Chapter 26Chapter 26

Energy ResourcesEnergy Resources

Transfer of Solar EnergyTransfer of Solar Energy

• The energy that humans andThe energy that humans and

• The energy stored in organic The energy stored in organic materials is released when they are materials is released when they are burned.burned.

Transfer of Solar EnergyTransfer of Solar Energy

• Traditional sources of energy, Traditional sources of energy,

Traditional Sources of Traditional Sources of EnergyEnergy• Humans have been able to survive inHumans have been able to survive in

• FuelsFuels are materials that are are materials that are

• Traditional fuels include renewable resources such Traditional fuels include renewable resources such asas

Traditional Sources of Traditional Sources of EnergyEnergyWoodWood– Humans have been usingHumans have been using

• People living in developing countries use People living in developing countries use half of the worldhalf of the world’s’s

• In industrialized countries, trees are cut In industrialized countries, trees are cut down for lumber and paper production down for lumber and paper production rather than fuel. rather than fuel.

Traditional Sources of Traditional Sources of EnergyEnergyField CropsField Crops– Humans use other materials, Humans use other materials,

• The simplest way to use The simplest way to use

• Crop residues left afterCrop residues left after

Traditional Sources of Traditional Sources of EnergyEnergyFecal MaterialFecal Material– Feces are the Feces are the

– In many cases, In many cases,

– Fecal material from cows oftenFecal material from cows often

Traditional Sources of Traditional Sources of EnergyEnergyPeatPeat– Bogs are poorly drained areas with Bogs are poorly drained areas with

– large mats on top of the water, accumulate as large mats on top of the water, accumulate as they die.they die.

– PeatPeat is a light, is a light,

– Highly decomposed peat burns with greater fuel Highly decomposed peat burns with greater fuel efficiency than wood.efficiency than wood.

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

• Fossil fuelsFossil fuels are energy sources that formed over are energy sources that formed over geologic time as ageologic time as a

• Fossil fuels are considered to be Fossil fuels are considered to be

• Fossil fuels include peat, coal, natural gas, and Fossil fuels include peat, coal, natural gas, and petroleum. petroleum.

• The high concentration of carbon and hydrogen in The high concentration of carbon and hydrogen in fossil fuels makes them very efficient energy fossil fuels makes them very efficient energy sources.sources.

• All fossil fuels originated from organic matter All fossil fuels originated from organic matter trapped in sedimentary rock.trapped in sedimentary rock.

Fossil FuelsFossil FuelsCoalCoal– Lignite is a Lignite is a

– peat and has carbon concentrations of around peat and has carbon concentrations of around 40 percent.40 percent.

– Bituminous coal is the Bituminous coal is the

– Anthracite is the most efficient and most cleanly Anthracite is the most efficient and most cleanly burning coal with carbon concentrations of 90 to burning coal with carbon concentrations of 90 to 95 percent. 95 percent.

– Bituminous coal is the most widely used coal in Bituminous coal is the most widely used coal in the United States although carbon and sulfur and the United States although carbon and sulfur and nitrogen oxides are released into the air when it nitrogen oxides are released into the air when it burns. burns.

Fossil FuelsFossil FuelsPetroleum and Natural GasPetroleum and Natural Gas– Petroleum refers to thePetroleum refers to the

– Crude oil is a mixture of Crude oil is a mixture of

– Oil originated organically as organisms died and Oil originated organically as organisms died and fell to the fell to the

– Bacteria that do not require oxygen partially Bacteria that do not require oxygen partially decomposed the accumulated organisms and decomposed the accumulated organisms and released methane, which is one of the released methane, which is one of the components of natural gas. components of natural gas.

Alternative Energy Alternative Energy ResourcesResources• Most people rely onMost people rely on

• Some experts estimate that petroleum resources Some experts estimate that petroleum resources may be used up within the next 60 years. may be used up within the next 60 years.

• Renewable alternatives toRenewable alternatives to

Solar EnergySolar EnergyPassive Solar HeatingPassive Solar Heating– The Sun can heat up the inside of aThe Sun can heat up the inside of a

– The SunThe Sun’’s energy also can be captured to be s energy also can be captured to be released during thereleased during the

–

– Passive solar designs can provide up toPassive solar designs can provide up to

Solar EnergySolar EnergyPassive Solar HeatingPassive Solar Heating

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Active Solar HeatingActive Solar Heating– Active solar-heating systems include collectors Active solar-heating systems include collectors

such as solar panels that such as solar panels that

– Heat collected by the solar panels can be used Heat collected by the solar panels can be used to heat a house directly, or it can be stored for to heat a house directly, or it can be stored for later use in insulated tanks that contain rocks, later use in insulated tanks that contain rocks, water, or a heat-absorbing chemicalwater, or a heat-absorbing chemical. .

Solar EnergySolar EnergySolar CookersSolar Cookers– Solar cookers can be Solar cookers can be

– A solar cooker can be as simple as anA solar cooker can be as simple as an

Solar EnergySolar Energy

Photovoltaic CellsPhotovoltaic Cells– Photovoltaic cellsPhotovoltaic cells are thin, are thin,

– The electricity produced by photovoltaic The electricity produced by photovoltaic cells can be stored in batteries.cells can be stored in batteries.

