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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System. NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?. I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands. A. Exocrine. - have ducts (tubes made of cells) that carry secretion products to an outside surface. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemNEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands
A. Exocrine- have ducts (tubes made of cells) that carry secretion products to an outside surface
Ex. Sweat (eccrine), sebaceous, mammary, digestive (pancreas, liver, gall bladder), etc…
Remember that the lining of your digestive tract, nephron tubules, etc… are external surfaces – you do not need to cross any cell layers to get there.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands
B. Endocrine- ductless, hormones secreted into blood- IMPORTANT: hormones circulate and influence ONLY cells with receptors for them (target cells) - >50 known hormones in vertebrates
Fig. 26.1
There are two main types of hormone secreting cells
1. Endocrine cells, which typically secrete their hormone in response to a chemical stimulus like a ligand or an environmental change like high glucose levels that triggers signal transduction.
2. Neurosecretory cells, which are neurons (wire-like cells that transmit electrical signals) that secrete hormones. These cells are typically activated by an electrical signal and use electrical signals to secrete their hormones. Most are found in the hypothalamus – the master endocrine organ
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. Endocrine glands
B. Chemical regulatory system of body
Nervous system = other regulatory system of body
Fig. 26.3
Ex. Regulates metabolic rate, growth, maturation, reproduction, blood glucose, blood calcium, etc…
Why do we need two regulatory systems?
Endocrine = slower and more prolonged (long-lasting) effect
Both systems work closely together (interdependent)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
i. Amino acid based (3 types)
1. amine (modified amino acid) - ex. epinephrine
epinephrine
gastrin insulin
2. Peptide - ex. gastrin
3. protein hormones - ex. insulin
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
i. Amino acid based (3 types)
How do amino acid based hormones “talk” to cells?
Fig. 26.2
4. Bind and activate surface receptors
1. amine (modified amino acid)
2. Peptide
3. protein hormones
5. Result: Turn genes On/Off or activate/deactivate enzymes, etc…
(can’t cross PM)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
ii. Steroid hormone
1. Lipids made from cholesterol
Ex. Testosterone and estrogen
testosterone estrogencholesterol
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
ii. Steroid hormone
1. Lipids made from cholesterol
Ex. Testosterone and estrogen
How do steroid hormones “talk” to cells?
Fig. 26.2
4. Turn genes ON/OFF ONLY
3. Receptor protein usually a transcription factor
2. Cytoplasmic receptor protein
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
Fig. 26.2
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
iii. Exception to the rule
a. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
triiodothyronine (T3)
- amine hormones- produced by thyroid- relatively non-polar, behave like steroids
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
E. Endocrine glands of vertebrates
i. Some have ONLY endocrine function
Ex. Thyroid and pituitary
ii. Some also have a non-endocrine function
Fig. 26.3
Ex. pancreas
Exocrine = digestive enzymesEndocrine = insulin release
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones
Pg. 521
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones
Pg. 521
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones
i. Steroid hormones made only by sex organs (testes and ovaries) and adrenal glands (cortex)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
F. The hypothalamusi. Part of brain
iii. Connects nervous system to endocrine system
- receives info from nerves about internal and external environmentiv. Closely tied to pituitary gland – in fact, the posterior pituitary is made of cells that extend from the hypothalamus
ii. Master control center of endocrine system
Fig. 26.4
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
F. The Pituitaryi. Two parts
- composed of nervous tissue (extension of hypothalamus)1. Posterior lobe (posterior pituitary)
Fig. 26.4
- stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus
- Made of neurosecretory cells
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
F. The Pituitaryi. Two parts
2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary)
Fig. 26.4
a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue (endocrine cells)b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glandsc. hormone release controlled by…Hypothalamus hormones
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemNEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
F. The Pituitaryi. Two parts
a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary)
b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glandsc. hormone release controlled by…Hypothalamus hormones
- Hypothalamus hormones that control AP
1. Releasing hormones
2. Inhibiting hormones
- signal AP to release a certain hormone
- signal AP to stop releasing certain hormone
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemNEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example)
2. Hypothalmus secretes TRH into blood1. cold external temperature
TRH = TSH - releasing hormone
3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood
Hypothalamus hormones
4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood
5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine receptors, which are found on most cells instructing them to increases metabolic rate of body cells – heat generated
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Fig. 26.4
(hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid)
6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit hypothalamus from secreting TRH
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemNEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example)
1. cold external temperature
TRH = TSH - releasing hormone
3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood
4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood
5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine receptors, which are found on most cells instructing them to increases metabolic rate of body cells – heat generated
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK(hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid)
6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit hypothalamus from secreting TRH
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemNEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
H. The Hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary (PP)i. REMINDER: hormones made in hypothalamus and stored/released in PP
1. oxytocin- causes uterine muscles to contract during child birth.
