Chapter 27: “Expansionism” but what we really mean is empire!

Frankenstein’s Monster and the “curse” of empire (up to 1940)

Colony

America

Frankenstein’s Monster and the “curse” of empire

1. Marines in charge of colonization (why?)

2. Train guard

3. Disarm citizens

4. Build roads/infrastructure

5. Leave

6. Guard takes power

7. Consolidates power dictator

EMPIRES

All the good ones are taken!

America Refuses an Empire

FROM COLONY TO CONTINENTAL POWER

• American Revolution (1776)• Louisiana Purchase (1803)• War of 1812 (wanted part of Canada)• British Cession (1818)• Spanish Cession (1819)• Monroe Doctrine (1823)• Manifest Destiny• Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)\• Texas Annexation (1845)• Oregon Territory (1846)• Mexican-American War (1848)• Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Republic

Empire?

TERMS:

• Jingoism

• Yellow Journalism

• Turner’s Thesis

• Alfred Mahan

• Josiah Strong

• Mark Hanna

• Gold Strikes• Increase in farm

prices• Middle Class• Wilson Gorman

Tariff

• Teller Amendment

• Roosevelt’s Corollary

• Bryan Anti-Imperialism

• Aquinaldo/ Philippines

• “The Butcher”

• Hawaii/Dole

• Liliuokalani

• Cleveland

• expansionism

• DeLome Letter

• Latin America• Venezuela

• The “Great Rapproachment”

• “Dogs of War”

• The Maine• Madrid

Agreement• Teddy• Dewey and

Manila

• Cuba Libré• Rough Riders• Bungled land war

on both sides• Paris Peace Treaty

2/6/1899• Anti-Imperialist

League• Foraker Act & P.R.• Insular Cases

By 1890 the reformist Populism is deadBy 1890 the reformist Populism is dead• Gave up before they got started by

– backing the Democrat candidate (Bryan)

– allowing southern whites to control blacks

– ignoring the urban poor

– Republicans outspent them 6 to 1

– focusing only on Silver.

Mark Hanna elects McKinley• Populism dies out

• Economy grows rapidly due to:– gold strikes in Canada

and Alaska– war in Europe– Pro-business

government– The “Bidness Cycle”

Path To Empire?• Continent covered

• Frontier Closed

• Need for Export Market

• Social Darwinism applied to societies

• 4th largest nation, 3rd largest economy, 4th Strongest navy

• White Man’s Burden

• Alfred Thayer Mahan

• Jingoism

• Human Nature????

• Missionaries

Nationalism in Action• 1889: US Vs..

Germany over Samoa

• 1891: 11 Italians lynched in N.O.

• 1892: two US sailors killed in Chile

• 1893: US Vs. Canada over border islands

• 1894: GB Vs. Venez. Over Br. Guinea--threatens Monroe Doctrine

1. Commercial/Business Interests1. Commercial/Business Interests

2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests

5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

Commercial/Business Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

Alfred Mahan(or Bond Villain?)

Influence of Sea Power on History

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.

The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement.- recognition of free trade in China.- recognition of free trade in China

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of RaceThe Hierarchy

of Race

Make them like us!

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Fine thank YouFine thank You

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Fine thank YouFine thank You

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

1st Overseas Expansion: Hawaii• 1870 Missionaries: Josiah Strong• Coaling Station• 1875: Commercial Reciprocity Treaty signed• 1887: Pearl Harbor leased as naval station• 1887: US troops help a Planter revolt led by Dole

called the Bayonet Constitution when the Honolulu Rifles forced King Kalākaua to sign against his will.

• 1888: A plot by Princess Liliʻuokalani was exposed to overthrow King David Kalākaua in a military coup

• In 1889, a rebellion of Native Hawaiians attempted to replace the unpopular Bayonet constitution. The rebellion was crushed.

