CHAPTER 24 AN AGE OF LIMITS/NIXON Remember the Election of 1968? Richard Nixon Hubert HumphreyGeorge Wallace Who Won? I. NIXONS NEW CONSERVATISM A. Richard M. Nixon felt LBJ had gained too much federal power to deal with social issues 1. decrease size and influence of federal government B. New Federalism give part of federal power to state, local government 1. Revenue sharing 1972=state, local governments now decide how to spend federal money 2. Shrank the Federal government at the same time increased responsibility. Created: a.EPA Environmental Protection Agency-set and enforce pollution standards b.OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration- "assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance". c. Increased EEOC- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission C. WELFARE REFORM 1 Family Assistance Plan (FAP)= family of 4 with no outside income would receive a base income of $1,600 (guaranteed minimum income) 2. people have to attend job training 3. defeated in Congress D. New Federalism had 2 sides 1. Congress was controlled by Democrats; to win favors he supported some bills/ social spending 2.Tries to dismantle some programs, impounds funds (withhold funding) for others a. courts order release of funds E. LAW AND ORDER he promised to end war and mend division in America a) peace negotiations in Vietnam 2. Begins law and order policies to end riots, demonstrations a. antiwar movement 3. sometimes uses illegal tactics LAW AND ORDER a) FBI illegally wiretapped left wing individuals and organizations b) infiltrated SDS and Black Panthers c) used IRS to audit tax returns of anti-war and civil rights activists 5. made enemy list II. SOUTHERN STRATEGY A. to attract Southern votes Nixon uses Southern strategy - slowed countrys desegregation 1. violated Brown v. Board of Education 2. NAACP ordered Nixon to abide by law B. opposed civil rights extension of Voting Rights Act of 1965 but Congress extends it. C. Tries to win support of Southern Democrats and African Americans D. Population shifts due to jobs in Sun Belt Election of 1968 E. SUPREME COURT , Nixon appoints Warren Burger as chief justice criticized Warren Court for being too liberal 2. appoints 3 associate justices; makes Court more conservative a. Court does not always vote conservative Controversy over Busing 3. Supreme Court rules school districts may bus to end segregation a. Nixon goes on national TV to urge Congress to halt busing b. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education = can bus to desegregate 1970 III. Confronting a Stagnant Economy A. High inflation and high unemployment known as stagflation B. Inflation caused by 1. LBJ spending on Vietnam War and Great Society 2. Deficit 3. Unemployment from more international trade, new workers -baby boomers and woman 4. dependency on foreign oil add to inflation a. (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controls prices; raised prices C. ISRAEL 1. war with Egypt and Syria 2. OPEC -banned all oil shipments to US, Japan, and Western Europe because we supported Israel 3. Arab Oil Crisis - long lines in gas stations ( Energy Crisis) IV. NIXONS FOREIGN POLICY A. Henry Kissinger - national security adviser, later secretary of state B. Realpolitik foreign policy based on power issues, not ideals, morals 1. dealing with nations in a practical and flexible manner C. Realpolitik calls for U.S. to confront powerful nations, ignore weak D. ended containment - deal with countries instead Dtente E. Nixon, Kissinger follow policy of dtentepolicy to end cold war tensions= Soviet Union and China. 1. Nixon met with Soviet and Chinese leaders to create more cooperation between the countries. F. China , Nixons visit to China a huge success 2. Takes advantage of rift between China, Soviet Union Trip to China 1972 Negotiate a better relationship Nixon and Mao Zedong G. MOSCOW 1. 1st President to visit USSR 2. Sign Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I Treaty)-limit # of missiles H. won him 2nd term in office Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty SALT I Signed with Russia Nixon was the first president to visit the Soviet Union Limited arms Increased trade and exchange of scientific information SECTION 2:Watergate: Nixon's Downfall I. NIXON AND WHITE HOUSE A. Depression, WW II, Cold War make executive most powerful branch B. Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; thought they were above the law 1. H. R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff 2. John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser 3. John Mitchell, Nixons former attorney general II. A Bungled Burglary A. June 1972, guard at Watergate caught 5 men breaking in Democratic Headquarters office in Watergate building B. All were members of CREEP- Committee to RE-Elect President (Nixon) 1. Plumbers-stops leak to media 2. leader was James McCord -former CIA agent C. Nixon denied having anything to do with it DNC WAS LOCATED AT THE WATERGATE COMPLEX II. A Bungled Burglary D. Watergate scandal is administrations attempt to cover up break-in 1. destroy documents, try to stop investigation, buy burglars silence 2. Nixon wants CIA to get FBI to stop investigation E. Washington Post reporters link Nixon administration to break-in 1. 