Chapter 21Chapter 21

Section 1—Simple OrganicCompounds

Section 1—Simple OrganicCompounds

Organic Compounds

• Organic compounds—compounds containing carbon

• All living things contain carbon• Of the millions of carbon

compounds known today, more than 90 % are considered organic-the other 10% are found in non-living things

Bonding

• Carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level

• Each carbon can form four covalent bonds w/atoms of carbon or other elements

• Common uses: fuel, medicines, dyes, plastics, textile fibers

Arrangement

• Carbon can also link together with other carbon atoms in many different arrangements: chains, branched chains and rings

• It can also form double and triple bonds as well as single bonds

Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbon—a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

• Ex: CH4-methane (rep-pg. 641)• Ex: propane• Hydrocarbons produce more than

90% of the energy humans use

Single Bonds

• Saturated hydrocarbons—those containing only single-bonded carbon atoms

• This means the compound holds as many hydrogen atoms as possible—it is saturated

• (saturated fats)• Table—pg. 642

Structural Isomers

• Butane—C4H10• Isobutane—also C4H10• These two fuels have different

arrangements of the four carbon atoms (pg. 643)

• Isomers-compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes

Other Isomers

• Properties of isomers may vary greatly– Ex: melting points can vary

drasticallySometimes, isomers form what is often

called right and left-handed molecules like mirror images w/nearly identical properties

Multiple Bonds

• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons—hydrocarbons that contain at least one double or triple bond– This allows space for other atoms to bond to

the structure– Ex: ethene C2H4-contains a triple bond– Polyunsaturated-hydrocarbons having

more than one double or triple bond– (poly means many)

Section 2—Other Organic Compounds

• Aromatic Compounds-one that contains a benzene structure having a ring with six carbons

• Ex: cloves, cinnamon, anise, vanilla, aspirin, wintergreen

• Benzene—has six carbon atoms bonded into a ring

Benzene Ring

• Look at picture—pg. 646• The Benzene ring is structurally stable

due to the equal sharing of electrons• All six carbon atoms are bound in a

rigid, flat structure• The stable ring acts as a framework

upon which new molecules can be built

Substituted Hydrocarbons

• -has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms or groups of other elements.

• (chemists change hydrocarbons by changing them into other substances (adding double bond, etc)

Alcohols and Acids

• Ex: Rubbing alcohol-substituted hydrocarbon

• An ALCOHOL is formed when –OH groups replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon

• Ex: ethanol

More on Alcohols and Acids

• Organic acids—form when a carboxyl group, -COOH is substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom.

• Ex: acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, etc.

Substituting Other Elements

• Other atoms besides hydrogen and oxygen can be added to hydrocarbons

• Ex: Chlorine-when four chlorine atoms replace four hydrogen atoms, = tetrachloroethene (used in dry cleaning

More on subbing other elements

Other possibly substituted atoms are: nitrogen, bromine, sulfur, etc.

When sulfur replaces oxygen in the –OH group of an alcohol, the result is a –thiol or more commonly, a mercaptan (in skunk smell)

Section 3--Petroleum

• Petroleum—a dark flammable liquid/crude oil found deep within Earth– Formed from the remains of fossilized

material—fossil fuel– A mixture of thousands of carbon

compounds

Separation of Petroleum

• Chemists and engineers separate petroleum using the different boiling points of the different carbon compounds in petroleum

• Fractional distillation-the separation process that takes place in petroleum refineries

Fractional Distillation

• Figure 13, pg. 651• Illustrates fractional process• Some fractions are used directly

for fuel—those from the top of the tower ex: propane, butane

• The fractions containing 5 to 10 carbons are used for gas and solvents

Polymers

• Polymers—when smaller molecules from petroleum link together, to make new, extremely large molecules

• Monomer—small molecule, which forms a link in the polymer chain

• Ex: Polyethylene-plastic bags, bottles and Polypropylene—glues and carpets

Designing Polymers

• The properties of polymers depend mostly on which monomers are used to make them

• Like hydrocarbons, polymers can have branches in their chains

• Ex: polystyrene—used for CD cases and opaque foam cups,

• Other polymers can be spun into threads to be used as fibers

Other Petroleum Products

• After petroleum is separated, the different fractions can be converted into substituted hydrocarbons

• Ex: medicines, insecticides, printers’ ink and flavorings

• Ex: saccharin (related to toluene, a substituted benzene ring)

Section 4-Biological Compounds

• Biological polymers—huge molecules made of many smaller monomers that are linked together, but usually more complex in structure

• Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Proteins

• Proteins—large organic polymers formed from organic monomers called amino acids

• Proteins account for 15 % of body weight (muscles/tendons/hair,etc)

• Amino Acids—protein monomers that combine to form proteins

More about proteins

• -NH-2 group is the amine group• -COOH group is the carboxylic acid

group• Both groups appear in every amino

acid• Amino acids are held together by

peptide bonds (50 or more held together is then a protein)

Nucleic acids

• Nucleic acids—another important group of organic polymers essential for life/– They control the activities and

reproduction of cells– DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid—one

kink of nucleic acid (in nucleus of cells, contains genetic code)

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates—compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that have twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms

• Carbohydrates include the sugars and starches

Carb’s-Sugars and Starches

• Sugars—ex: fructose, glucose– They provide quick energy soon after

eating

Starches—ex: pasta, potatoes, etc.

Provide high-energy, long-lasting energy that can be stored in liver and muscle cells

LIPIDS• Lipids—fats, oils and related

compounds• They contain the same elements as

carb’s, but in different proportions• Fats/Oils: At room temp, fats are

normally solids and oils are usually liquids

• Cholesterol: found in fish, eggs, butter, cheese, meats, bile

• If you never eat cholesterol, your body will make its own