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 18491849

by virtue of economic treaties. by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

1890: McKinley Tariff hurts Amer. Plantation owners

1893: Queen Liliuokalani rejects Planters request for US annexation

1893: Committee of Safety formed by European powers putting United States Gov’t Minister John L. Stevens in charge. Uses U.S.S Boston to put down another rebellion by Hawaiians.

Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

Hawaii – Not so Fine, Thank you

• 1894 Wilson-Gorman even higher• 1894: Cleveland vetoes a bill to annex

Hawaii after reading the Blount Report

• 1897: Dingley Tariff even higher• 1898: Spanish American war, so what

the … • 1898: Hawaii annexed

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils Hawaiian

Annexation Ceremony, 1898

DURING the Spanish-American War

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

DURING the Spanish-American War

JINGOISM, RACISM & THE NEED FOR NEW FRONTIERS

LEADS T0----WAR!!!!!

JINGOISM, RACISM & THE NEED FOR NEW FRONTIERS

LEADS T0----WAR!!!!!

• WHO TO FIGHT?– ENGLAND (TOO POWERFUL)

– FRANCE (BEEN THERE...)

– SPAIN (WEAK, BUT BELLIGERENT)

• WHO TO FIGHT?– ENGLAND (TOO POWERFUL)

– FRANCE (BEEN THERE...)

– SPAIN (WEAK, BUT BELLIGERENT)

THE WINNER IS SPAINBUT WHAT EXCUSE

CUBA

JINGOISM

• Many Americans wanted a fight to:

•competition between Hearst & Pulitzer

•Weyler The Butcher

•A CIVIL WAR for independence

•Sell papers (Yellow Press)

–Prove to Europe we could

–Expand territory

–Increase trade

–Roosevelt & Dewey (Boys and their Toys)

Racism:• White Man’s burden:

Missionaries want to protect the inferior “little brown brothers” (Lodge & Beveridge)

• Jim Crow controls Southern Blacks

New Frontiersthe West is settledIndians are all on reservation

by 1898w/o a frontier America will

stagnate (Turner thesis)

CUBA

• 1895 Revolt by peasants as the Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 ends sugar export to US

• US sympathizes w/ rebels and worries about $50,000,000 capital and $100,000,000 in trade

• Spain sends in “Butcher Weyler”

• Cleveland rejects “warhawk Congress”

• Yellow Journalism: Yellow Journalism: Olivetti AffairOlivetti Affair

• McKinley Pres..McKinley Pres..• Delome LetterDelome Letter• Feb 9th, 1898: The Feb 9th, 1898: The

MaineMaine

Pulitzer; No “prize”

as a journalist

Hearst’s “Yellow Kid”

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

Olivette incident, • 1897: American steamship Olivette was boarded in Havana. Hearst claimed three young Cuban women were strip searched by men. Not a true story. Women searched for smuggling information to rebel leaders in U.S. Searched in dignified way by women. Hearst put out a reward for her freedom. Karl Decker (Hearst journalist) aided her escape.

Spanish Misrule

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.

Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

“Remember The Maine

To Hell With Spain”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

The Dogs of War• The PEOPLE were

generally jingoistic, but labor was leery of more immigrants

• Business was mostly anti-war. (the more a company exported, or owned, overseas the more imperialistic…

• The South wanted Cuba• McKinley was a politician

So--who wants it?

• The Press

• Teddy Roosevelt

• Feb. 25, 1898 TR orders Navy to the Philippines

Liabilities Assets

• U.S. Army outnumbered 28,000 to 200,000

• Spain has larger navy

• Cuba and the Philippines were in the grips of a revolution against Spanish rule that began in 1868 and heated up in 1895.

• 1897, the premier of Spain was assassinated.

How did the war start?

• William McKinley asks for permission on April 11, 1898 to intervene in Cuba with a clear objective of ending the war between Spain and Cuban revolutionaries.

• On April 13, 1898 two critical movements by Spain and the United States occur:

A.The United States grants President McKinley permission to intervene, but will not recognize the new Cuban government

B.Spain declares the sovereignty of Cuba has been threaten and sets aside funds for war expenses

• On April 19, 1898, the U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate adopted the Joint Resolution for war with Spain.