- mammary glands to pump milk
2. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)- Target organs are kidneys - reabsorb water from collecting duct of nephrons
Fig. 26.5
- see excretory system
ii. Neurosecretory cells extend into PP where they secrete hormone into blood
It is typically administered intravenously immediately after child birth as well to keep the contractions going to make sure the placenta comes out delivered.
Target organs (the organs targeted by the hormone)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemNEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemI. The Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary (AP)
- neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete RH or IH (releasing hormone / inhibitory hormone)
1. Hormones from AP that control other endocrine glands:
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
Fig. 26.5
- blood carries RH/IH to AP to control hormone secretion – each hormone released by AP is contolled by a different RH/IH
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormoneFSH - follicle stimulating hormoneLH - luteinizing hormone
2. Other hormones
GH - growth hormonePRL - prolactin
Endorphins
FLAGTEP
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.3
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
triiodothyronine (T3)
Both contain iodine
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6A
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
triiodothyronine (T3)
Both contain iodineRemember the Goiter - lack of iodine in diet – causes thyroid to swell like a balloon as it tries to make T3 and T4 under excessive TSH stimulation.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
Fig. 26.6
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in dietWhy a goiter forms
Iodized salt
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
3. Target Cells
- virutally all tissues
Fig. 26.3
- Thyroxine T4
4. Actions
- Adulthood: Stimulate and maintain metabolism in adults, maintain BP, heart rate, muscle tone, digestion and reproductive functions
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Triidodthyronine T3
- childhood: bone and nerve cell development
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
5. Disorders
- overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose
Fig. 26.3
i. hyperthyroidism
- too much T3 or T4
- Grave’s disease- autoimmune disease
- antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid
- Antibodies bind to receptors and activate them in the absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
5. Disorders
- overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose
i. hyperthyroidism
- too much T3 or T4
- Grave’s disease- autoimmune disease
- antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid
antibodies
- Antibodies bind to receptors and activate them in the absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemJ. Thyroid
5. Disorders
- overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose
i. hyperthyroidism
- too much T3 or T4
- Grave’s disease- autoimmune disease
- antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid
- activates receptors in absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism
antibodies
20-25% of people with Graves' disease will suffer from Graves' ophthalmopathy (a protrusion of one or both eyes), caused by inflammation of the eye muscles due to attacking autoantibodies.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemI. Thyroid
E. Disorders
ii. hypothyroidism
- weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold
- caused by defective gland or iodine deficiency (goiter)
beforeAfter hypothyroidism
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine SystemI. Thyroid
E. Disorders
ii. hypothyroidism
- weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold
- caused by defective gland or iodine deficiency (goiter)
cretinism
- Cretinism if occurring in childhood
a. retarded skeletal growth and poor mental development
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
A. Some uses of calcium
i. Help neurons to transmit signals
ii. Muscle contraction
iii. Blood clotting (coagulation)
iv. Cotransport across PM
Cotransport occurs when a cell uses energy to actively pump a substance like Ca++ or H+ across a membrane resulting in an electrochemical gradient similar to the pumping of H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria or into the thylakoid disk. When the substance diffuses back passively, the energy is used to transport another molecule with it from low to high concentration (active) – therefore your link facilitated diffusion with active transport.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
C. Hormones involved
i. Calcitonin
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml in blood normally)
Fig. 26.3
- secreted by thyroid
- lower blood Ca++
It is a polypeptide:
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
C. Hormones involved
i. Calcitonin (calcium in)
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.3
- secreted by thyroid
- lowers blood Ca++
ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- secreted by parathyroid glands
- raises blood Ca++
PTH (protein)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
C. Hormones involved
i. Calcitonin
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.3
- secreted by thyroid
- lower blood Ca++
ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- secreted by parathyroid
