Chapter 23 · PDF fileChapter 23 Circulation ... Blood flow through the double circulation of the human cardiovascular system. 23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically

Chapter 23Chapter 23Circulation

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition

Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Lecture by Richard L. MyersTranslated by Nabih A. Baeshen

MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT


OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT

23.1 Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues

�� All cells needAll cells need

– Nutrients

– Gas exchange

– Removal of wastes

�� DiffusionDiffusion alone is inadequate for large and complex bodies


�� An internal transport system An internal transport system assists diffusion by moving materials between

– Surfaces of the body

– Internal tissues


� A gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians and flatworms serves in Digestion and Distribution of substances

� Circulatory system in most animals consists of Blood, Heart and Blood vessels


consists of Blood, Heart and Blood vessels

� Open circulatory systems in Arthropods and many molluscs

– Heart pumps blood through open-ended vessels

– Cells directly bathed in blood

PoresTubular heart

The open circulatory system (vessels in gold) in a grasshopper


� Closed circulatory systems

– Vertebrates, earthworms, squids, octopuses

– Blood stays confined to vessels

– A heart pumps blood through arteries to


– A heart pumps blood through arteries to capillaries

– Veins return blood to heart

Capillary beds

Artery(O2-rich blood)

Arteriole

Venule

Artery(O2-poor blood)

HeartVentricle

Atrium

Vein

GillCapillaries

The closed circulatory system in a fish

23.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Vertebrate Cardiovascular systems reflect evolution

� Two-chambered heartin fish pumps blood in a single circuit From gill

Gill capillaries

Heart:Ventricle (V)


single circuit From gill capillaries To systemic capillaries Back to heart

Atrium (A)

Systemic capillaries


�Double circulation in land vertebrates have Separate pulmonary and systemic circuits

�Three-chambered hearts

–Amphibians, turtles, snakes, lizards

–Two atria and one undivided ventricle


–Two atria and one undivided ventricle

– Permits blood diversion away from lungs when diving

– But some blood from body and lungs mixes in the ventricle when not diving

Lung and skin capillaries

Pulmocutaneouscircuit

A AThe double circulation and

three-chambered heart of an V

Right LeftSystemic circuit

three-chambered heart of an amphibian



� Four-chambered hearts

–Crocodilians, birds, mammals

–Two atria and two ventricles

–Two circuits that do not mix


– Right side pumps blood from body to lungs

– Left side pumps blood from lungs to body

–Higher blood pressure

– Supports more efficient movement of blood

– Needed in endothermic animals

Lung capillaries

Pulmonarycircuit

A AThe double circulation and four-chambered

heart of a bird or VRight LeftVheart of a bird or

mammal


Systemic circuit

THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR


CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

23.3 The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double circulation of mammals

� Blood flow through the double circulatory system of humans

� The mammalian heart consists of

–– Two thinTwo thin--walled atriawalled atria that


–– Two thinTwo thin--walled atriawalled atria that move blood to ventricles

–– ThickThick--walled ventricleswalled ventricles that Pump blood to lungs and all other body regions

–

Superiorvena cava

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof right lung

8

9

2

3

Aortaا�ورطي

4 510

3

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof left lung

27

Capillaries ofhead, chest, andarms

16

Pulmonaryvein

9Right atrium

Inferiorvena cava

Right ventricle

4

8

Aorta

Pulmonaryvein

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Capillaries ofabdominal regionand legs

Blood flow through the double circulation of the human cardiovascular system

23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically

� Cardiac output: Amount of blood/minute pumped into systemic circuit

� Heart rate: Number of beats/minute

� Heart valves: Prevent the backflow of blood


� Heart valves: Prevent the backflow of blood

� Heart murmur: A defect in one or more heart valves

23.5 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

� The pacemaker (SA node in upper wall of right atrium)

– Sets the rate of heart contractions

– Generates electrical signals in atria


– Generates electrical signals in atria

� The AV node

– Relays these signals to the ventricles

23.6 CONNECTION: What is a heart attack?

� A heart attack is damage to cardiac muscle typically from a blocked coronary artery

Superiorvena cava

PulmonaryArtery

Aorta

Leftcoronary

Artery


� Stroke Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head

Rightcoronary

Artery

BlockageDead muscle tissue

Blockage of a coronary artery, resulting in a heart attack

PlaqueEpithelium

23.6 CONNECTION: What is a heart attack?

� Atherosclerosis

� Plaques develop inside inner walls of blood vessels

� Plaques narrow blood vessels

� Blood flow is reduced

ConnectiveTissueSmooth Muscle

Atherosclerosis: a normal artery (left) and an artery partially closed by plaque (right)

