Chapter 23, Is Global Warming Happening, and Are …€¦ · Web viewChapter 23 The Atmosphere, Climate, and Global Warming 1. Which of the following terms refers to long-term weather

Chapter 23The Atmosphere, Climate, and Global Warming

1. Which of the following terms refers to long-term weather trends associated with a particular setting or location, for example arid conditions downwind of a large mountain range:a) earth system scienceb) greenhouse effectc) global circulation modeld) deforestatione) microclimate

Ans: eLink to: 23.4Difficulty: Medium

2. Which of the following terms refers to study of the global-scale connections between atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, climate, and the Earth:a) earth system scienceb) greenhouse effectc) global circulation modeld) deforestatione) microclimate

Ans: aLink to: 23.1Difficulty: Medium

3. Which of the following terms refers to computer simulations designed to predict changes in the atmosphere and in the Earth’s climate:a) earth system scienceb) greenhouse effectc) global circulation modeld) deforestatione) microclimate

Ans: cLink to: 23.8Difficulty: Medium

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Chapter 234. The persistent trend of increasing temperatures over three decades is an indication that global warming is really happening. What was the warmest decade since temperatures have been recorded?a) the 1990sb) the 1980sc) the 1970sd) the 1960se) the 1950s

Ans: aLink to: 23.1Difficulty: Easy

5. Which of the following is an example of carbon-dioxide sequestration?a) smoke-stack emissionsb) the injection of carbon dioxide into subsurface geologic reservoirsc) the reversal of global warmingd) scrubbing carbon dioxide out of power-plant emissionse) emissions trading

Ans: bLink to: 23.11Difficulty: Hard

6. The carbon-dioxide content in the Earth’s atmosphere before 1500 A.D. was between 200 and 300 ppm. The carbon dioxide content today is about 450 ppm. Which single historical development can be blamed for this increase?a) the invention of agriculture b) the Industrial Revolution c) the American Revolutiond) splitting of the atom e) the election of George Bush

Ans: bLink to: 23.4Difficulty: Easy

7) Which of the following is a major effect of El Niño:a) heavy rains along the western coast of South Americab) droughts in Californiac) increased tooth decayd) global warming of the Earthe) widening of the ozone hole

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8. The “atmospheric window”:I. allows part of Earth’s back-radiation to escape into spaceII. is a seasonal hole where stratospheric ozone is reduced to near zeroIII. Is a gap in the atmospheric absorption spectrum, between the absorption dominated by

water vapor and carbon dioxidea) I onlyb) II onlyc) I and III d) II and IIIe) I, II, and III

Ans: cLink to: 23.7Difficulty: Hard

9) The effect of sulfate aerosols in the earth’s atmosphere is to:a) cause El Niño weather patternsb) cool global climatec) destroy ozoned) warm global climatee) decrease precipitation


10. Constant energy input to a physical object will heat it up. Eventually it will reach a temperature that will cause it to:a) radiate heat energy all the timeb) radiate heat energy at the same rate it receives energyc) absorb heat energy all the timed) stop absorbing energy from the sourcee) radiate heat energy at a rate greater than its energy input

Ans: bLink to: 23.3Difficulty: Medium

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11. During the last two million years or so, the climate of the Earth has: a) been very nearly constantb) swung sharply both up and down in temperaturec) slowly decreased in humidityd) slowly increased in temperaturee) seen a steady decrease in precipitation worldwide


12. Global-scale wind currents are produced by:a) the tilt of the Earthb) gravity c) differential heating of the Earth by the Sund) the Coriolis effect produces high and low pressure systemse) ocean currents

Ans: cLink to: 23.1Difficulty: Easy

13. Which of the following is a plausible argument that burning fossil fuels may not lead to severe global warming: a) conversion from oil to alternative energy may quickly reduce CO2 in the atmosphereb) average global temperature during the last 100 years actually has declined by 0.5°Cc) melting glaciers may increase the Earth’s albedod) rising global sea level will reduce gasoline consumptione) various negative feedbacks may reduce the effects


14. Which of the following appears to contribute to global cooling and not to warming?a) aerosolsb) methanec) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)d) carbon dioxidee) nitrous oxide

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15. Which of the following is not a potential adverse effect of global warming? a) retreat of glaciersb) more extreme weather patterns c) sea level rised) an increase of UVB radiatione) all of the above are adverse effect of global warming

Ans: dLink to: 23.5Difficulty: Easy

16. Incoming solar radiation is partly reflected back into space by the Earth's:I. atmosphereII. land surfaceIII. ocean surface

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III only d) II and IIIe) I, II, and III

Ans: eLink to: 23.5Difficulty: Easy

17. Which of the following is not a major greenhouse gas?a) carbon-dioxideb) methanec) CFCs d) water vapore) ozone


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Chapter 2318. “Weather” as we know it is a phenomenon of the:a) ionosphereb) ozone layerc) troposphered) stratospheree) hydrosphere


19. Which of the following is responsible for catching most of Earth’s back-radiation to space?a) water vaporb) sulfur dioxidec) particulate matter d) carbon dioxidee) CFCs


20. How does air temperature change with altitude in the upper stratosphere and why?a) it decreases due to the presence of water vapor b) it decreases or increases, depending on the time of dayc) it increases, due to the destruction of ozone by ultraviolet lightd) it increases due to the greenhouse effecte) it is isothermal, due to loss of earthshine to space


21. Which feedback mechanism in the Earth-atmosphere system is incorrect?a) increased atmospheric CO2 leads to an increased greenhouse effectb) increased glacial melting leads to decreased albedo c) decrease in cloud albedo leads to increased atmospheric temperatured) decreased atmospheric H2O leads to an increased greenhouse effecte) increased surface temperature leads to increased evaporation

Ans: dLink to: 23.4Difficulty: Medium

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22. The part of the atmosphere where weather occurs is the:a) tropopauseb) stratopause c) troposphered) stratospheree) homeosphere


23. Venus and Mars are our closest neighbors. Which of the following statements about these planets is not correct?a) Venus is closer to the Sun than Mars isb) The atmosphere of Venus is richer in carbon dioxide than the atmosphere of the Earthc) Venus is too hot to live on, and any water there is in vapor formd) Mars has a very thin atmospheree) Mars is too hot to live on and never contained any water


24. Why does only approximately half of the solar energy emitted towards the Earth ever arrive at the surface?a) the rest is lost in transit through the vacuum of spaceb) the rest is lost because the speed of the light is slower in the atmosphere than in the vacuumc) the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere or reflected into spaced) the rest is refracted through the atmospheree) the rest is converted into heat energy


25. The temperature of the biosphere is crucial for life on Earth. The correct temperature range in which life can exist under normal circumstances is:a) -5° to +45° Celsiusb) -10° to +98.6° Fahrenheitc) 0° to +50° Celsius

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26. With an increase in altitude, the average change in temperature in the Earth’s troposphere is:a) 6.5°F warmer per kmb) 6.5°F cooler per km c) 6.5°C cooler per kmd) called the adiabatic ellipse ratee) impossible to measure


27. Which gas absorbs earthshine in the wavelengths that typically pass through the atmospheric window?a) CFCsb) CO2 c) ozoned) water vapore) argon