- raises blood Ca++
**These are antagonistic hormones(opposite effects)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
C. Hormones involved
i. Calcitonin
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
- secreted by thyroid
- lower blood Ca++
ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- secreted by parathyroid
- raises blood Ca++
**These are antagonistic hormones(opposite effects)
four embedded in thyroid
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
D. Mechanism of action
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.7
four embedded in thyroid
i. Calcitonin targets:
- bone, kidneys
ii. PTH targets:
- intestines, bone, kidneys
IMPORTANT: What you need to realize is that the levels are ALWAYS fluctuating up and down like a sinusoidal wave. This is a hallmark of feedback. It never stays at 10mg/100ml and this goes for the concentration of anything in your body like protein levels in a cell or blood glucose…. Nothing is static, everything is dynamic.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.7
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
E. Vitamin D
i. sources
- food: cheese, butter, margarine, milk, fish, cereal, etc…
- skin makes it when exposed to sun
ii. Activated in liver and kidney to become a hormone (see figure)
iii. Kidney secretes activated form (Calcitriol)
- works with PTH
- targets bone and intestines similar to PTH
Vitamin D
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
B. Pancreas
i. Endocrine and exocrine gland
A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.3
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
B. Pancreas
i. Endocrine and exocrine gland
ii Islets of Langerhan
- endocrine portion
A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
- made of alpha (α) and beta (β) cells
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. insulin
- produced by beta cells
ii. glucagon
- produced by alpha cells
C. Hormones involved
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
- raises blood glucose (decreases glycogen storage)
- lowers blood glucose (increases glycogen store)
**These are antagonistic hormones(opposite effects)
insulin
glucagon- Glucose is gone (glucagon…get it?)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. Insulin targets:
- liver, body cells (fat cells, muscle cells)
ii. Glucagon targets:
- liver
D. Mechanism of action
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.8
Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
STORY:You eat a candy bar or anything with carbs and your blood sugar raises above 90mg/100ml. Proteins on the surface of pancreatic beta cells located in the Islets of Langerhan signal the beta cells to secrete insulin (take glucose in) into the blood. Insulin circulates and binds to insulin receptors on hepatic (liver) cell, adipocytes (fat cells), and myocytes (muscle cells). Signal transduction occurs and the cells send glucose transporter proteins to their membranes. Glucose enters by facilitated diffusion and is converted to glycogen in liver and muscle, and to triglycerides in adipocytes. The blood sugar levels drop causing the beta cells to stop secreting insulin.
D. Mechanism of action
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.8
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
STORY:When they fall too low, the proteins on the surface of pancreatic alpha cells also located within the Islets of Langerhan send a signal into the alpha cells causing them to secrete glucagon (glucose is gone) into the blood. Glucagon will circulate and bind to glucagon receptors located on hepatocytes and adipocytes causing them to breakdown glycogen and release glucose. Why would you not signal the myocytes to release glucose? Because the muscles always need the glucose to make ATP so they can contract. Muscles do not store it for the body, they store it for themselves. The blood sugar levels rise causing the alpha cells to stop secreting glucagon.
D. Mechanism of action
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.8
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high)
d. Two types
E. disorders
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
1. Type I insulin dependent (early onset)
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
- autoimmune disease against beta cells
- develops before age 15 typically
- don’t produce enough insulin
- insulin injection required
- genetically engineered (human insulin gene put into a plasmid and inserted into bacteria)
Insulin pump attached to user
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high)
d. Two types
E. disorders
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
1. Type II NON-insulin dependent (late or adult onset)
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
- faulty/missing insulin receptors on cells
- 90% of US cases are Type II
- Insulin is being made
- typically develops after 40
- control sugar intake (diet)
- drugs that reduce glucose levels
- Treatment
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high)
d. Two types
E. disorders
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
1. Type II NON-insulin dependent (late or adult onset)
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
i. Cause
- Genetic predisposition combined with environmental triggers like obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, high fat diets and inactive lifestyle.