– Included in the Resolution was the Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment, named after Senator Henry Moore Teller (Colorado) which disclaimed any intention by the U.S. to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba except in a pacification role and promised to leave the island as soon as the war was over. War is formally declared on April

25, 1898. The same day that Spain gives in to ALL US demands

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

““That Splendid That Splendid Little War”Little War”

What are the two theaters of war?

CUBA & Puerto Rico

• TEDDY RESIGNS TO FORM Rough Riders

• July 1st1898 San Juan and Kettle Hill taken. 17,000 US “soldiers” Vs. 200,000 Spanish--but only 2,000 show up to fight.

• July 3rd Spanish navy defeated. 500 dead Spaniards, one dead American.

• Puerto Rico--no Resistance at all

• August 12th 1898 Spain sues for peace.

San Juan Hill????

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Assistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.

Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.

Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!

Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

Meanwhile…Filipino Rebellion• 1896-97: Filipino revolution ebbs and flows

• 1898: Spanish pressure intensified, eventually forcing revolutionary forces to retreat to the mountains. Emilio Aguinaldo signs a pact; effectively agreeing to end hostilities and dissolve his revolutionary government in exchange for amnesty and "$800,000

• April 1898, war breaks out between Spain and the United States, but Dewey only has 12,000 marines

• May 1st Dewey’s navy attacks Manila Bay, Philippines• May 19, 1898 Aguinaldo arrives back in the Philippines and

resumes command of his rebel forces.

What are the two theaters of war?

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Philippines• Aug. 13th 1898 The

Filipino rebels routed the demoralized Spanish forces in the provinces and laid siege to Manila. From the balcony of his house in Cavite, Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898.

• America said – Not so fast…

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

What does she represent, and is it the same for

all groups?

Filipino’s Too??

Peace of Paris Peace of Paris 18981898• US Gets:

– Guam– Puerto Rico– Cuba (temp)– US gives Spain

$20,000,000 for Philippines within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.

Remember Teller???

A Case Study: The Platt Amendment• After the war, President McKinley, in violation of

the Teller Amendment, installs a military government in Cuba to ensure the economic markets sought by American businesses.

• Cubans are ticked-off because the United States did not follow up on its purpose of securing independence for Cuba, but rather it secured its own AMERICAN interest.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Senator Orville Platt

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)

1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements withwith foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. to the U.S. forfor naval and coaling station. naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.debt.

New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 1898New Colonial Laws: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..Limited Independence.Limited Independence. The new government had a governor and an executive council appointed by the President of the United States, a House of Representatives with 35 elected members, a judicial system with a Supreme Court and a United States District Court, & a NON-voting House Representative

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases..

1917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act. Gives . Gives Philippines territorial Philippines territorial status, & promises status, & promises future independence.future independence.

American Casualties• 400 dead from bullets

• 5,000 dead from – “embalmed” beef

– tropical diseases

– woolen uniforms• Our ideals???? What would we do with these

islands?

The Effects of the WarThe Effects of the War• The United States was certainly conscious

of its military might and new global strength

• The army became frightfully aware of certain ineptitudes– Fighting in a tropical climate – 5,000 men died

due to food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases

– Jim Crow entered into the army

• Puerto Rico: 1900 limited self-gov’t, 1917 becomes a US Terr with citizenship but w/out taxation.

• Philippines: Aquinaldoes forces have been fighting for 20 years and expect independence….

• Philippines becomes America’s 1st Vietnam

America winning over“hearts and minds”

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist LeagueLeague

Founded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.

Campaigned against Campaigned against thetheannexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Anti-Imperialist League before the war

• A very loose cooperation of mismatched special interest groups:– Businessmen (become imperialist afte

the war)

– Old Mugwump Republicans

– Idealists (Twain, etc)

– Racists

– DOVES: if we take this—what’s next?