28. Humans are adding about 3 Gt (billion metric tons) of carbon as CO2 to the atmosphere each year. It has been suggested that the effects of increased CO2 in the atmosphere can be offset by planting trees. Living trees on Earth contain about 500 Gt of carbon, remove about 5 Gt of carbon per year though photosynthesis, and add about 5 Gt of carbon per year through respiration and decay. If humans plant trees equal to 1% of all present forests, how much carbon will be removed from the atmosphere?a) 0.5 Gtb) 5.0 Gtc) 50 Gtd) 100 Gte) 500 Gt

Ans: bLink to: A Closer Look 23.1, 23.3

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Difficulty: Medium

29. After planting the 1% additional trees mentioned in the previous question, the human race relaxes and enjoys its accomplishment. Without planting still more trees, what will be the annual change in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, given the information in the question above?a) carbon in the atmosphere will decrease at a rate of 2 Gt per yearb) carbon in the atmosphere will decrease, but at a rate that cannot be determined with the information providedc) carbon in the atmosphere will stabilized) carbon in the atmosphere will continue to increase, but at a slower rate than before the tree plantinge) carbon in the atmosphere will increase at a rate of 3 Gt per year

Ans: eLink to: A Closer Look 23.1, 23.3Difficulty: Hard

30. In addition to their role in ozone depletion, CFCs play a role in global warming by:a) absorbing solar radiationb) absorbing earthshine in the 10 micron regionc) blocking ultraviolet-B radiationd) destroying ozone, which cools the Earthe) reducing the albedo of the Earth


31. The “atmospheric window” is important to the understanding of the greenhouse effect because it _________________. The window is threatened by anthropogenic emissions of __________________. a) is transparent to radiation with a wavelength of about 10 microns; methane and CFCs b) allows convective cooling of the troposphere; carbon dioxidec) blocks UV-B radiation; ozoned) is transparent to sunshine; nitrogene) blocks acid precipitation; sulfur dioxide


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32. Large volcanic eruptions appear to make the Earth’s climate _________, at least temporarily.a) drierb) more stormyc) wetterd) coolere) less stormy


33. The “atmospheric window”:a) falls between wavelengths of 12 and 16 micronsb) represents the wavelengths of radiation leaving the Earth that are least absorbed by substances in the atmosphere. c) would be blocked by a build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere d) represents sunlight that is most likely to be absorbed in the atmosphere e) all of the above


34. The figure below illustrates an analogy of the Earth’s thermal balance. Water pouring into the bucket is equivalent to in-coming solar radiation, and the water leaking from holes in the bucket is like outgoing thermal radiation (earthshine). The amount of water in the bucket is equivalent to the amount of heat on Earth – a higher water level is like higher temperature on Earth.

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In this analogy, the greenhouse effect would be like:a) putting the bucket on the stoveb) increasing the stream of water pouring into the bucketc) decreasing the stream of water pouring into the bucket d) punching some new holes in the buckete) plugging-up some of the holes in the bucket


35. About 99% of all air in the Earth’s atmosphere is found in:a) the troposphereb) the tropopausec) the stratosphere d) the troposphere and the stratospheree) air bubbles in glacial ice


36. The surface of the Earth reflects incoming solar energy. But not all surfaces reflect at the same rate. Match the correct reflection rates with the following landscapes:

x) dry grassland 1) 80-95% reflection ratey) conifer forest 2) 30-40% reflection ratez) ice 3) 10-15% reflection rate

____ x____y____z____a) 3 , 1 , 2b) 1 , 3 , 2c) 2 , 3 , 1d) 3 , 2 , 1e) 1 , 2 , 3


37. The figure above illustrates an analogy of the Earth’s thermal balance. The amount of water in the bucket is equivalent to the amount of heat on Earth. A higher water level is like higher temperature on Earth.

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Water pouring into the bucket is equivalent to: _____________________; and the water leaking from holes in the bucket is like: ________________.

Ans: incoming solar radiationoutgoing thermal radiation (Earthshine)

Link to: 23.4Difficulty: Medium

38. Refer to the figure above. Take the bucket analogy one step further and say what the greenhouse effect would be in this metaphor.

Ans: plugging some of the holes in the bucketLink to: 23.4Difficulty: Medium

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39. In the figure below, identify the following elements:

the stratosphere the stratospheric ozone layer the tropopause the troposphere

Ans: (a) stratospheric ozone layer(b) stratosphere(c) tropopause(d) troposphere


40. How does the air temperature change with height in the stratosphere and why?

Ans: temperature rises – heat given off by photo-dissociation of ozoneLink to: 23.1Difficulty: Medium

41. List the four main factors by which the temperature at or near the surface of the Earth is determined.

Ans: the amount of sunlight that the Earth receivesthe amount of sunlight that the Earth reflectsretention of heat by the atmosphereevaporation and condensation of water vapor

Link to: 23.4

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200 220 240 260 280 300 320T (°K)

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42. The greenhouse effect is a change in the Earth’s climate related to increasing carbon-dioxide content in the atmosphere. What would happen if a significant quantity of carbon-dioxide were removed from the atmosphere?

Ans: global coolingLink to: 23.4Difficulty: Medium

43. What is relative humidity?

Ans: a measure of how close the air mass is to moisture saturationLink to: 23.8Difficulty: Easy

44. A carbon sequestration project is underway in Norway beneath the North Sea. Explain the purpose of this project.

Ans: Carbon dioxide produced by a natural gas production facility is injected about 1,000 m into sedimentary rock below a natural gas field. The purpose of this project is to keep carbon dioxide from entering into the atmosphere.Link to: 23.11Difficulty: Medium

45. Name the three gases that have the greatest impact on the greenhouse effect.

Ans: CO2

methane H2O

Link to: 23.4Difficulty: Easy

46. The residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 5 years, much less than that of CFCs (>100 years), even though the abundance of CO2 is much greater than the abundance of CFCs. Why is this?

Ans: biosphere recycles CO2 very fast – rate of input and output from the pool is much faster than for CFCsLink to: 23.4

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Difficulty: Medium

47. Name two consequences of particulate material in the atmosphere.

Ans: increased albedo of the Earthreduced surface temperatureincreased condensation of moisture


48. Name three adverse effect of global warning

Ans: rise in sea levelmore extreme weatherretreat of glaciersbreak up of sea iceincrease of global temperaturesmigration of animals

Link to: Chap. 23Difficulty: Easy

49. What primary feature of the Earth system drives weather and climate?

Ans: different levels of solar input – temperature differences at the surface.Link to: 23.1, 23.4Difficulty: Medium

50. What was the purpose of the Kyoto Accord?

Ans: countries that ratified the Kyoto Accord promised to reduce carbon dioxide emissions voluntarily Link to: 23.12Difficulty: Easy

51. Why did the United States not ratify the Kyoto Accord?

Ans: the U.S. stated that it needed additional scientific study to prove that global warming has resulted from human activities and that serious harm is likely.

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52. Our planet has the perfect temperature for life as we know it – not too hot and not too cold. Name two attributes of the Earth that lead to this comfortable balance.