- Managed by exercise and diet management
ii. Treatment
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (hyperglycemia = blood glucose high)
d. Type I and Type II
E. disorders
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.8
e. Result
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
- Cells don’t take up glucose resulting in high blood glucose levels, burn fat/proteins instead
- Glucose seen in urine because kidneys can’t take it out of the proximal tubule quick enough
- High glucose levels cause
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. Diabetes mellitus
E. disorders
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.9
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
ii. Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level)
a. Beta cells secrete too much insulin
E. disorders
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
b. Diabetic takes too much insulin
c. Tumors that secrete insulin
d. Prolonged starvation
Treated by -1. Increase meals with easily digestible carbs. -2. More extreme cases can be treated with medications like glucocoritcoids (steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that cause a rise in blood glucose) or -3. part of the pancreas may need to be surgically removed to reduce insulin secretion.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. On top of each kidney – kidney hat
ii. Secrete hormones involved in the organisms response to physical and/or emotional stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
4. Mobilizing response to stress
iii. Two glands in one
Fig. 26.3
Fig. 26.10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. On top of each kidney
ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
4. Mobilizing response to stress
iii. Two glands in one Fig. 26.101. Adrenal medulla
- central portion
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. On top of each kidney
ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
4. Mobilizing response to stress
iii. Two glands in one
Fig. 26.10
1. Adrenal medulla
- central portion- produces/secretes fight-or-flight hormones
a. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
b. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- short/term response, subsides rapidly
- responds to nerve signals
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. Adrenal glands (two)
4. Mobilizing response to stress
Fig. 26.10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
i. On top of each kidney
ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
4. Mobilizing response to stress
iii. Two glands in one
Fig. 26.10
1. Adrenal medulla
2. Adrenal cortex
- outer portion- slower, long lasting stress response- responds to endocrine signals (ACTH from AP)- Hormones released = corticosteroids (two types)
a. Mineralcorticoidsb. glucocorticoids
i. Cortisone (hydrocortisone) - suppresses inflammation
Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells
AIM: Describe the structure/function of lipids. Corticosteroids
1. Glucocorticoids
a) Glucose Cortex Steroid
b)Regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
c) Anti-inflammatory affect – reverse immune system activity after infection is goned) ex. Cortisol and cortisone (cortisone shots)
Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells
AIM: Describe the structure/function of lipids. Corticosteroids
2. Mineralcorticoids
a) ex. Aldosterone
b) Helps to control salt (like sodium, which is a mineral – ions required by biological systems) and water levels in the body
c) Mineral cortex steroid
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. Adrenal glands (two)
4. Mobilizing response to stress
Fig. 26.10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. gonads
5. Sex hormones
Fig. 27.2
i. sex glands- ovaries and testes- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
Fig. 27.3
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. gonads
4. Sex hormones
i. sex glands- ovaries and testes- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- estrogensa. High in females compared to androgens
b. Maintain female reproductive system
c. Promote development of female characteristics:
- smaller body size, higher pitch voice, breasts, wider hips
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. gonads
4. Sex hormones
i. sex glands- ovaries and testes- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- progestinsa. ex) progesterone
b. Prepare uterus to support the embryo
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. gonads
4. Sex hormones
i. sex glands- ovaries and testes- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- androgens
- testosterone is the main one
a. High in males compared to estrogens
b. Development and maintenance of male reproductive system
c. Promote development of male characteristics:
- low-pitched voice, facial hair, large skeletal muscles
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
A. gonads
4. Sex hormones
i. sex glands- ovaries and testes- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- estrogens, progestins, androgens
- FSH and LH
iii. Regulated by hypothalamus and AP
Fig. 26.5
FLAGTEP
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System4. Sex hormones
B.Steroid Biosynthesis (just for fun)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine SystemAIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System