Chapter 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system

– consists of all hormone-secreting cells and

– works with the nervous system in regulating body activities.

Hormones are

– chemical signals,

– produced by endocrine glands,

– usually carried in the blood.

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26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands

Some endocrine glands (such as the thyroid) primarily secrete hormones into the blood.

Other glands (such as the pancreas) have

– endocrine and

– nonendocrine functions.

The following figure shows the locations and functions of the major endocrine glands.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26.4

Pineal gland(Melatonin helps regulatebiological rhythms.)

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Testes (in males)

Ovaries (in females)

Hypothalamus

Pituitary glandAnterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Adrenal glands (atop kidneys)Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

Pancreas

(Thyroid hormone affectsmetabolic processes;calcitonin lowersblood calcium.)

(Parathyroid hormoneraises blood calcium.)

(Androgens support spermformation and promotedevelopment of male secondarysex characteristics.)

(Estrogens stimulate uterinelining growth and promotedevelopment of female secondarysex characteristics; progestinspromote uterine lining growth.)

(Multiple hormones controlthe pituitary gland.)

(Multiple hormones affect otherendocrine glands and cells.)

(Oxytocin stimulates mammary glandcells and contraction of uterus;antidiuretic hormone promotesretention of water by kidneys.)

(Epinephrine and norepinephrineraise blood glucose, increasemetabolic activities, and constrictsome blood vessels.)

(Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose;mineralocorticoids promotereabsorption of Na+ and excretionof K+ in kidneys.)

(Insulin lowers blood glucose;glucagon raises blood glucose.)

Figure 26.4

Pineal gland(__________ helps regulatebiological rhythms.)

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Testes (in males)

Ovaries (in females)

Hypothalamus

Pituitary glandAnterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

Adrenal glands (atop kidneys)Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

________________

(Thyroid hormone affectsmetabolic processes;____________ lowersblood calcium.)

(Parathyroid hormoneraises blood calcium.)

(____________ support spermformation and promotedevelopment of male secondarysex characteristics.)

(____________ stimulate uterinelining growth and promotedevelopment of female secondarysex characteristics; progestinspromote uterine lining growth.)

(Multiple hormones controlthe pituitary gland.)

(Multiple hormones affect otherendocrine glands and cells.)

(Oxytocin stimulates mammary glandcells and contraction of uterus;____________ hormone promotesretention of water by kidneys.)

(___________and norepinephrineraise blood glucose, increasemetabolic activities, and constrictsome blood vessels.)

(Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose;mineralocorticoids promotereabsorption of Na+ and excretionof K+ in kidneys.)

(Insulin lowers blood glucose;glucagon raises blood glucose.)