Ans: distance of the planet to the Sun CO2 and H2O in the atmosphere


Chapter 24Air Pollution

1. In a natural setting, these are components of soil, rock, or ecosystems that reduce the negative impacts of acid rain:a) atmospheric inversionb) fugitive sourcesc) photochemical smogd) primary pollutantse) buffers

Ans: eLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

2. General class of pollution that characterizes urban area with frequent, strong sunshinea) atmospheric inversionb) fugitive sourcesc) photochemical smogd) primary pollutantse) buffers

Ans: cLink to: 24.4, 24.6Difficulty: Easy

3. This class of pollution is produced only at certain times, such as when the wind is blowinga) atmospheric inversionb) fugitive sources

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c) photochemical smogd) primary pollutantse) buffers


4. Atmospheric inversion conditions over urban areas pose a problem primarily because:a) the conditions are conducive to photochemical smogb) pollutants are trapped and concentratedc) the inhabitants can be cut off from oxygend) many sensitive plants and animals freeze to deathe) CFCs are concentrated and destroy protective ozone


5. Sulfur dioxide emissions are caused by:I. burning coalII. automobile emissionsIII. photochemical break-down of ozone in the stratosphere

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) I and IIe) I, II, and III


6. According to the textbook, the best way to reduce sulfurous smog is: a) scrubbersb) coal gasificationc) conservation of fossil fuelsd) fluidized-bed combustione) improved education

Ans: aLink to: 24.9

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7. The processes associated with acid rain or acid rain deposition include all of the following except: a) emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere via factory and automobile exhaustsb) oxidation and complex reactions involving sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmospherec) a rise in pH levels in lakes and streamsd) "dry" deposition of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides on vegetation, soil, etc. can later react with moisture to produce acide) chemical reaction with limestone that damages buildings and monuments

Ans: cLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

8. Particulate pollutants introduced into the atmosphere may have which of the following effects?

I. reflect incoming sunlight, lowering the temperature at the surfaceII. absorb incoming sunlight, raising the temperature in the atmosphereIII. act as condensation nuclei, decreasing precipitation

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) I and IIe) I, II, and III


9. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are:a) a yellow-brown gas that contributes to photochemical smogb) a colorless and odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood c) a colorless and odorless gas that damages the lungsd) a gas with a “rotten egg” odor that is highly toxic and corrosivee) a reactive gas produced, in part, by photochemical reaction of sunlight with various air pollutants


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10. Ozone is of great benefit in the stratosphere but of great harm to humans in the lower troposphere. Which of the following is not an effect on people? a) strong eye irritant b) aggravates asthmac) reduces the ability of the circulatory system to transport oxygend) injury to cells in the respiratory systeme) coughing and chest discomfort


11. What is meant by a fugitive pollution source? a) air pollutants picked up from open areas exposed to windb) minimum mileage (MPG) requirements for new cars in the U.S.c) pollutants from one or more controllable sitesd) maximum levels of carbon monoxide in the air of major citiese) a well defined area within which are several sources of air pollutants


12. Tall smokestacks on power plants were designed to:a) allow exhaust to cool before entering the atmosphereb) disperse pollutants, so they wouldn’t cause harmful effects in the immediate areac) trap sulfur emissionsd) augment the chimney effect in the area around the plante) inhibit the reactions that form sulfuric acid

Ans: bLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Medium

13. Which of the following is the least significant air pollutant (either primary or secondary) associated with driving cars and other vehicles?a) carbon monoxideb) nitrous oxidesc) gaseous hydrocarbonsd) ozonee) hydrogen fluoride

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Ans: eLink to: 24.4Difficulty: easy

14. Sulfur dioxide is:a) a yellow-brown gas that contributes to photochemical smogb) a colorless and odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood c) a colorless and odorless gas that damages the lungsd) a gas with a “rotten egg” odor that is highly toxic and corrosivee) a reactive gas produced, in part, by photochemical reaction of sunlight with various air pollutants


15. A pipe spilling industrial effluent into a river is an example of a(n):a) point sourceb) fugitive sourcec) area sourced) mobile sourcee) polytoxic source


16. How is photochemical smog produced?a) depletion of tropospheric ozone + SOx

b) petroleum production in urban areasc) incineration of toxic wasted) solar radiation + NOx + organic compoundse) burning of coal in urban areas + SOx


17. Which of the following did not contribute to the 1952 London Smog crisis? a) dark and cold weatherb) strong offshore winds

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c) burning coal d) reduced sunlight reaching the surfacee) dense urban population

Ans: bLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

18. The pH of natural rainfall is ______; the pH of acid rain is ______. a) 6-8; greater than 9b) 5-6; less than 4.5c) 6-8; less than 1.5d) 5-6; less than 1.5e) 4-5; greater than 7

Ans: bLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

19. Secondary pollutants differ from primary pollutants in that they are not: a) as dangerous as primary pollutantsb) emitted directly into the air as are primary pollutantsc) eliminated from the atmosphere as easily as are primary pollutantsd) as abundant as primary pollutantse) natural components of the atmosphere


20. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is:a) a yellow-brown gas that contributes to photochemical smogb) a colorless and odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood c) a colorless and odorless gas that damages the lungsd) a gas with a “rotten egg” odor that is highly toxic and corrosivee) a reactive gas produced, in part, by photochemical reaction of sunlight with various air pollutants


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21. Ozone (O3) is:a) a yellow-brown gas that contributes to photochemical smogb) a colorless and odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood c) a colorless and odorless gas that damages the lungsd) a gas with a “rotten egg” odor that is highly toxic and corrosivee) a reactive gas produced, in part, by photochemical reaction of sunlight with various air pollutants


22. Which of the following are the most significant fine particulate pollutants? a) fogb) fly ashc) sea salt particlesd) sulfates and nitratese) suspended asbestos


23. According to the textbook, “Arctic haze” mainly comes from: a) North Americab) the world’s oceansc) the Arcticd) extraterrestrial sourcese) Western Europe


24. Which of the following is a secondary pollutant and a major component of photochemical smog:a) sulfur dioxideb) ozonec) particulate matterd) asbestose) gaseous hydrocarbons

Answer: b

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25. Which of the following gases in the atmosphere increase the acidity of rainfall?I. CO2

II. SO2

III. NO2

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) II and IIIe) I, II, and III

Ans: eLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

26. Which of the following is a true statement about particulate matter in the atmosphere? a) it is introduced to the atmosphere only by human activityb) it is primarily an effect of automobile emissions and photochemical reactions c) it amplifies incoming solar radiationd) its effects are limited to local atmospheric inversion episodese) particles function as condensation nuclei, increasing the amount of precipitation


27. Acid surges are associated with accumulation of “_____ deposition”. a) wetb) moistc) dryd) aride) acid fog

Ans: cLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

28. Carbon monoxide is particularly dangerous to humans because: a) it damages the nervous systemb) low concentrations affect healthy and sickly people equally

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29. Which of the following would tend to buffer (reduce) the effects of acid rain?a) granite underlying a lakeb) thin soilsc) addition of methyl mercury to lakesd) calcium-carbonate-rich soilse) replacement of tall smokestacks with short stacks at nearby sulfur point sources

