click here to enter a Click here to enter a new record.new record.

Find information using Find information using the binoculars.the binoculars.




Report generator - Report generator - helps you quickly helps you quickly define formats of reports and what define formats of reports and what information you want to see in a report. information you want to see in a report.




By following a series of simple screens, you can By following a series of simple screens, you can easily create the report below.easily create the report below.




Query-by-exampleQuery-by-example ( (QBEQBE) ) toolstools - help - help you graphically design the answer to a you graphically design the answer to a question. question.




The QBE gridThe QBE grid

Our selection criteriaOur selection criteria




Structured query languageStructured query language ( (SQLSQL) - a standardized ) - a standardized fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs. fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs.

The SQL below creates the same report in Figure 3.7 on The SQL below creates the same report in Figure 3.7 on page 139.page 139. SELECT SELECT Part.[Part Number], Part.Cost, Part.[Part Number], Part.Cost, Employee.[EmployeeEmployee.[Employee

Name], Employee.[Employee Number] Name], Employee.[Employee Number] FROMFROM Part, Employee Part, EmployeeWHEREWHERE (((Part.Cost)>10)); (((Part.Cost)>10));



DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsApplication Generation SubsystemApplication Generation Subsystem

Application generation subsystem - Application generation subsystem - contains facilities to help you develop contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications.transaction-intensive applications. Data entry screensData entry screens DBMS-specific programming languagesDBMS-specific programming languages Commonly used programming languagesCommonly used programming languages



DBMS ToolsDBMS ToolsData Administration SubsystemData Administration Subsystem

Data administration Data administration subsystemsubsystem - a DBMS - a DBMS helps you manage the helps you manage the overall database overall database environment by providing environment by providing facilities for backup and facilities for backup and recovery, security recovery, security management, query management, query optimization, concurrency optimization, concurrency control, and change control, and change management. management.

On Your Own

DBMS Support OLTP, OLAP, and

Information Management (p. 142)(p. 142)




Backup and recovery facilities:Backup and recovery facilities: Periodically back up information contained in a Periodically back up information contained in a

database. database. Restart or recover a database and its information in Restart or recover a database and its information in

case of a failure. case of a failure.

Security management facilities - control who has Security management facilities - control who has access to what information and what type of access to what information and what type of access those people have. access those people have.




Query optimization facilities - take queries from users Query optimization facilities - take queries from users and restructure them to minimize response times. and restructure them to minimize response times.

Reorganization facilities - continually maintain statistics Reorganization facilities - continually maintain statistics concerning how the DBMS engine physically accesses concerning how the DBMS engine physically accesses information. information.

Concurrency control facilities - ensure the validity of Concurrency control facilities - ensure the validity of database updates when multiple users attempt to access database updates when multiple users attempt to access and change the same information. and change the same information.



Data Warehouses and Data Warehouses and Data MiningData Mining

What Is a Data Warehouse?What Is a Data Warehouse?

Data warehouse - Data warehouse - a logical collection of a logical collection of information – gathered from many different information – gathered from many different operational databases – used to create operational databases – used to create business intelligence that supports business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decision-business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.making tasks.









Data warehouses are not transaction-Data warehouses are not transaction-oriented.oriented.

Data warehouses support online analytical Data warehouses support online analytical processing (OLAP).processing (OLAP).




What Are Data Mining Tools?What Are Data Mining Tools?

Data mining toolsData mining tools - software tools you use to query - software tools you use to query information in a data warehouse. These tools information in a data warehouse. These tools include:include: Query-and-reporting tools - Query-and-reporting tools - similar to QBE tools, similar to QBE tools,

SQL, and report generators in the typical database SQL, and report generators in the typical database environment. environment.

Intelligent agents – use various artificial intelligence Intelligent agents – use various artificial intelligence tools to form the basis of information discovery and tools to form the basis of information discovery and building business intelligence in OLAP.building business intelligence in OLAP.




What Are Data Mining Tools?What Are Data Mining Tools? Data mining tools continuedData mining tools continued

Multidimensional analysisMultidimensional analysis ( (MDAMDA) ) toolstools - - slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from view multidimensional information from different perspectives. different perspectives.

Statistical tools – help you apply various Statistical tools – help you apply various mathematical models to the information stored mathematical models to the information stored in a data warehouse to discover new in a data warehouse to discover new information.information.




What Are Data Mining Tools?What Are Data Mining Tools?




Data Marts – Smaller Data WarehousesData Marts – Smaller Data Warehouses Data martData mart - - a a

subset of a subset of a data data warehouse in warehouse in which only a which only a focused portion focused portion of the data of the data warehouse warehouse information is information is kept.kept.




Important ConsiderationsImportant Considerations Do you need a data warehouse?Do you need a data warehouse?

