Chapter 21

APUSH

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Population Factories Wealth Cotton

NorthSouth

22 states 23,000,000 population Industrial economy Majority of

transportation Lincoln, a military

novice.– Asks Robert E. Lee to

command Union troops and declines

Belief war is about slavery and preserving the Union.

11 states 10,000,000

– includes 4 million slaves Agricultural economy

– Exports, not food Limited manufacturing

and railroad lines. Davis, military

experience.– Better military leaders

Belief war is about states rights, independence and preserving their war of life.

“The North’s major advantage would be its economy and the South’s main disadvantage

was its economy”

• Also known as the Battle of Manassas Junction (depends on the side that won!)

• First major battle of the Civil War

• Lincoln decided to try his unready troops against a small Confederate force.

• If successful, would demonstrate Union power and could lead to the fall of RICHMOND.

• Confederate capital during the Civil War

• Moved from Montgomery, AL

• 100 miles south of Washington DC

• Congressman and spectators brought lunch baskets to witness the “fun”

• Union did well at first, but STONEWALL JACKSON and his troops stood like a stone wall!

• The Union ended up being defeated

1. Made the South overconfident

2. Southern soliders deserted feeling war was already over.

3. Southern enlistments dropped!

• The early Union war strategy and its initial attempts to win the war in Virgina failed miserably.

• Later the war developed into four phases which were geared towards attrition

1. ANACONDA PLAN--Strangle the South by blockading its coasts

2. Control the Miss. River to cut the Confederacy in half

3. Devastate the South by cutting a path through GA and then sending troops through the Carolinas

4. Capture Richmond by annihilating the remaining Confederate armies.

• Leader of the Army of the Potomac

• Lincoln gave command to McClellan in late 1861

• He was very cautious (too cautious)

• Frequently believed he was outnumbered. Frustrates Lincoln!!!!

• Initially ineffective, but will begin to work

• Squeeze the South by cutting off its ports

• Respected by England b/c Britian did not want a future war with North

• McClellan abandons direct frontal assault in favor of water approach to Richmond

• Will fail when his forces are diverted to deal with Stonewall Jackson

• McClellan will be removed and replaced by John Pope

• Ships that were plated with iron

• Allowed them to sustain much more damage and also to create more damage

• Great threat to the Union blockade plans

• Merrimack (CSS Virginia)– Confederate ironclad

ship; eventually destroyed by Confederates before falling into Union hands

• Monitor– Union counterpart to

Merrimack

• Most famous of Confederate commanders

• Given control of the ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA

• Robert E. Lee’s first victory over the Union

• Lee and Jackson versus Pope

• Confederate victory

• Pope replaced

• Perhaps the most important battle of the war

• Lee invaded Maryland hoping to take it from the Union and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South

• Bloodiest day of the war. Ended in stalemate!

• South would never again be so close to victory!!!!!– Foreign powers decide not to assist South in

light of North’s power!

• Antietam allowed Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• Freed the slaves in the states that were in rebellion

• Civil War now became a moral crusade or a “higher purpose”

• All slaves in rebellion declared free now and forever

• Slaves in Border States not included nor those in specific areas of conquered South

• Many Northerners, especially Border States and Ohio Valley, felt Lincoln went too far

• Opposed fighting an “abolition” war!

• Many abolitionists complained Lincoln didn’t go FAR enough!

• South accused Lincoln of trying to stir up a slave insurrection

• Many in Europe please with the statement!

• Lee’s smaller army splits Hooker’s in two

• Hooker shortly removed and replaced by General Meade

• This is the battle in which Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot and killed by his own men

• Lee-- “I have lost my right arm”

• Bloodiest battle of the Civil War

• Lee decided to invade North again, this time through PA in hopes of strengthening peace movement in North and getting direct foreign support

• Known as the “High Tide of the Confederacy”

• South doomed after Gettysburg and Vicksburg

• Would NEVER again invade the North and would remain on the defensive

• Given by Lincoln after Battle of Gettysburg

• Established the idea of nation over union

• Interestingly, attracted little attention at the time but became one of the most important speeches in the world

• Fight in the Western Theatre was for control of the Mississippi

Western Theater

Eastern Theater

• Lincoln’s most able general

• Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donnellson in northern TN in early 1862

• Another famous battle of Grant’s was SHILOH where it was extremely deadly

• Brought a shocking realization to both sides war would not end quickly!!!

• Union leader who takes New Orleans in spring of 1862

• Gives major control of the Mississippi to the North

• Involved Lee’s last victories and the famous Battle of Gettysburg

• Lee defeated General Burnside at Fredericsburg in Dec. 1862– Become’s known as “Burnsides Slaughter

Pen” – Burnside removed from command and

replaced with “Fighting Joe” Hooker

Western Theater

Eastern Theater

• Major battle that split the Confederacy in two

• Union now controlled the Mississippi

• Boosted Union morale along with Union victory at Gettysburg a day before

• Famous Union general who pushed his way through northern GA and captured Atlanta

• After taking Atlanta, Sherman cut a 60 mile wide path through the heart of Georgia before arriving in Savannah

• Determined to inflict the horrors of war on the South and break its will!!!

• “War is hell”--Sherman

• Aimed to destroy supplies destined for the Confederate Army and weaken morale of Southern troops by waging war on their homes

• Called “total war”

• Democratic faction that preached either defeatism with disloyal talk or a “peace at any price” philosophy

• Condemned Lincoln for fighting an “unjust war”

• Most famous Copperhead

• Exiled to the South

• Republican Party turns for one election into the Union Party with Lincoln as the candidate

• Andrew Johnson, a Southern Democrat, becomes his running mate– Pick up Border State votes!

• Democrats run George McClellan with hopes of making peace with the Confederacy

• “Don’t swap horses in the middle of the river”

• The course of the war affected the election!!

• Early in the campaign, the Union forces were stuck

• Lincoln did not believe he would be re-elected

• Northern victories by Farragut at Mobile, AL, Sherman taking Atlanta, and Gen. Phillip Sheridan destroying the Shenandoah Valley helped Lincoln win

• “With malice towards none, with charity for all”

• Gave some hint of his Reconstruction policy to come!

• Grant was moved to the eastern theater late in the war

• Grant’s strategy was to attack Rebel armies simultaneously thus not allowing them to assist one another

• Destroy the Confederate Army

• Nickname given to Grant b/c of the large amount of deaths allowed by his own men

• Lee’s army surrounded near APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE in Virginia

• Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia

• The Civil War is basically over!

• Lincoln assassinated on night of April 14th, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater

• South was happy at first, but eventually saw it as a disaster for them as Congressional Republicans will be much harsher on them than Lincoln would have been!!

• Most notorious POW camp during war

• More than 130,000 Union soldiers die there