Ans: dLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

30. In the lower atmosphere, ozone is produced by:a) photochemical reactionsb) emissions from coal plantsc) ultraviolet-B radiation d) oxidation of CO2

e) reduction of natural hydrocarbons


31. Which of the following is not a primary pollutant from the burning of fossil fuels?a) chlorophyllb) particulate matterc) carbon monoxide d) hydrocarbonse) nitrogen oxides


32. The damaging pollutants in the 1952 London smog event were: a) CO and SO2

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b) particulates and NO2

c) NO2 and SO2

d) SO2 and particulatese) none of the above

Ans: dLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Easy

33. In the 1952 London smog crisis, dark and cold weather drove people to burn more coal. Burning more coal caused the weather to get darker and colder. This type of process, in which an initial stimulus causes itself to be amplified, is known as: a) a positive feedback

b) compound interest c) photochemical smogd) a negative thresholde) negative albedo effect

Ans: aLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

34. Las Vegas has some of the most polluted air in the southwestern United States. Which of the following pollutants is the primary cause of the polluted air? a) photochemical smogb) ozonec) acid rain d) SO2

e) particulate matter


35. Which pollutant is most commonly associated with coal-fired electrical generation? a) COb) NOx

c) O3d) SO2

e) HC

Ans: dLink to: 24.4

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36. Carbon monoxide (CO) is:a) a yellow-brown gas that contributes to photochemical smogb) a colorless and odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood c) a colorless and odorless gas that damages the lungsd) a gas with a “rotten egg” odor that is highly toxic and corrosivee) a reactive gas produced, in part, by photochemical reaction of sunlight with various air pollutants


37. In the figure below, pollution conditions are worst when __________________; and at locations where _____________.

a) wind is slow and mixing height is high; distance from the coast to the mountains is largeb) wind is slow and mixing height is low; distance from the coast to the mountains is large c) wind is fast and mixing height is high; distance from the coast to the mountains is smalld) wind is fast and mixing height is low; distance from the coast to the mountains is largee) wind is slow and mixing height is high; distance from the coast to the mountains is small


38. In the city illustrated in the figure below, the pollution emission rate is 20 kg per m2 per second, the wind is blowing onshore at 10 m per second, and the mixing height is 1000 m. Based on this information, what would the pollution concentration be at a point 5 km inland of the coast?

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Sea Breeze

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a) 1 kg per m2

b) 10 kg per m3

c) 10 kgd) 0.001 kg per m3

e) 100 kg per m2

Ans: bLink to: 24.6Difficulty: Hard

39. the development of photochemical smog is directly related toa. automobile useb. burning of coal in power plantsc. burning of oil in power plantsd. homes using electricitye. all of the above

Ans: aLink to: 24.6

40. The London Smog episode was caused by a positive feedback loop that got out of control. In the figure below, fill in the three blanks in the loop from the choices listed below:

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(A) cold temperatures at the surface(B) emissions of particulate pollution(C) diminished sunlight at the surface

Ans: (counterclockwise from top): B, C, ALink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

41. Match the following pH value with the substances in which they may have been measured. pH=1 _____ a) distilled waterpH=4 _____ b) strong acid pH=7 _____ c) strong basepH=13 ____ d) acid precipitation

Ans: (from top to bottom): b, d, a, cLink to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

42. Match each of the major air pollutants listed on the left with its definition or one of its characteristics listed on the right:

Sulfur Dioxide ____ a. toxic gas with a rotten-egg odorNitrogen Oxides ____ b. ozone is the main example of thisCarbon Monoxide ____ c. combines with water to form sulfuric acidOxidants ____ d. toxic gas released in aluminum productionHydrocarbons ____ e. emitted by automobiles as well as treesHydrogen Sulfide ____ f. toxic gas that is colorless and odorlessHydrogen Fluoride ____ g. series of chemicals, including gas and particulate

forms, emitted by burning fossil fuels

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heating byburning oil

and coal

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Ans: c, f, g, b, e, a, dLink to: 24.4.Difficulty: Medium

43. List three different types of damage done by acid rain.

Ans: leaching of nutrients in soilmobilization of toxic elementsdeath of treeseutrophication of lakesdamage to buildings and monuments

Link to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Medium

44. Name the two principal pollutants that contribute to acid rain, and the main source of each.

Ans: SO2 – fossil fuel combustionNOx – automobiles

Link to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

45. Explain under what circumstances an atmospheric inversion occurs and how it can lead to pollution events.

Ans: when warmer air is found above cooler air. where there is restricted circulation this inversion layer can lead to pollution events in the

lower atmosphereLink to: 26.6Difficulty: Medium

46. List two natural conditions that help buffer (reduce) the effects of acid rain.

Ans: limestone substratethick, calcium carbonate-rich soils

Link to: A Closer Look 24.1Difficulty: Easy

47. There are three main types of acid deposition events. One is precipitation (rain, snow, and ice). List the other two.

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48. In the 1952 London smog crisis, natural weather conditions and human activity combined in a positive feedback loop that resulted in an estimated 4000 deaths. Name the two principal elements in this loop.

Ans: (1) coal and dark weather caused more burning of coal(2) coal smoke caused the weather to be cold and dark

Link to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

49. Give an example of each of the following pollution sources: point source, fugitive source, area source.

Ans: e.g., smoke stack, freshly-plowed field, auto exhaustLink to: Difficulty

50. Name two of the processes that lead to the accumulation and concentration of “Arctic haze”.

Ans: the temperature contrast between the equator and the North poleseasonal high and low pressure systems in Eurasia and the North Atlanticonce air reaches the arctic, it stratifies and concentrates there


51. Name the principal effect of acid rain on each of the following:soilstreeslakeslimestone monuments

Ans: soils – leaches out heavy metals and nutrientstrees – direct damagelakes – kills fishlimestone monuments – weathers limestone

Link to: A Closer Look , 1Difficulty: Medium

52. Explain the term "secondary pollutant" and give an example.

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Ans: Ozone is a secondary pollutant which is created through reactions among primary pollutants, sunlight, and natural atmospheric gases.Link to: 24.4Difficulty: Medium

53. Name the three major types of smog and list the principal cause of each.

Ans: photochemical smog – automobile exhaustsulfurous smog – coal or oil burningparticulate smog – burning fossil fuels, blown dust


54. Natural rainfall is slightly acidic. Explain why.

Ans: Water in the atmosphere combines with CO2 to form carbonic acid.Link to: A Closer LookDifficulty: Medium

55. Air pollutants are sometimes classified as either primary or secondary. Explain the difference and give an example of each.