Do all your employees need an Do all your employees need an entire data warehouse?entire data warehouse?

How up-to-date must the How up-to-date must the information be?information be?

What data mining tools do you What data mining tools do you need?need?

Team Work

How Up-to-Date Should Data Warehouse

Information Be? (p. 149)(p. 149)



MANAGING THE MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCEINFORMATION RESOURCE

Who Should Oversee the Organization’s Who Should Oversee the Organization’s Information?Information?

Chief information officerChief information officer ( (CIOCIO) - responsible for ) - responsible for overseeing an organization’s information resource. overseeing an organization’s information resource.

Data administrationData administration - plans for, oversees the - plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resource. development of, and monitors the information resource.

Database administrationDatabase administration - responsible for the more - responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing the technical and operational aspects of managing the information contained in organizational databases.information contained in organizational databases.




How Will Changes in Technology Affect How Will Changes in Technology Affect Organizing and Managing Information?Organizing and Managing Information?

As new technologies become available, you As new technologies become available, you should ask yourself whether those technologies should ask yourself whether those technologies will help you organize and manage your will help you organize and manage your information better. information better.

One of the greatest technological changes that One of the greatest technological changes that will occur over the coming years is a will occur over the coming years is a convergence of different tools that will help you convergence of different tools that will help you better organize and manage information. better organize and manage information.




Is Information Ownership a Consideration?Is Information Ownership a Consideration?

Information ownership is Information ownership is a key consideration in a key consideration in today’s information-based today’s information-based business environment. business environment.

Ownership refers to who Ownership refers to who is responsible for is responsible for information quality.information quality.

On Your Own

CRUD – Defining Information Ownership

(p. 151)(p. 151)



MANAGING THE MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE INFORMATION RESOURCE

What Are the Ethics Involved in What Are the Ethics Involved in Managing and Organizing Information?Managing and Organizing Information?

Databases, data warehouses, DBMSs, and data Databases, data warehouses, DBMSs, and data mining tools make it possible for people to easily mining tools make it possible for people to easily access all kinds of organizational information. access all kinds of organizational information.

How does an organization safeguard against the How does an organization safeguard against the unethical use of information within the unethical use of information within the organization?organization?



Closing Case Study OneClosing Case Study OneWe’ve Got OLTP Covered; Let’s Go on to We’ve Got OLTP Covered; Let’s Go on to

OLAPOLAP What is the single most important factor What is the single most important factor

that hinders all organizations in general that hinders all organizations in general from providing good online analytical from providing good online analytical processing (OLAP) support? processing (OLAP) support?

Why is it so much easier for organizations Why is it so much easier for organizations to provide good online transaction to provide good online transaction processing (OLTP) support? processing (OLTP) support?



Closing Case Study TwoClosing Case Study TwoMining Dining DataMining Dining Data

Consider the issue of timely information Consider the issue of timely information with respect to the businesses discussed with respect to the businesses discussed in the case.in the case.

Which of the businesses must have the Which of the businesses must have the most up-to-date information in its data most up-to-date information in its data warehouse? warehouse?



Summary Summary Student Learning Outcomes Student Learning Outcomes

1.1. Describe business intelligence and its role in Describe business intelligence and its role in an organization. an organization.

2.2. Differentiate between databases and data Differentiate between databases and data warehouses with respect to their focus on warehouses with respect to their focus on online transaction processing and online online transaction processing and online analytical processing. analytical processing.

3.3. List and describe the key characteristics of a List and describe the key characteristics of a relational database. relational database.

4.4. Define the five software components of a Define the five software components of a database management system. database management system.



Summary Summary Student Learning OutcomesStudent Learning Outcomes

5.5. List and describe the key characteristics List and describe the key characteristics of a data warehouse. of a data warehouse.

6.6. Define the four major types of data Define the four major types of data mining tools in a data warehouse mining tools in a data warehouse environment. environment.

7.7. List key considerations in managing the List key considerations in managing the information resource in an organization. information resource in an organization.



Summary Summary Assignments & ExercisesAssignments & Exercises

1.1. Finding “hacked” databasesFinding “hacked” databases

2.2. Defining queries for a video rental storeDefining queries for a video rental store

3.3. Creating a queryCreating a query

4.4. Career opportunities in your majorCareer opportunities in your major

5.5. Salaries for database administratorsSalaries for database administrators



Visit the Web to Learn MoreVisit the Web to Learn Morewww.mhhe.com/haagwww.mhhe.com/haag

Financial aid resourcesFinancial aid resources LibrariesLibraries Consumer information Consumer information DemographicsDemographics Real estateReal estate Data warehouses and data mining toolsData warehouses and data mining tools

Documents

3-1 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses Building Business Intelligence