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Chapter 25
The Consolidation of Latin America,
1830-1920
Introduction
• Compared to the Asian and African areas dominated by European Imperialism, Latin America was more successful in winning independence
• Latin American leaders were guided by the Enlightenment– Political progress and property rights– Yet, new nations inherited problems based on
colonial past
From Colonies to Nations
Causes of Political Change• Latin American revolutions inspired by
American and French revolutions– 1791 slave rebellion led to independent Haiti– Radical French Revolution frightened Creole elites– Breakdown of Spanish monarchy during
Napoleonic wars created crisis of legitimacy, Creole elites established independent governments
From Colonies to Nations
Spanish American Independence Struggles• Rebellion in Mexico began in 1810, Father Miguel de
Hidalgo– Failed due to lack of Creole support, second revolution
with support began in 1820• Creole military leader, Augustin de Iturbide proclaimed
emperor• Simon Bolivar led independence movements in northern
South America– Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador formed Gran Colombia
What do their clothes tell you about these revolutionaries?
From Colonies to Nations
• By 1830, Gran Colombia broke up into independent states
• Southern South America, Jose de San Martin led resistance in Argentina, Chile, Peru
• By 1825, South America was independent from Spain
Who is standing near Jose San Martin when he declared independence?
What Does Your Answer Suggest About theInfluences On the new Local Govern-ment?
From Colonies to Nations
Brazilian Independence• Independence was achieved by different methods
– Early movements failed due to general fear of slave uprisings– Royal family fled to Brazil due to Napoleonic Wars, Brazil was
raised to equal status with Portugal– Ports opened to world commerce– 1820, king returned to Portugal, son remained and declared
independence• Maintained existing social organization, political structure
New Nations Confront Old and New Patterns
• Newly independent nations focused on political representation, private property, free trade
• Role of Church became uncertain• Revolutionary ideals led to abolition• Race and gender was still a factor in social and
political hierarchy
New Nations Confront Old and New Patterns
Political Fragmentation• Mexico abandoned monarchy in favor of republic,
remained unstable until 1860s– Central America broke away from Mexico, also unable
to maintain unity• Cuba and Puerto Rico remained within Spanish orbit• Consolidation also failed in South America
– Geographic barriers, lack of communication networks and transportation magnified problems
New Nations Confront Old and New Patterns
Caudillos, Politics, and the Church• Decades of war led to rise of strong military figures, Caudillos
– Dominated local areas, seized power• Political disputes between Federalists and centrists
concerning distribution of power– Liberals supported federalists, conservatives with centrists– Liberals attempted to limit role of Church in civil affairs– Regardless of view, political leaders came from upper
classes
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
• England’s determination to recognize independence made it difficult for Europe to re-establish Spanish Empire– US supported independence, Monroe Doctrine– Support was based on trade access– British dominance hindered industrial
development, reinforced economic dependence
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
Mid-century Stagnation• Between 1820-1850 economy stagnated• After 1850, demand for Latin American goods
increased, economies expanded– Increased state development of infrastructure– As exports increased, vulnerability to world markets
increased– Reform was prevented by uneasy alliance between
peasants and conservatives
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics• European economic resurgence at end of century led to
greater demand from Latin America• Economic growth led to support for liberal policies,
government– European based economic models often failed– European immigrants fill demand for labor, Indians
ignored– Wealthy landowners monopolized countryside
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention• Federalist Constitution of 1824 failed to
address equitable distribution of land, status of Indian
• Following 1835, Santa Anna served as prominent military, political figure– Failed to suppress rebellion, independence of Texas– Loss of US-Mex war led to huge loss of territory
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
• Failure of Santa Ana’s foreign policies led to his political removal– Liberal rebellion against caudillo led to establishment of
liberal constitution– Conservatives rejected constitution, looked to France for
help– French forces overthrew republic, placed Maximillian von
Hapsburg on throne– When French forces withdrew, liberals returned to power
• Benito Juarez
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
Argentina: The Port and the Nation• 1820s, Liberal government sought to stimulate trade• Strong centralized government was met with opposition from
ranchers– Conservative Juan Manuel de Rosas Federalism favored
ranchers over Indians• Liberals regained control following period of political
confusion after collapse of Rosas government– Liberal government used trade profits to make
improvements• Infrastructure, education
Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870
The Brazilian Empire• A functioning republic operated under façade of monarchy
– Independence established by Dom Pedro I• Brazilian economy was revolutionized by coffee as an export
crop– Slavery intensified– Infrastructure improvements, increased foreign investment– Increased Eastern European immigrations lessened need for
slave labor, abolished 1888– Monarchy collapsed due to unpopular war and opposition to
Church, military coup 1889 led to Republic
Societies in Search of Themselves
Cultural Expression After Independence• End of Spanish dominance opened door to
other cultural influences– French Neoclassicism, Romanticism, 1870s
Realism• Throughout century, culture of mass
population was unaffected by trends of elite
Societies in Search of ThemselvesOld Patterns of Gender, Class, and Race• Women gained little despite involvement in
independence movements– Excluded from political participation, subjected to
patriarchial authority– Gained wider access to education, contributed to growing
feminist movement• Old social hierarchy based on color and ethnicity
remained– Indians remained outside of Creole, mestizo social system
• Latin America remains largely agrarian despite economic expansion, urbanization
The Great Boom, 1880-1920
• Export economy created social and political alliances among large landowners, export merchants and miners
• Strong dependence on Europe for export market– More vulnerable to shifts in demand and prices
• Expanding economies attracted capital from Europe and US– Latin American industries and transportation
corporations in foreign hands
The Great Boom, 1880-1920Mexico and Argentina: Examples of Economic
Transformation• Porfirio Diaz elected president of republic
of Mexico– Liberal government attracted foreign
investment, built up infrastructure, initiated industrialization
– Suppressed all opposition, economic growth came at expense of lower classes
– Popular dissatisfaction led to Mexican Revolution, 1910
Popular Mexican Revolts
The Great Boom, 1880-1920• Argentina’s liberal government also depended on strong
export economy– Unlike Mexico’s large indigenous labor force, Argentina
relied on Eastern European immigrants– Brought with them socialism, workers rebelled against
government repression• Middle-class Radical Party promised political reform,
enlightened labor policies, 1916– Also acted repressively in face of strikes
• Mexico, Argentina model was common among Latin America states where liberal modernization met resistance
The Great Boom, 1880-1920Uncle Sam Goes South• Following Civil War, American capitalists turned to Latin
America for investment• Spanish American War
– First opportunity to intervene in Latin America– Puerto Rico and Cuba reduced to dependency– Supports Panama independence movement in exchange
for Panama Canal access• Latin American countries became increasingly critical of
increasing US intervention