2 reporters-Bob Woodard and Carl Bernstein kept digging F. White House denies allegations; little public interest in charges G. Nixon reelected by landslide over liberal Democrat George McGovern 1972 WOODWARD AND BERNSTEIN III. The Cover-Up Unravels A. All burglars plead guilty- could not be questioned B. Burglar leader James McCord says lied under oath, told judge advisers involved Senator Samuel J. Ervin heads investigative committee C. Advisor Alexander Butterfield says Nixon tapes presidential conversations The Saturday Night Massacre D. Prosecutor Archibald Cox want tapes; Nixon refuses executive privilege =confidential to protect national security E.Nixon orders Cox fired, Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General refuse and resigned 1. Saturday Night Massacre: day when Nixon administration resigned =10/20/73 F. Coxs replacement, Leon Jaworski, also calls for tapes G. Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, revealed he accepted bribes a) 25th Amendment-Nixon appointed New VP-Gerald Ford H. Congress confirms Gerald R. Ford as vice-president Nixon Releases the Tapes L. July, Supreme Court rules unanimously Nixon must surrender tapes 1. Evidence showed President had cheated on income tax 2. Nixon-I am not a crook VII. The President Resigns A. Nixon was impeached on 3 counts by the House Judiciary Committee 1. formal accusation of wrongdoing while in office 2. charges: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress B. Nixon releases tapes; shows administration role cover up C. Before full House votes on impeachment, Nixon resigns 1974 D. Gerald Ford took office E. Ford pardoned Nixon of all charges F. 1st time US had an appointed President and VP Ford being sworn in as President Gerald Ford Nixons vice president who became president after the resignation. Pardoned Nixon. SECTION 3: The Ford and Carter Years I. Ford Travels a Rough Road A. economy was bad-inflation and unemployment continued to rise; Whip Inflation Now-WIN B. Unsuccessfully asks public to cut back use of oil, gas, save energy C. had to fight Democratic Congress D. Cuts government spending; urges higher interest rates to restrict credit E. Tight money policy triggers recession F. Ford relied on Henry Kissinger for his foreign policies II. Fords Foreign Policy A. continues negotiations with China, Soviet Union B. Signs Helsinki Accords cooperation between Eastern, Western Europe C. Vietnam cease-fire breaks down; South Vietnam surrenders in 1975 D. Cambodia seizes U.S. merchant ship Mayagez; 41 die to rescue 39, is criticized III. Carters Domestic Agenda A. Jimmy Carter =GA peanut farmer; narrowly defeats Ford to 1976 election nation was ready for a change B. holds fireside chats-phone ins- on radio and TV C. did not get along with Democratic Congress; relies on Georgia advisers D. energy big issue 1. National Energy Act encourages conservation, U.S. energy sources NOT foreign a. Act -tax on gas guzzling cars and removed price controls The Economic Crisis Worsens E. 1979, Middle East crisis/ violence creates fuel shortage; OPEC raises prices (energy crisis) F inflation 14%, standard of living drops; people lose confidence 1. Interest rate increased to fight inflation G University of California v. Bakke, Supreme Court strikes down affirmative action quotas 1. allows race as one factor in university admissions OPEC MEMBERS (2009) OIL PRICES ( ) GAS LINES DURING THE SHORTAGE 1970S CADILLAC IV. A HUMAN RIGHTS FOREIGN POLICY A. Carters promotes human rights basic freedoms-used moral principals as a guide B treaty gives control of canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999VERY UNPOPULAR C. December 1979-Soviets invaded Afghanistan issue broke down relations with USSR-SALTII-limited strategic weapons 1. people thought it made US weak 2. Carter wants sanctions V. TRIUMPH AND CRISIS IN THE MIDDLE EAST A. Carter met with Egypt President Anwas el-Sadat and Israel Prime Minister Menachem Begin (Middle East) at Camp David Accords (3 leaders): 1. helped bring peace 2. brought end to Yom Kippur War 3. Israel withdraws from Sinai Peninsula Israel had taken from Egypt in 6 Day War in Egypt 1 ST to recognizes Israels right to exist C. Egypt 1 st Arab nation to recognize Israels existence TREATY BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT B. IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 1. US had given military assistance to government of Shah of Iran Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew government Muslim religious leader- followed the Quran establishes Islamic state 3. Carter allowed old Shah to US for cancer treatment 4. students stormed US embassy and took 52 American Hostages days in hostage 6. released under Reagan Jan. 1981 A HOSTAGE PROTESTS DURING THE CRISIS VI. ENVIRONMENT A. Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring -effects of DDT and concerns about the environment B. Earth Day April 1970 (4/22) C. Environmental Protection Agency -pollution-Clear Air Act years to change exhausts D. Nuclear Energy -good for energy, but harmful E. Three Mile Island -nuclear power plant malfunctioned= first and only general emergency declared at a U.S. nuclear plant, March 1979 A combination of stuck valves, misread gauges and poor decisions led to a partial meltdown of the reactor core and the release of radioactive gases into the atmosphere / / STR Review The Nixon Years 205. During what years was Nixon president? What building did five burglars break into in June, 1972? Democratic National Committee 207. Nixon became the first President to do what in 1974? resign 208. What was Nixons reaching out to the Communist called? dtente The Nixon Years 209. What was the name of Nixons treaty with the Soviet Union? SALT I (strategic arms limitations treaty) 210. What did OPEC do to cripple the American economy in the 1970s? stopped shipping oil to America because of its support of Israel 211. Where does most of Americas foreign oil come from? Middle East