Ans: primary – emitted directly into the air, e.g. carbon dioxidesecondary – transformed by sunlight, etc. from a preexisting chemical, e.g. NOx


Chapter 25Indoor Air Pollution

1. This is an ailment caused by long-term exposure to air with high concentrations of soot or carbon-rich dust:a) formaldehydeb) sick building syndromec) chimney effectd) black lung diseasee) radon

Ans: d

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2. This is a colorless and odorless gas released by some types of rock and associated with lung-cancer risk:a) formaldehydeb) sick building syndromec) chimney effectd) black lung diseasee) radon


3. Discomfort, symptoms, or disease reported by many occupants of the same structure:a) formaldehydeb) sick building syndromec) chimney effectd) black lung diseasee) radon


4. Formaldehyde, a common and harmful indoor air pollutant, comes from:a) decay of radioisotopes in bedrock and soilb) out-gassing from particle board and other construction materialsc) combustion of fossil fuelsd) household insulatione) household solvents and cleaning fluids


5. What was the apparent cause of the large number of respiratory ailments reported at the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles after it opened in 1994 (Case Study in Chap. 25)?a) ozoneb) radon gasc) global warming

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d) poorly designed ventilation systeme) mass hysteria

Ans: dLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Easy

6. Ozone is a natural component of the Earth’s stratosphere as well as an element of photochemical smog. Ozone also can be an indoor air pollutant. Sources of ozone in homes or offices include:a) decay of radioisotopes in bedrock and soilb) combustion of fossil fuelsc) electrolysis of tap waterd) household solvents and cleaning fluidse) photocopying machines, printers, and other high-voltage electrical equipment


7. Twelve days after a sample of radon gas (with a half-life of about four days) is emitted into a sealed room, __________ of the original amount remains. a) 1/2b) 1/3c) 1/8d) 1/12e) 1/16


8. What is the principal disadvantage of bringing fresh outdoor air into a building to reduce concentrations of indoor air pollutants?a) the outdoor air usually is more polluted than the indoor airb) decreased miles per gallonc) increased heating and air conditioning costsd) that method brings radon in the buildinge) the cost of pumping in outdoor air is greater than filtering indoor air

Ans: cLink to: 25.8

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9. One of the major objectives in designing a “green building” (as defined in your textbook) is to:a) make the building energy self-sufficientb) provide space for vegetation on the rooftop and other areasc) minimize indoor air pollutants, including chemicals and moldd) provide heating by passive solar energye) provide low-income housing


10. The following statements about radon gas are all incorrect except:a) radon gas is colorless and non-toxicb) radon gas is identified by the “rotten egg” odor of the gasc) radon is radioactive waste leaked from nuclear power plantsd) exposure to radon gas can cause birth defectse) radon is a part of the decay chain from lead to uranium


11. Reduced air circulation on aircraft has all of the following effects, dangers, or tradeoffs except: a) increased CO2 levelsb) decreased fuel efficiencyc) increased danger of the transmittal of bacterial infectionsd) decreased on-board humiditye) increased reports of headaches, fatigue, nausea, etc.

Ans: dLink to: Critical Thinking IssueDifficulty: Medium

12. Which of the following is not a potentially significant source of radon contamination?a) rainfall, in regions of Canada and Scandinavia for exampleb) polished granite floor tilec) a bedrock substrate of shaled) household water from a well

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e) insulation and weatherization that tightly seals a house


13. Which of the following indoor air pollutants contains NOx, CO, hydrogen cyanide, etc. and results in an estimated 43,000 deaths per year in the U.S. from lung cancer and heart disease?a) moldb) cleaning solventsc) secondhand tobacco smoked) asbestose) formaldehyde and other preservatives


14. One process that mobilizes indoor air pollutants is the 'chimney effect,’ which:a) occurs in a building suffering from the 'sick building syndrome'b) moves more radon through homes which burn wood for heatc) occurs where buildings are warmer than the air around them or the rock below themd) occurs in tall, air-conditioned buildingse) concentrates radon in the lower floors of tall buildings


15. The combined effects of exposure to radon gas and smoking are greater than the sum of the effects separately. This is an example of:a) biomagnification b) symbiotic effectc) body burdend) synergye) carcinogeny


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16. Which of the following groups are most susceptible to indoor air pollutants? a) old peopleb) children c) people with a suppressed immune systemd) people with respiratory diseasese) all of the above

Ans: eLink to: 25.4Difficulty:

17. In the figure below, which source of indoor air pollution is shown by #7?

a) secondhand tobacco smokeb) dust mitesc) carbon monoxided) formaldehydee) fecal coliform bacteria


18. In the figure below, which indoor air pollutant can be emitted by fax machines, computers, printers, and copiers, as illustrated by #4?

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a) formaldehydeb) carbon dioxidec) secondhand smoke d) radone) ozone


19. A illustrated by #1 in the figure below, heating, ventilation and air conditioning units can themselves be a source of indoor air pollutants, including:

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a) secondhand smokeb) dust mites and pollenc) bioeffluentsd) mold, bacteria, or carbon monoxidee) fecal coliform bacteria


20. Black lung disease is associated with long-term exposure to:a) ozoneb) radon gasc) sick buildingsd) high concentrations of petroleum vapore) high concentrations of carbon-rich particles in the air

Ans: eLink to: Introduction to Chap. 25Difficulty: Easy

21. The number of deaths caused by lung cancer due to exposure to radon is comparable to the number of deaths caused by ______________ in the U.S. each year. a) plane crashesb) lighteningc) car accidentsd) volcanic eruptions

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e) old age


22. All of the following are methods to reduce the concentration of radon in a home except: a) sealing cracks or openings in foundationb) ventilation or suction beneath foundationc) better insulation and weatherizationd) filtering of well watere) replacement of inappropriate building material


23. Which of the following is not a potential source of radon:a) bedrockb) water wellsc) building materialsd) soile) space heaters


24. Radon gas is considered a threat to human health because it can: a) bond with hemoglobin in the bloodb) cause lung cancerc) mutate cells and causes birth defectsd) become toxic when concentrated in well-insulated homese) emit alpha particles, which cause birth defects


25. In a large office building, a number of employees begin complaining of headaches,

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Chapter 23dizziness, and nausea at about the same time. This is an example of: a) Legionnaires’ diseaseb) high concentrations of radon gasc) chimney effectd) mass psychosis e) sick building syndrome


26. How could a homeowner reduce the "chimney effect" in their home?a) sub-slab constructionb) keep house warmc) insulate wallsd) caulk windows and doorse) install an exhaust fan on the roof


27. Asbestos is hazardous to human health because:a) if releases toxic fumesb) if trapped in the lungs, it decays and damages DNAc) it is composed of small fibers, which damage skin or lung tissued) if trapped in the lungs, if can be carcinogenice) it is a potent toxin, damaging the neurological systems of humans and animals


28. Indoor air pollutants include all the following except:a) mold and bacteriab) formaldehydec) poloniumd) ozonee) all of the above are indoor air pollutants


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29. High concentrations of indoor air pollution are most likely found in:a) homes constructed to be energy-efficientb) mobile homesc) homes with many pieces of hardwood furnitured) office buildingse) the cellar of any kind of building

Ans: aLink to: 25.1, 25.2Difficulty: Medium

30. There is a natural background radiation received by every human and animal. The range is between 100 and 250 millirem per year. The natural range is so wide because of local variations in:

I. vegetationII. geologyIII. elevation

a) I onlyb) III onlyc) I and IId) II and IIIe) I, II, and III


31. Asbestos is __________. It is considered a dangerous substance because _________.a) a chemical substance; it has toxic effects on the respiratory systemb) a natural mineral than has very thin fibers; these fibers can become trapped in the lungs and cause cancerc) a naturally occurring byproduct of carbon combustion; it is known to cause lung cancerd) a commonly used building material; it been found to emit potentially dangerous radiatione) a common insulator; when released into the air, it is highly toxic to humans and animals


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32. The figure below (from your textbook) illustrates 14 potential sources of indoor air pollution. Pick any five (5) of these sources and identify them by number.

Ans: 1) heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems2) restrooms3) furniture and carpets4) office machines (e.g., fax, computers, copiers)5) pesticide application6) fresh air intakes7) smokers8) remodeling and painting9) cleaning10) people11) loading docks12) underlying soil (radon and moisture)13) dust mites14) plants (pollen)


33. The figure below (from your textbook) illustrates 14 potential sources of indoor air pollution. Pick any five (5) of these sources and (A) identify them by number, and (B) name at least one specific pollutant that comes from that source.

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Ans: 1) heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems mold, bacteria, CO, NOx

2) restrooms secondhand smoke, mold, fungi3) furniture and carpets formaldehyde, solvents, asbestos4) office machines (e.g., fax, computers, copiers) ozone5) pesticide application pesticides6) fresh air intakes outdoor pollutants (e.g., exhaust)7) smokers smoke8) remodeling and painting variety of fumes9) cleaning solvents, etc.10) people CO2, “bioeffluents,” bacteria,

viruses11) loading docks organics, particulates, CO12) underlying soil radon and moisture13) carpets, furniture dust mites14) plants pollen

Link to: 25.1Difficulty: Hard

34. In a large office building, a number of employees begin complaining of headaches, dizziness, and nausea at about the same time. What is this condition called? List some possible causes for the symptoms.

Ans: Sick building syndrome. Possible causes: air pollutants from a variety of sources; noise; environmental stresses such as lighting, heating, or humidity; employee stress; any combination of the aboveLink to: 25.4

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35. Houses built on a certain type of granite have a greater danger of high radon concentrations than other houses nearby that are built on a certain type of limestone bedrock. Does this imply that all the houses on the granite have high concentrations of radon? Why or why not?

Ans: No. Houses on a uranium-rich granite may have a greater danger of radon contamination, but most of them may be well enough ventilated and/or engineered that they don’t accumulate much radon gas. In contrast, houses on the limestone have no natural source of radon, and you can almost guarantee that they will have very low radon concentrations unless they use uranium-rich building materials.Link to: 25.4Difficulty: Medium

36. What was the apparent cause of the large number of respiratory ailments reported at the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles after it opened in 1994 (Case Study in Chap. 25)?

Ans: Poorly designed ventilation system, which led to fermentation of ceiling tiles and disintegration of fire-retardant material Link to: Case StudyDifficulty: Easy

37. List four common indoor air pollutants and one possible source for each.

Ans: asbestos – fireproofing, insulationairborne bacteria – bacteria in air-conditioning systemscarbon monoxide – cars, stoves, and fireplacesformaldehyde – plywoodparticulates – second-hand smokeozone – photocopying machineradon – uranium decay in bedrocksulfur dioxide – coal furnacevolatile organics – paints and solvents


38. Is radon gas a natural or artificial substance? Where does it come from?

Ans: Natural - comes from radium in bedrock and soil, which is part of the natural decay chain of uranium to leadLink to: 25.6Difficulty: Easy

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39. Why are concentrations of indoor air pollutants generally greater than those found outdoors?

Ans: insulation and weatherization trap pollutantsventilation is generally not designed to reduce indoor air pollution

Link to: 25.1, 25.3Difficulty: Medium

40. List four general strategies for controlling indoor air pollution.

Ans: ventilationsource removalsource modificationair cleaning (e.g., filtering)consumer information and education


41. Name three ways to reduce the concentrations of radon gas in a home.

Ans: sealing cracks or openings in foundationventilation or suction beneath foundationfiltering of well waterreplacement of inappropriate building material

Link to: 25.6, 25.8Difficulty: Easy

42. Why is the risk of lung cancer greater for (1) smokers exposed to radon gas than the sum of the risks for (2) smoking and (3) exposure to radon?

Ans: Risk for (2+3) > Risk for (2) and risk for (3) – this is called “synergism”.Link to: 25.6Difficulty: Medium

43. List three pathways (vectors) for radon gas to enter a home. List one remedial course of action for each vector.

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Chapter 23Ans: from bedrock substrate – sub-slab suction

from groundwater – filter well waterfrom building materials – choose suitable materials


44. What is 'sick building syndrome'?

Ans: It is a condition associated with a particular indoor environment which makes a number of people sick or uncomfortable in the same building at the same time.Link to: 25.4Difficulty: Easy

45. What are dust mites, where do they live, and why are they classified as an indoor air pollutant.

Ans: Dust mites are microscopic relatives of spiders that live in carpets, furniture, and bedding. They cause allergic reactions in a number of people.Link to: 25.1Difficulty: Medium

46. Environmental tobacco smoke (“secondhand smoke”) is a major category of indoor air pollution resulting in over 40,000 deaths per year in the U.S. alone. What are the two major health threats associated with environmental tobacco smoke?

Ans: lung cancer, heart diseaseLink to: 25.5Difficulty: Easy

Chapter 26Ozone Depletion

1. Which of the following refers to the persistent weather pattern that concentrates ozone-destroying chemicals in the stratosphere over Antarctica:a) polar stratospheric cloudsb) hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)c) Dobson unitd) polar vortex

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e) mid-latitude ozone depletion


2. Which of the following refers to alternatives to ozone-destroying propellants and coolants:a) polar stratospheric cloudsb) hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)c) Dobson unitd) polar vortexe) mid-latitude ozone depletion


3. Which of the following refers to 1 part ozone per billion particles of atmosphere:a) polar stratospheric cloudsb) hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)c) Dobson unitd) polar vortexe) mid-latitude ozone depletion


4. The figure below illustrates the basic structure of the Earth’s lower atmosphere.

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Which range shown (a, b, c, d, or e) represents the position of the stratosphere? a) ab) bc) cd) de) e

Ans: dLink to: 26.1 Difficulty: Easy

5. Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) that travel to the stratosphere pose a threat because:a) they are highly reactive and caustic b) they contribute to photochemical smog c) they are a major greenhouse gasd) they lead to destruction of ozonee) they lead to acid rain


6. Name the international agreement that required the phase-out of ozone-depleting chemicals: a) Geneva Convention b) Rio Conference c) Montreal Protocold) Eiger Sanction

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e) Treaty of Versailles


7. Ozone is the only known gas that absorbs:a) UVA radiationb) UVB radiationc) UVC radiationd) all of the abovee) none of the above


8. Which are the two factors that the development of skin cancer promotes in an individuala) age and gene poolb) extend of exposure to ozone and skin tonec) extend of exposure to UVB and amount of protective melatonin in the skin d) none of the above factors promote skin cancer in an individuale) all of the above factors promote skin cancer in an individual

Ans: cLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

9. The increase in skin cancers in the question above has been linked to:a) pollution of water suppliesb) depletion of ozone in the stratospherec) sun spotsd) nuclear power plant accidentse) global warming

Ans: bLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Easy

10. After the Antarctic, which area has the most severe ozone-depletion problem:

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Chapter 23a) mid-latitude regionsb) the Tropicsc) the Western Hemisphered) the Eastern Hemispheree) the Arctic