23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions

� Capillaries

– Thin walls: a single layer of epithelial cells

– Narrow: blood cells flow in a single file

– Increase surface area for gas and fluid exchange


Diffusion ofMolecules

Capillary

InterstitialFluid

Tissue cell

Diffusion between blood and tissue cells

23.7 The structure of blood vessels fits their functions

�Arteries and veins

–Lined by single layer of epithelial cells

–Smooth muscle in walls can reduce blood flow


flow

–Elastic fibers permit recoil after stretching

–Veins have one-way valves that restrict backward flow

ConnectiveTissue

Capillary

SmoothMuscle

Artery Vein

Valve

Epithelium

Basal lamina

Epithelium

SmoothMuscle

Epithelium

ConnectiveTissue

VenuleArteriole

Artery Vein

Structural relationships of blood vessels

23.8 Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels

� Blood pressure: The force blood exerts on vessel walls

–Depends on cardiac output and resistance of vessels

–Decreases as blood moves away from heart

–highest in arteries & lowest in veins


–highest in arteries & lowest in veins

–It is measured as

– Systolic pressure: caused by ventricular contraction

–Diastolic pressure: low pressure between contractions

STRUCTURE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND FUNCTION

OF BLOODOF BLOOD


OF BLOODOF BLOOD

23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma

� Plasma is about 90% water

� Plasma contains

– Various inorganic ions

– Proteins, nutrients


– Proteins, nutrients

– Wastes, gases

– Hormones

Plasma (55%)

Constituent

Osmotic balance,pH buffering, andmaintaining ionconcentration ofinterstitial fluid

Solvent for carrying other substancesWater

Ions (blood electrolytes)

Major functions

SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonate

Centrifugedblood

Sample

Bicarbonate

Plasma proteins

ClottingFibrinogen

Osmotic balanceand pH buffering

Defense Immunoglobulins(antibodies)

Substances transported by blood

Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)Waste products of metabolismRespiratory gases (O2 and CO2)Hormones

23.12 Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma

� Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

– Transport O2 bound to hemoglobin

� White blood cells (leukocytes)


– Function inside and outside the circulatory system

– Fight infections and cancer

Cellular elements (45%)Centrifuged

bloodSample

Numberper µL (mm3) of blood

Cell type Functions

Erythrocytes(red blood cells)

5–6 million

Transport ofoxygen (and

carbon dioxide)

Leukocytes(white blood cells) Defense and

Immunity5,000–10,000

Basophil

Lymphocyte

Immunity

Eosinophil

5,000–10,000

250,000–400,000

Neutrophil Monocyte

Blood clottingPlatelets

23.13 CONNECTION: Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy

� Anemia

– Abnormally low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells

– Causes fatigue due to lack of oxygen in tissues

� Erythropoietin hormone (EPO) Regulates red blood cell production

� Some athletes artificially increase red blood cell production


� Some athletes artificially increase red blood cell production by injecting erythropoietin which can lead to

� Clotting

� Stroke

� Heart failure

� Death

23.14 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured

�� When a blood vessel is damagedWhen a blood vessel is damaged

– Platelets help trigger the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

– Which forms a clot that plugs the leak

�� The bloodThe blood--clotting processclotting process


�� The bloodThe blood--clotting processclotting process

– Platelets adhere to exposed connective tissue

– Platelets form a plug

– A fibrin clot traps blood cells

1 2Fibrin clot

trapsblood cells

3Platelet plug

Forms

Platelet plug

Platelets adhereto exposedconnective tissue

Epithelium

Connective Tissue

The blood-clotting process

Platelet plug

Platelet

A fibrin clot

You should now be able to

1- Explain how geese can fly at altitudes higher than Mount Everest

2- Describe the three main phases of gas exchange in a human

3- Describe four types of respiratory surfaces and the types of animals that use them

4- Explain how breathing air compares to using water for gas exchange

Describe the parts and functions of the human respiratory system


Describe the parts and functions of the human respiratory system

6- Describe the impact of smoking on human health

7- Explain how blood transports gases between the lungs and tissues of the body

8- Describe the functions of hemoglobin

9- Explain how a fetus obtains oxygen before and after birth

You should now be able toما ينبغي عليك معرفته بعد ا�نتھاء من ھذا الباب

1. Explain how the circulatory systems of a giraffe and snake resist gravity

2. 2. Describe the general need for and functions of a circulatory system

3. Compare the structures and functions of gastrovascular cavities, open circulatory systems, and closed circulatory systems