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

CHAPTER 28

The freedom fighters we liberate from Spain, turn their guns on US when we refuse to

leave.

2nd Filipino Revolution• 1900 65,000 US troops sent in to keep order• Taft as Territorial Governor• Atrocities on both sides--Amer’s 1st Vietnam• Concentration camps reopened.• 5,000 US soldiers dead• Discord and distrust split Filipino forces• 1901 Aguinaldo captured & the rebellion ends• Taft’s administration reduces US hatred• July 4th, 1946 Independence granted

Before 1890s US uses power to

“persuade”. In 1858 Perry

Invents Gunboat

diplomacy to open Japan

What About China?• 160 million potential consumers• warlord period• European and Japanese colonialism

beginning• US (John Hay) issues the Open Door

Policy• Rejected by all sides until the Boxer

Rebellion has to be put down.

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Righteous Harmonious The Righteous Harmonious Fists.Fists.

““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

•Europe and Japan want to colonize and even conquer China if necessary. •The US (a late-comer to imperialism) wants a less obvious, less expensive economic imperialism.

•Europe and Japan want to colonize and even conquer China if necessary. •The US (a late-comer to imperialism) wants a less obvious, less expensive economic imperialism.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

Election of 1900• McKinley Vs.

W. J. Bryan• TR chosen as VP to get

him OUT of NY (also to win NY and put a reform spin on things.

• 4 more years of a full dinner pail Vs. anti-imperialism and the old “Silver” issue.

• Landslide Rep victory

1901--McKinley Assassinated

• “That Damn little cowboy is the president?” Mark Hanna

• Only 42 years old

• Advocate of “Strenuousity”

• Republican Reformer (oxymoron?)

• Speak softly and carry a big stick’

• Wait Teddy is Batman?!?

Roosevelt’s Corollary

Domestic

&Foreign Policy

•US forces put down revolts in –Cuba–Haiti–Columbia (Panama)–Nicaragua–Dominican Republic

Roosevelt’sCorollary results in

What he REALLY wanted was a canal thru the Isthmus of Panama • Part of Columbia, offer them $10 mill, but

they demand $25 mill

• Supports a Panamanian revolution

• Pays off ($40 mill) the French consortium that had failed 10 years earlier

• Congress recognizes Panama 3 days BEFORE they ask for it.

• Congress gives Columbia $10 mill

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown1850 1850 Clayton-Bulwer TreatyClayton-Bulwer Treaty. (US/GB). (US/GB)

1901 1901 Hay-PaunceforteHay-PaunceforteTreatyTreaty. (Boer War = GB says “OK”.). (Boer War = GB says “OK”.)

Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent for French Co., Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent for French Co., US/Columbia treaty ALMOST gives US a 10 Mil. $ US/Columbia treaty ALMOST gives US a 10 Mil. $ six mile lease zone.six mile lease zone.

Columbia jacks the price and TR say’s “Damn those Columbia jacks the price and TR say’s “Damn those Dagoes, make the dirt fly”Dagoes, make the dirt fly”

Bunau-VarillaBunau-Varilla starts a revolution, TR helps w/ navy, Bunau-VarillaBunau-Varilla becomes a Panamanian gov’t official becomes a Panamanian gov’t official & negotiates the…& negotiates the…

1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyVarilla Treaty. (Panama leases US a ten mile zone . (Panama leases US a ten mile zone for the original 10 million)for the original 10 million)

Last time US could pretend NOT to be imperialistic.Last time US could pretend NOT to be imperialistic.

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the to the

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: 1905 1905

The Roosevelt Corollary The Roosevelt Corollary to the to the

Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine: 1905 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in Latin America, may in Latin America, as elsewhere, as elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by some intervention by some civilizedcivilized nation, and in nation, and in the Western the Western Hemisphere the Hemisphere the adherence of the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for TeddyNobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet: 19071907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

Wilson’s MORAL Diplomacy