11. The textbook lists several precautions that each person can take to reduce their risks of skin cancer. Those precautions include all of the following except:a) remain in the shade when possibleb) wear UV-protective sunglassesc) visit a tanning salon to build up immunityd) wear a wide-brimmed hate) use an effective sunscreen

Ans: eLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Easy

12. Which of the following best describes the current status of worldwide efforts to limit to production of the CFCs which destroy ozone in the stratosphere:a) so far, all just talkb) the first negotiations are planned for 2007c) a framework has been proposed by developing countries, but the U.S. has prevented any kind of final agreement to dated) production substantially reduced; significant improvements should be evident by 2050e) a problem solved -- CFC levels have never been lower


13. From the information illustrated below, which of the following is not a correct statement about the Antarctic ozone hole:

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a) extreme ozone depletion is a seasonal effectb) measured ozone depletion has increased (worsened) with timec) circum-polar circulation contributes to ozone-depletion d) the hole is deepest (most depleted) during the middle of the polar nighte) Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are meteorological features that serve as “chemical workbenches” for forming ozone-depleting chemicals


14. What is the natural source of ozone in the stratosphere?a) photochemical reactionb) combustion of fossil fuelsc) volcanic eruptionsd) spontaneous decay of diatomic oxygene) solar wind


15. Available evidence suggests that the most dramatic changes in stratospheric ozone concentrations over tropical and mid-latitude areas are caused by:a) volcanic eruptionsb) photochemical reactions in the troposphere c) polar stratospheric clouds d) emissions of HFCse) deforestation

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J F M A M J J A S O N D

Polar night80° SSolar Radiation

Temperature

Ozone

Month:

Chapter 23Ans: aLink to: 26.4Difficulty: Easy

16. When does the Antarctic ozone hole occur?a) during formation of the polar stratospheric clouds b) at the peak of the sunspot cyclec) Antarctic winterd) Antarctic springe) all year round


17. In the stratosphere, ozone provides an important shield against:I. microwavesII. ultraviolet radiationIII. infrared radiation

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) I and IIe) II and III


18. Ultraviolet B (UVB) is not the only wavelength of radiation that can be harmful to humans and other organisms. Why is there so much concern about ozone and UVB radiation? (Select the best answer)a) UVB is more damaging than cosmic rays or other types of radiationb) ozone is the principal gas in the atmosphere that absorbs UVB radiationc) although other forms of radiation are equally damaging to the environment, UVB poses a special threat to human healthd) continued ozone depletion may allow other harmful radiations to reach the surface of the Earthe) the concern is unwarranted. We should be equally concerned about all harmful spectra of radiation


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19. What type of radiation does ozone absorb most readily?a) cosmicb) infrared c) ultraviolet d) visible lighte) Earthshine


20. What is the main reason that ozone depletion will continue to occur for at least several decades, even if all the production, use, and emission of ozone depleting chemicals were stopped today?:a) once in the stratosphere, CFCs can never be removedb) it is chlorine, not CFCs, that directly destroy ozonec) developing countries will never agree to the band) CFCs have a long residence time in the atmospheree) because the Montreal Protocol was never ratified


21. Which of the following would be the effect(s) of ozone depletion in the stratosphere?a) increased incidence of skin cancerb) climate modificationc) DNA mutationsd) reduced crop yieldse) all of the above


22. An increase in which of the following will lead to a significant increase in human skin cancer?

I. Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation reaching the surface of the EarthII. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation reaching the surface of the Earth

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a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) II and IIIe) I, II and III

Ans: dLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

23. What is the main reason why CFCs have a long residence time in the atmosphere?a) the pool is very largeb) inputs to the system are very smallc) they are never destroyed, but only cycled through as catalystsd) CFCs are non-reactive in the lower atmospheree) they are transparent and resist photochemical break-up


24. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is subdivided into:a) UVA and UVBb) the visible spectrum, UVA and UVBc) UVA, UVB, and UVCd) UVA, UVB, and gamma rayse) UVB, UVC, and x-rays


25. Which wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation has enough energy to break down diatomic oxygen into two individual oxygen atoms?a) Ultraviolet A (UVA)b) Ultraviolet B (UVB)c) Ultraviolet C (UVC)d) Ultraviolet A (UVA) and Ultraviolet B (UVB)e) Ultraviolet A (UVA), Ultraviolet B (UVB), and Ultraviolet C (UVC)


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26. Which ultraviolet radiation wavelength is not affected by stratospheric ozone and is transmitted to the surface of the earth?

I. Ultraviolet A (UVA)II. Ultraviolet B (UVB)III. Ultraviolet C (UVC)

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) I and IIIe) II and III


27. A Dobson unit measures the concentration of which of the following substances?a) carbon-dioxideb) ozonec) Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiationd) temperature changee) any air pollutant


28. Skeptics of stratospheric ozone depletion claim that natural sources of ozone are much larger than the human input and that ozone depletion, if it is real, is the result of natural causes. The skeptics sometimes claim that the source of chlorine in the stratosphere is evaporation of sodium chloride from ocean water. Why is this claim unlikely to be true?a) there is no sodium chloride in ocean waterb) sodium chloride molecules are much larger than CFCs and much less likely to reach the stratospherec) the chlorine in sodium chloride does not react with ozoned) spontaneous decay of diatomic oxygene) sodium chloride is water-soluble and would wash out of the atmosphere before reaching the stratosphere

Ans: eLink to: 26.2Difficulty: Hard

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29. Human physiology seems to be carefully tuned to natural conditions. Any change in the natural balance of Ultraviolet B (UVB) light exposure may cause adverse effects, including:a. skin cancerb. Ricketsc. increased sunburnsd. eye damagee. Multiple Sclerosis(more than one answer may be correct)Which of these effects has/have been linked to insufficient Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure? a) a,eb) b,ec) a,dd) b,ce) c,d


30. Human physiology seems to be carefully tuned to natural conditions. Any change in the natural balance of Ultraviolet B (UVB) light exposure may cause adverse effects, including:a. skin cancerb. Ricketsc. increased sunburnsd. eye damagee. Multiple Sclerosis(more than one answer may be correct)Which of these effects has/have been linked to excessive Ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure?a) a,c,db) b,d,ec) a,b,cd) a,b,ee) b,c,d


31. Ozone blocks ultraviolet light. What becomes of the ozone afterwards? It is broken down into:a) carbon-dioxideb) water vaporc) three monoatomic oxygens (3O)

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d) subatomic particlese) O2 and O


32. Ozone blocks ultraviolet light. What becomes of the UV radiation afterwards?a) it becomes heat in the stratosphereb) it becomes infrared radiationc) it is reflected to spaced) it is scattered so that its effects on the surface are reducede) it combines with ozone to form water vapor


33. Ozone is the _________ variety of oxygen.a) ionicb) diatomicc) inertd) isotopice) triatomic


34. The residence time of CFCs in the atmosphere is approximately:a) 1 weekb) 9 monthsc) 100 yearsd) 10,000 yearse) 1,000,000 years


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Chapter 2335. Ozone is _______ in the atmosphere.a) a strong reducing agentb) a weak reducing agentc) a strong oxidizing agentd) a weak oxidizing agente) chemically inert

Ans: cLink to: 26.1, 26.2Difficulty: Easy

36. What chemical element destroys ozone in the stratosphere by a catalytic chain of reactions?a) ozoneb) fluorinec) CFCsd) chlorinee) carbon


37. CFCs have been used for all of the following commercial purposes except:a) propellant for spray cans, fire extinguishersb) Styrofoam blowing agentc) air conditionersd) refrigeratorse) industrial solvent


38. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 resulted in agreements to reduce the amount of introduced into the atmosphere, because of . a) DDT; its threat to wildlifeb) solar radiation; photo-dissociation of stratospheric ozonec) carbon dioxide; its contribution to global warming d) CFCs; destruction of ozone in the stratospheree) sulfur dioxide; its contribution to acid rain


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39. Which of the following is produced by the photochemical destruction of CFCs in the stratosphere?