4. Compare the circulatory systems of a fish, frog, and mammal


4. Compare the circulatory systems of a fish, frog, and mammal

5. Explain how heartbeats are controlled

6. Describe the causes and consequences of a heart attack and cardiovascular disease

7. Relate the structure of blood vessels to their functions

8. Describe the components of blood and their functions

9. Describe the process of blood clotting

10. Describe the causes and treatments for leukemia

Circulation الدورة الدموية

المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح تعريف المصطلــــــــــحMechanisms Of Internal Transport آليات النقل الداخليNutrients مواد غذائيةGas Exchange تبادل الغازاتRemoval Of Wastes التخلص من الفض$تDiffusion عملية ا.نتشارInadequate For Large And Complex Bodies

ليست كافية بالنسبة ل6جسام الكبيرة والمعقدةBodiesAn Internal Transport System Assists Diffusion By Moving Materials Between

يساعد جھاز النقل الداخلي عملية ا.نتشار بنقل المواد وتحريكھا بين

Surfaces Of The Body سطح الجسمInternal Tissues ا@نسجة الداخليةGastrovascular Cavity التجويف المعدي الوعائيCnidarians And Flatworms في شعبة سينيداريا والديدانDigestion في عملية الھضمDistribution Of Substances وتوزيع المواد Circulatory System يتكون الجھاز الدوري


المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح تعريف المصطلــــــــــح

Blood Vessels ا@وعية الدموية Open Circulatory Systems ا@جھزة الدورية المفتوحةArthropods مفصليات ا@رجل Molluscs الرخوياتOpen-Ended Vessels أوعية ذات نھايات مفتوحةCells Directly Bathed In Blood نغمر الخ$يا مباشرة في الدم Closed Circulatory Systems ا@جھزة الدورية المغلقةClosed Circulatory Systems ا@جھزة الدورية المغلقةVertebrates, Earthworms, Squids, Octopuses

اLخطبوط , أسماك الحبار, ديدان ا@رض, الفقاريات

Confined To Vessels ينحصر الدم في ا@وعية A Heart Pumps Blood Through Arteries To Capillaries

يضخ القلب الدم عبر الشرايين إلى الشعيرات

Veins Return Blood To Heart تعيد ا@وردة الدم إلى القلب Two-Chambered Heart قلب ذو غرفتينSingle Circuit دائرة مفردة Gill Capillaries الشعيرات الخيشومية

Circulation الدورة الدمويةالمصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح تعريف المصطلــــــــــح

Systemic Capillaries إلى شعيرات الجھاز الدوريDouble Circulation دورة دموية مزدوجةSeparate Pulmonary And Systemic Circuits

والجھازيهدورتين منفصلتين وھما الرئوية

Three-Chambered Hearts قلوب ذات ث$ث غرفAmphibians, Turtles, Snakes, Lizards السحالي, الثعابين, الس$حف, البرمائياتTwo Atria And One Undivided Ventricle بطين واحد غير ُمجزأ أُذينانPermits Blood Diversion Away From Permits Blood Diversion Away From Lungs When Diving

يسمح بانحراف الدم بعيداً عن الرئة أثناء الغوص

Some Blood From Body And Lungs Mixes In The Ventricle When Not Diving

بعض الدم من الجسم والرئتين يختلطا في البطين في حالة عدم الغوص

Four-Chambered Hearts القلوب ذات ا@ربع غرفCrocodilians, Birds, Mammals الثدييات, الطيور, التماسيحTwo Circuits That Do Not Mix دورتان . تختلطان مع بعضھما البعضRight Side Pumps Blood From Body To Lungs

يضخ الجانب ا@يمن الدم من الجسم إلى الرئة

Higher Blood Pressure ضغط الدم ا@علىMore Efficient Movement Of Blood يدعم الحركة ا@كثر كفاءة للدم


المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح تعريف المصطلــــــــــح

Needed In Endothermic Animals مطلوب في الحيوانات داخلية الحرارةThe Human Cardiovascular System الجھاز القلبي الوعائي ل`نسان Blood Flow Through The Double Circulatory System Of Humans

يتدفق الدم عبر الجھاز الدوري المزدوج ل`نسان

Mammalian Heart قلب الثدييات Two Thin-Walled Atria أُذينان رفيعة الُجدرThick-Walled Ventricles Thick-Walled Ventriclesبطينين سميكة الُجدر بطينين سميكة الُجدرCardiac Output السعة القلبيةAmount Of Blood/Minute Pumped Into Systemic Circuit