– It is estimated thatIt is estimated that

Energy from WaterEnergy from Water• Hydroelectric power isHydroelectric power is

• Hydroelectric power currently provides about Hydroelectric power currently provides about

• One advantage of One advantage of

• Dams built to harness hydroelectric power have Dams built to harness hydroelectric power have negative impacts includingnegative impacts including

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Energy from WaterEnergy from Water

Energy from the OceansEnergy from the Oceans– The kinetic energy in waves, which isThe kinetic energy in waves, which is

– Barriers built acrossBarriers built across

– While power from moving ocean water isWhile power from moving ocean water is

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy• Geothermal energyGeothermal energy is energy produced by is energy produced by

• Abundant at some surface locations usually Abundant at some surface locations usually coinciding with plate boundaries, geothermal coinciding with plate boundaries, geothermal energy can be harnessed to heat homes and energy can be harnessed to heat homes and businesses and generate electricity.businesses and generate electricity.

• If developed, geothermal reservoirs in the United If developed, geothermal reservoirs in the United States could possiblyStates could possibly

Wind EnergyWind Energy• The wind turbines on a wind farm convert theThe wind turbines on a wind farm convert the

• Most of the wind farms in the United States are Most of the wind farms in the United States are currently in California, although North Dakota, currently in California, although North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas have the best locations.South Dakota, and Texas have the best locations.

• Wind power could supply more thanWind power could supply more than

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Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy• During nuclear fission, During nuclear fission,

• Uranium is a radioactive element that is commonly Uranium is a radioactive element that is commonly used in the production of nuclear energy. used in the production of nuclear energy.

• Nuclear power plants do not produce Nuclear power plants do not produce

• After 50 years, 424 nuclear reactors in 25 countries After 50 years, 424 nuclear reactors in 25 countries currently are producing only 17 percent of the worlcurrently are producing only 17 percent of the worldd ’’s electricity. s electricity.

• No newNo new

BiomassBiomass• Biomass is a renewable energy Biomass is a renewable energy

resource as. resource as.

• Bacteria and chemical processes can be used to Bacteria and chemical processes can be used to convert solid biomass into gaseous and liquid convert solid biomass into gaseous and liquid biofuels, such as biogas, liquid ethanol, and liquid biofuels, such as biogas, liquid ethanol, and liquid methanol.methanol.

• A disadvantage ofA disadvantage of

BiomassBiomassBiogasBiogas

– a mixture of gases that includesa mixture of gases that includes

– Plant and animal wastes can be converted into Plant and animal wastes can be converted into methane gas in simple containers, called methane gas in simple containers, called digesters, digesters, by the action of bacteria. by the action of bacteria.

– In the digesters, In the digesters,

BiomassBiomassEthanol and MethanolEthanol and Methanol

– Liquid ethanol is another name forLiquid ethanol is another name for

– GasoholGasohol is gasoline mixed with is gasoline mixed with

Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy ResourcesResources• Although fossil fuels areAlthough fossil fuels are

Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy ResourcesResources• The best way to meet energy needs is aThe best way to meet energy needs is a

Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Conservation of Energy ResourcesConservation of Energy Resources– There are many ways that you could conserve There are many ways that you could conserve

energy at home, at school, and in the energy at home, at school, and in the workplace.workplace.

– Conserving energy is, in the long run, Conserving energy is, in the long run,

Getting More for LessGetting More for Less• Higher energy demand requires a greater supply Higher energy demand requires a greater supply

and results in higher costs. and results in higher costs.

• In the United States, approximatelyIn the United States, approximately

• Shifting to the more efficient use of energy rather Shifting to the more efficient use of energy rather than the search for mthan the search for m

Getting More for LessGetting More for Less

– CogenerationCogeneration is the production of is the production of

– Cogeneration can produce income and Cogeneration can produce income and reduce the need for additional energy reduce the need for additional energy resources. resources.

Getting More for LessGetting More for LessImproving Efficiency in TransportationImproving Efficiency in Transportation

– Conservation practices can helpConservation practices can help

• The use of fuel-efficient vehicles and driving The use of fuel-efficient vehicles and driving at lower speeds reduces the at lower speeds reduces the

• Using bicycles, public transportation, or Using bicycles, public transportation, or carpooling reduces the number of vehicles on carpooling reduces the number of vehicles on the roads which in turn reduces gasoline the roads which in turn reduces gasoline consumption.consumption.

• Computers and access to theComputers and access to the

Getting More for LessGetting More for LessImproving Efficiency in IndustryImproving Efficiency in Industry– Cogeneration has allowed some industries to Cogeneration has allowed some industries to

increase increase

– Industries can further improve theirIndustries can further improve their

Getting More for LessGetting More for LessIncreasing Efficiency at HomeIncreasing Efficiency at Home– The use of energy-efficient The use of energy-efficient

– The use of buildingThe use of building

– Incorporating passive and active solar heating in Incorporating passive and active solar heating in new buildings can reduce the consumption of new buildings can reduce the consumption of traditional energy resources. traditional energy resources.

– New buildings that are designed toNew buildings that are designed to

Sustainable EnergySustainable Energy• Energy resources on Earth are interrelated, meaning Energy resources on Earth are interrelated, meaning

that they affect one another.that they affect one another. • Sustainable energySustainable energy involves the global involves the global

management of Earthmanagement of Earth’’s natural resources tos natural resources to

• A good management plan incorporates A good management plan incorporates

• Global cooperation can help ensure theGlobal cooperation can help ensure the