I. ozoneII. ultraviolet B radiationIII. chlorine

a) I onlyb) II onlyc) III onlyd) I and IIIe) II and III


40. The Antarctic ozone hole occurs during the Antarctic springtime; why does the phenomenon largely disappear later in spring and summertime?a) more evaporation of water, which also blocks Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiationb) warmer temperatures increase photochemical production of ozonec) the Sun heats up the air over Antarctica and the polar stratospheric clouds break upd) the input of Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is reducede) anthropogenic emissions of ozone increase


42. Which of the following actions would increase an individual’s risk for skin cancer?a) using sunscreenb) tanning in tanning salonsc) wear UV-protective sunglassesd) remain in the shadee) wearing a broad-brimmed hat

Ans: bLink to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

Essay

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43. The textbook lists several precautions that each person can take to reduce their risks of skin cancer. List four of those precautions here.

Ans: limit sun exposure between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.remain in the shade when possibleuse a sunscreen with an SPF of ≥15wear a wide-brimmed hat and/or tightly woven clothingavoid tanning salons and sunlampsconsult the UV index before going out

Link to: Case StudyDifficulty: Easy

44. The Montreal Protocol and other measures to control ozone-depleting chemicals have succeeded in reducing the rate of increase in CFC emissions, but concentrations of stratospheric CFCs are not predicted to return to pre-1980 levels until 2050. Why the delay?

Ans: Mainly due to the long residence time of CFCs in the stratosphereLink to: 26.2Difficulty: Medium

45. How can potential damage from CFCs already manufactured and placed in consumer goods (for example refrigerators and air conditioners) be reduced?

Ans: By collecting and disposing them properly or reusing them.Link to: 26.5Difficulty: Medium

46. A Dobson unit measures the concentration of what substance? Give an example of an area where there would be a low concentration?

Ans: ozone; in the stratosphere over AntarcticaLink to: 26.1Difficulty: Easy

47. The “Montreal Protocol of 1987” was signed by 24 nations who agreed to reduce the global emission of CFCs to 50% of the 1986 emissions and to stop using CFCs by the year 2000. India and China refused to sign this protocol. Explain why they might have refused.

Ans: Poorer nations like India and China cannot afford to replace the cheap CFCs on the

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industrial market.Link to: 26.5Difficulty: Medium

48. Continuing with the question above, the Montreal Protocol did not treat all countries of the world equally. What special provision was made for developing countries?

Ans: They are required to stop production of CFCs only by 2005, 10 years later than the industrialized nations.Link to: 26,5Difficulty: Medium

49. List two potential management strategies to reduce ozone depletion.

Ans: collection and reuse of CFCsfinding substitutes for CFCs

Link to: 26,5Difficulty: Medium

50. Circle the correct words in the following statement. Chemically, ozone is a (strong / weak) (oxidizing / reducing) agent.

Ans: strong oxidizing agentLink to: 26.1Difficulty: Medium

51. It is important not to be confused by the effects of ozone at the ground surface versus ozone in the upper atmosphere. List the sources, sinks, and effects on humans of ozone in both the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Ans: troposphere: secondary air pollutant; oxidation; toxic to humansstratosphere: photochemical reactions; break-down by Ultraviolet B (UVB); shields

humans from Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiationLink to: 26.1Difficulty: Medium

52. Name the two service functions of ozone in the stratosphere.

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Chapter 23Ans: blocks incoming UV- B, regulates temperature in the stratosphereLink to: 26.1Difficulty: Easy

53. Name three factors that lead to the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole. circum-Antarctic vortex

Ans: formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)photochemical reactions at end of polar night


54. List two of the three commercial products that directly or indirectly contribute the most CFCs to the atmosphere.

Ans: spray cansworking fluids in appliances of refrigerators and air conditioningStyrofoam blowing


55. Why are we concerned about ozone depletion when this phenomenon has really only been detected over the Antarctic, where hardly any humans live?

Ans: Ozone deficient air masses may move out of the polar regions each year when the polar vortex breaks up. Furthermore, the Antarctic hole is assumed to be only the first indication of a global problem.Link to: 26.5Difficulty: Medium

56. Why is propane, an inexpensive substitute for CFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners, not being seriously considered as a replacement?

Ans: Propane is thought to be dangerous in refrigerators and air conditioning because it is potentially explosive

Manufacturers of CFCs have patented HFCs and HCFCs and are focusing on their products rather than on finding an inexpensive substitute


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57. Why is the ozone layer in the stratosphere also called the “ozone shield"? What does the term shield imply?

Ans: The ozone layer absorbs most of incoming ultraviolet radiation. The term 'shield' is used because the ozone layer is shielding life on earth from potential damage by ultraviolet rays.Link to: 26.1Difficulty: Easy

58. Describe the properties of ozone, including: a) its chemical formula, b) its natural source, c) its service functions in the Earth system.

Ans: O3, photochemical reactions in the stratosphere, blocks UV lightLink to: 26.1Difficulty: Medium

59. If all the production, use, and emission of ozone-depleting chemicals were stopped today, why would ozone depletion still continue to worsen for at least several decades?

Ans: It would worsen because of the long residence time of the CFCs, long catalytic chains, and because of consumer goods which were improperly disposed-of and are leaking CFCs into the environmentLink to: 26.1 and 26.5Difficulty: Medium

60. Why is the average Australian ten times more likely to develop skin cancer than fair skinned people in Northern Europe?

Ans: Most Australians of European decent are fair skinned rendering them very vulnerable to the clear skies and intense Australian sun. Australia is also closer to the Antarctic with its “ozonehole”. As a result Australian cities in the south experience an increase in exposure to UVB radiation if a region of ozone depleted air drifts overhead.Link to: Case StudyDifficulty: Medium

61. Ozone depletion has serious potential environmental effects. Name three.

Ans: damage to the Earth food chain on land and in the ocean, damage to human health (cataracts, skin cancer, suppression of the immune systempossible reduction of the primary productivity in the oceanLink to: 26.6

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62. Name at the major three potential management strategies for the ozone depletion problem.

Ans: eliminating production of CFC’s, collecting and reusing CFC.s, using substitutes for CFC’sLink to 26.5Difficulty: Medium

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Chapter 23, Is Global Warming Happening, and Are …€¦ · Web viewChapter 23 The Atmosphere, Climate, and Global Warming 1. Which of the following terms refers to long-term weather