في الجھازيهكمية الدم التي يضخھا القلب في الدورة الدقيقة

Heart Rate معدل دقات القلبHeart Valves صمامات القلبHeart Murmur لغط القلبPacemaker (SA Node) ) العقدة الجيب اٌذينية(عضلة تنظيم دقات القلب Rate Of Heart Contractions معدل انقباضات القلبGenerates Electrical Signals In Atria تولد اLشارات الكھربائية في ا@ُذنينAV Node العقدة ا@ُذين بطينة


Relays These Signals To The Ventricles تنقل ھذه اLشارات للبطينينHeart Attack النوبة القلبيةDamage To Cardiac Muscle ھي تلف عضلة القلبBlocked Coronary Artery شريان تاجي مسدودStroke Death Of Brain Tissue موت نسيج المخAtherosclerosis مرض تصلب الشرايينCapillaries الشعيرات الدمويةThin Walls Thin Wallsجدران رفيعة جدران رفيعةNarrow ضيقةIncrease Surface Area For Gas And Fluid Exchange

يزيد من مساحة السطح لتبادل الغازات والسوائل

Arteries And Veins لشرايين وا@وردةSingle Layer Of Epithelial Cells مبطنة بطبقة واحدة من الخ$يا الط$ئية Elastic Fibers Permit Recoil After Stretching

تسمح ا@لياف المطاطة با.رتداد إلى الحالة الطبيعية بعد الشد

Veins Have One-Way Valves That Restrict Backward Flow

ا@وردة لھا صمامات ذات اتجاه واحد والتي تمنع ارتداد الدم

Blood Pressure ضغط الدم


Depends On Cardiac Output And Resistance Of Vessels

وتعتمد على السعة القلبية ومقاومة ا@وعية

Systolic Pressure الضغط ا.نقباضيCaused By Ventricular Contraction نتيجة .نقباض البطينDiastolic Pressure الضغط ا.نبساطيLow Pressure Between Contractions نتيجة للضغط المنخفض بين ا.نقباضاتStructure And Function Of Blood تركيب ووظيفة الدم Plasma Plasmaلب$زما لب$زماVarious Inorganic Ions أيونات غير عضوية متعددةProteins, Nutrients مواد غذائية, بروتيناتWastes, Gases غازات, فض$تHormones ھرموناتRed Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) خ$يا الدم الحمراءWhite Blood Cells (Leukocytes) خ$يا الدم البيضاءAnemia ”فقر الدم“ا@نيميا Abnormally Low Amounts Of Hemoglobin Or Red Blood Cells

كميات منخفضة بصورة غير طبيعية من الھيموجلوبين أو خ$يا الدم الحمراء


Causes Fatigue Due To Lack Of Oxygen In Tissues

تسبب اLجھاد نتيجة لقلة ا@كسجين في ا@نسجة

Erythropoietin Hormone (EPO) Regulates Red Blood Cell Production

انتاجھرمون المولد لخ$يا الدم الحمراء يقوم بتنظيم عملية كرات الدم الحمراء

Some Athletes Artificially Increase Red Blood Cell Production By Injecting Erythropoietin Which Can Lead To

خ$يا الدم الحمراء بصورة انتاجيقوم بعض الرياضيين بزيادة صناعية وذلك بحقن الھرمون المولد لخ$يا الدم الحمراء

:والذي يمكن أن يؤدي إلىClotting التجلطStroke Strokeسكتة دماغية سكتة دماغيةHeart Failure ذبحة صدريةDeath الموتWhen A Blood Vessel Is Damaged عند تلف الوعاء الدمويPlatelets Help Trigger The Conversion Of Fibrinogen To Fibrin

تساعد الصفائح الدموية على استھ$ل تحول الفيبرينوجين إلى فيبرين ” مولد ا@لياف“

Which Forms A Clot That Plugs The Leak والذي يُكون جلطة تسد النزيف Blood-Clotting Process عملية تجلط الدمPlatelets Adhere To Exposed Connective Tissue

تلتصق الصفائح الدموية بنسيج ضام ظاھر

Platelets Form A Plug تكون الصفائح الدموية ُسدادة Fibrin Clot Traps Blood Cells تجتذب الخ$يا الدموية الفيبرين

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Chapter 23 · PDF fileChapter 23 Circulation ... Blood flow through the double circulation of the human cardiovascular system. 23.4 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically