CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A careful review and exploration of the related literature was

indispensable to give thoughts, explanation or hypothesis profitable

in detailing the problem, to avoid the risk of duplicating the same

study already undertaken, to suggest methods of research

appropriate to the problem, to spot relative information helpful in

the elucidation of results and to help the general grant of the

reseacher. Current chapter was designed to bring light on a few

related empirical studies which are relevant to the problem under

study.

This section gives a brief overview and provides a context for the

study. This chapter introduces the research questions and provides a

review of the literature concerning, “An Exploratory Study of

Psychomotor Abilities, Respiratory Indices and Motor Educability

among Cricket Players of Different Level of Achievement”. The

chapter is organized in sections covering:

i. Statement of the problem

ii. Objectives of the study

iii. Hypothesis of the study

iv. Delimitations of the study

v. Limitations of the study

vi. Definition and explanation of the terms

vii. Significance of the study

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Singh (2014) carried out this study to compare physique and motor fitness

among players. The study was conducted on 50 male players in which 25 tribal and 25

non tribal football players. Range of age 18 to 23 years. All the samples selected from

random basis. To assess physique, Heath & Carter Method (1967) was utilized. BMI

computed by Siri Formulae (1962) and for Motor fitness JCR test prepared by Cooper

(1963) was used. When comparison made on chin-up dimension, tribal male football

players having more arm strength (M=17.84) compared to non-tribal players

(M=13.23), indicates that both the groups are differ at .01 level of significance. When

same groups again compared on vertical jump item i.e. explosive leg strength, result

indicate that non tribal players having better leg strength (M=25.78) compared to

tribal players (M=22.41), „t‟ value is 3.56 shows that there is significant difference at

.01 level. Again comparison made on shuttle run item which measure agility and

speed, result found that tribal players having more agility and speed (M=31.78)

compare to non tribal players (M=33.64), „t‟ ratio is 4.42 that shows both the group

are differ at .01 level. Last comparison made on the BMI (Body Mass Index) result

indicate that tribal players (M = 18.80) and non-tribal (M=18.10) and the„t‟ value 1.12

demonstrates that among the groups no significant difference that implies both the

groups are equivalent on BMI

Khuman et al. (2014) conducted study to compare the static and dynamic

balance among collegiate cricket, soccer and volleyball male players. Materials and

Methods: A total of 150 students, college level male players from five different

colleges were requited for the study with purposive sampling. They were assigned

into three different groups according to their types of sports, cricket n=50, soccer

n=50, volleyball n=50. Static and dynamic balance was evaluated utilizing flamingo

balance test (FBT) and star excursion balance test (SEBT) in institutional based sports

physiotherapy department. Results: Intra-group comparison for FBT and SEBT score

shows no significance difference (P > 0.05). Multiple comparison of FBT and SEBT

score between groups reveals significantly difference between cricket and soccer

player (P = 0.000), between cricket and volleyball player (P=0.000) and among soccer

player and volleyballers (P = 0.000). FBT and SEBT score were significantly higher

in soccer players than volleyball and cricketer were found to have the least score

compared with soccer and volleyball players. There is significance difference in

static and dynamic balance among collegiate cricket, soccer and volleyball male

players. The soccer players demonstrate higher balance than volleyball players and

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the volleyball players have a higher balance than that of cricketers both statically and

dynamically.

Kumar (2014) carried out the research on male Kho-Kho and Kabbadi players

to analyze their physical fitness components. Randomly 30 students selected (15 in

each group) from 20-26 year age for the research. All participants are distinctive

college of M.D.U (Rohtak). For achieving the goal of research the sampling

technique utilized to evaluate the physical fitness. All the participants, educated

regarding the destination and convention of the research, all participants agree and

volunteered to partake in the experiment. To check the significant difference between

male Kho-Kho and Kabbadi players researcher utilized "t" test. The level of

significance was situated at 0.05. Outcome: from collected data and their analysis, it

concluded that Kho-Kho players are superior in speed, agility and endurance. While

in strength Kabbadi players dominated.

Singh (2014) carried out the research to investigate Rural and Urban girls

Health related fitness. Hundred girls selected 50 from rural and urban each (total 100

girls), age limit 13-17 years from various Rural and Urban Schools of Punjab. Two

components of AAHPER youth physical fitness test (50 yards dash and 600 yards

run/walk), push up test from Roger‟s strength test utilized for collecting data. To

inspect the hypothesis of current study mean, standard deviation and standard error

deviation utilized for speed, strength and endurance tests scores. To check the

differences between the mean of both groups„t‟ test employed. Level of significance

situated at 0.05.

Kumar (2013) conducted study to focus the presence of statistically significant

distinction on selected fitness components amongst judokas, boxers‟ and wrestlers.

Total 90 players (30 in each group), 18 to 23 years of age were selected for current

investigations. ANOVA and Scheffe S post hoc test adopted to evaluate the gathered

data. Outcome of investigation shows significant difference in judokas, boxers‟ and

wrestlers physical fitness parameters. Speed, power and agility dominated by the

boxers, endurance dominated by wrestlers and Judokas execute superiority in

flexibility dominate.

Datt and Mane (2013) conducted research to check the difference in speed,

strength and agility between volleyballers and basketballers. The research scholar is

undertaken this descriptive study to compare the Motor Fitness variables strength,

speed and agility between thirteen volleyballers and basketballers. The data collected

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by conducting speed test, agility test and strength test on the subjects. Independent

Sample T-Test adopted to compare the Motor Fitness of volleyballers and

basketballers. There was no significant difference in the motor fitness components of

volleyballers and basketballers.

Sharma et al. (2013) carried out the research to evaluate the physical

characteristics of Punjab and Haryana boxers. One Hundred Sixty participants from

19-28 years were selected for the motive of current research. The participants were

purposively allocated into two groups: Group-A: Punjab Boxers (N1=80) and Group-

B: Haryana Boxers (N2=80). All the subjects were informed about the aim and

procedure of the study. Gathered information examined by utilizing the Student‟s t-

test. Significant level set at 0.05. The computed value of „ t‟ for all the dimensions

were greater than the tabulated t.05. From the Outcome of this investigation showed

that haryanabóxers demonstrated superiority in physical characteristics as compare

with Punjab level bóxers.

Ghosh and Surajit (2013) conducted current investigation on Indian national

level women players of Kho-Kho and Kabaddi to compare selected physical,

psychological and anthropometric variables. Thirty Kho-Kho and thirty Kabaddi

players of total sixty players (N=60) aged between 11-16 years were selected as

subject. All the subjects were represented national championship as a member West

Bengal state team. In the present study three types of variables were selected viz. i)

anthropometric variables - Height, Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Percent

Body Fat ii) Physical fitness variables - Speed, Explosive Leg Strength, Cardio-

respiratory Endurance, Agility and Flexibility iii) Psychological variables - Self

confidence, Dominance, Introversion, Neuroticism and Sociability. In the present

study height and weight were measured by anthropometric rod and digital weighing

machine. BMI was examined as Body Mass in kg divided by the squared Height in

meters i.e. in kg/m2. Percentage of body fat was calculated through Bio-Impedance-

Analyzer (BIA) machine (Tanita TM, Model: BC-554). Physical fitness variables,

Speed, Explosive Leg Strength, Cardio-respiratory Endurance, Agility and Flexibility

were measured respectively by 30m sprint, Sergeant Jump, Harvard Step Test, 4 X

10m. Shuttle Run test and Sit and Reach Test. Psychological variables - Self

confidence, Dominance, Introversion, Neuroticism and Sociability were measured by

Burn-Reuter personality inventory questionnaire. Means of respective components

between two games were evaluated by adopting t-test. Consequences of the study

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showed that I) Height, Weight, BMI and % body fat of the Kabbadi players were

significantly higher than the Kho-Kho players. II) Speed, Explosive Leg Strength,

Cardio-respiratory Endurance and Agility of the Kho-Kho players were significantly

higher than the Kabbadi players. III) No major disparity in Flexibility between the

Kho-Kho and Kabbadi players. IV) In Self Confidence and Dominance Kabbadi

players had significantly higher value than the Kho-Kho player‟s .V) but no

significant differences were found in Introversion, Neuroticism and Sociability

between the Kho-Kho and Kabbadi players.

Sharma and Dhaliwal (2013) examined the study to compare the physiological

characteristics of Punjab and Haryana boxers. To achieve the motive of present

investigation 160 participants of age between 19-28 years took part in investigation.

The participants divided into two pools: Pool-A: Punjab Boxers (N1=80) and Pool-B:

Haryana Boxers (N2=80). Student‟s t-test for dependent data adopted for the

evaluation of gathered data. Level of significance was situated at 0.05. outcome of

evaluation of gathered information shows significant differences for vital capacity

(P<.05), resting pulse rate (P<.05) and peak flow rate (P<.05). It concluded from

outcomes that Punjab boxers and Haryana boxers seem to be statistically significant

in vital capacity, resting pulse rate and peak flow rate

Yadav and Kumar (2013) conducted study to determine the difference of

motor educability among state and district level foil and epee fencers. A group of 60

male state and district level fencers (mean age 21.81± 2.13 years) were selected.

Participated fencers divided into two categories: foil fencers (N1=30) and epee fencers

(N2=30). All the participants, educated regarding the destination and convention of

the research, all participants agree to partake in the study.To check the difference

among two fencer categories Student‟s t-test utilized. Level of significance set at

p≤0.05 . The investigational findings indicate that the computed value of t for all the

foil and epee fencers were greater than the tabulated t.05 (59)= 2.197. Outcome of

investigation shows momentous divergence in Motor educability among state and

district level foil and epee fencers.

Ramakrishna and Pallavi (2013) conducted investigation to analyzed the

Effects on selected performance variables among cricketers of Medicine ball training.

Total 24 participants aged between 18-25 years arbitrarily chosen from Gitam

University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India to accomplish the motive of current study.

Participants further divided into two categories equally. 6 Weeks medicine ball

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training (3 days per week) apply on group-1, and second group do daily routine work.

This study was delimited to the students who are between the age group, of 18-25

years. The gathered information evaluated by utilizing „t‟-test and ANCOVA . All of

the statistical analysis tests were computed at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusions:

the group underwent medicine ball throw important improvement on batting and

bowling in relation to the control group.

Singh et al. (2013) carried out study to compare the physical fitness of football

Players of Patiala and Amritsar. Sample: A total of 80 Football Players (40 Patiala, 40

Amritsar) were selected randomly during inter School competitions from Patiala and

Amritsar District of Punjab state respectively. The research was a descriptive

comparative method. The criterion measures adopted for current research were

flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, and speed. Analysis of Data: The data

collection tools used in the study was Sit & reach, Sit Ups, 50 yard dash. To assess

the gathered information Independent Sample „t‟ test utilized and significance level

set at 0.05. The outcome after assessing data of physical components revealed that in

the parameters such as sit-ups, sit and reach, and 50 m dash there was significant

difference between football Players of Patiala and Amritsar. The results also showed

that all the physical fitness components the Muscular strength and Endurance,

Flexibility and speed Patiala football Players were found to be better than Amritsar

football Players. Finally the researcher concluded that the Patiala football Players

were more fit as compare to Amritsar football players.

Saravanan and Singh (2013) analyses the diurnal variation on selected motor

fitness components among sprinters jumpers and throwers. To get the motive of this

investigation 30 male athletes aged from 18-22 years were chosen from the colleges

affiliated to UP Technical University, Lucknow. The motor fitness components

namely: speed and strength endurance were selected as criterion variables. The data

on chosen criterion variables were collected at 06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00

hours, and analyzed for statistical significance using the Halberg win cosinor software

and SPSS. The level of significance was preset at 0.05. It was found that a time of day

effect do exist on speed and strength endurance of athletes, beside there is significant

difference on the diurnal rhythm on speed among groups at different times of the day,

while the diurnal rhythm on strength endurance didn‟t differ among groups.

Kaur and Ghuman (2013) carried out current investigation to compare status

of Components of Fitness Variables of Hockey Players at Different Level of

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Competition. 120) male hockey player of age 11-19 years from Amritsar district of

Punjab State that have played for the year 2010-2011 & 2011-2012 were selected at

different level of achievement i.e., Sixty (N1=60) from District level, sixty (N2=60)

from State level. The outcome of investigation shows that no major differences seems

in district and state level hockey players on the sub-variables; agility, balance, speed,

explosive strength and flexibility.

Thakur and Kumar (2013) carried out current investigation to evaluate the

selected physical fitness components among state level footballers and volleyballers

Total sixty (N=60) male state level performer, i.e. thirty footballers (n=30) and thirty

volleyballers (n=30) were selected at randomly from Murshidabad District. Age limit

of the subjects was from 17 years to 19 years. Physical fitness test was employed for

all the subjects of both the groups in twice and best performance was taken. In this

test six test items consist. These test items are 50 yard dash; 600 meters run and walk;

shuttle run; medicine ball throw; standing board jump and sit ups etc. t-test was

utilized to analyzed the gathered data for investigation. and level of significance

situated at 0.05. Consequences : Football group were superior to volleyball group in

50 meters dash, 600 meters run and walk and shuttle run. Volleyball group were

superior to football group in medicine ball throw and standing broad jump. No

superiority was observed among football group and volleyball group in sit-up test.

Singh et al. (2013) carried out this study was to verify the differences between

inter-university and inter-college male softball players. The age of the subjects is

ranging between 16-26 years. For this purpose, the following variables were selected:

(i) Speed and (ii) Isometric hand grip strength: - (a) Right hand grip strength (b) Left

hand grip strength. Method: The tested group consisted of Inter-university and inter-

college male softball players (n = 30). The subjects further divided into two groups

according to the specific category. The first group (N1-15) included players who were

participated in the Inter-University Tournaments and the second group (N2-15)

involved players who were played Inter-college Tournaments only. Speed was

examined with the help of 30 meter dash test and isometric hand grip measured by the

grip dynamometer. Statistical Analysis: The Data were statistically evaluated groups‟

means with the student „t‟ test, 0.05 level of significance was preset with the help of

IBM SPSS Statistics 20 for Windows. The speed and right hand grip strength of

inter-university male softball players was significantly higher than the inter-college

group. And the left hand grip strength had almost same recorded in both groups. The

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study concluded that the inter-university softball players are better than inter-college

softball players in respect to speed and right hand grip strength. And the grip strength

of left hand in both groups is same because of it is mostly non-dominant hand of all

players.

Kumar and Vikram (2013) conducted this research to check the impact on

strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, leg strength, thigh girth and calf girth

of plyometric training. The study Conducted on 25 students, who were selected

randomly from three years degree course B.P.E. from Mahadev Desai Sharirik

Shikshan Mahavidyalaya Sadra, Gandhinagar. Run by Gujarat Vidyapith,

Ahmedabad, one experimental group designed within these 25 students. Before and

after completion of six week training programme tests performed. Which was Bent

knee sit ups for strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, Vertical jump test for

leg strength and circumference of thigh and calf by steal tape. T-test utilized to look at

the impact of Plyometric training on components used in current research. The

outcome of the research demonstrates that significant difference found in strength and

endurance of abdominal muscles, Leg Strength and calf girth among the subjects.

Rani et al. (2013) carried out study to evaluate the Flexibility and Jumping

Ability among male players of Basketball and Soccer. A group of Twenty (N=40)

Inter college male players of Basketball and Soccer between the 18-22 years of age

will be randomly selected for the present study. Flexibility and jumping ability tests

were conducted on 40 athletes (20 each soccer and basketball players). Examinations

between these two games occurred, in each of the gatherings focused around age (18-

22 years old). The data will be analyzed using SPSS. The student‟s t-test employed to

look at group differences. Significant level set at p0.05.

Ghuman and Singh (2013) conducted study to examine the gross motor

proficiency in District and State Level Volleyball Players. To accomplish the motive

of investigation 60 male district level volleyballers of age 17-28 years were selected

as subjects. Selected Gross motor proficiency variables adopted for current study.

level of significance set at 0.05. t-test utilized to evaluate the mean difference between

the groups for selected factors. The outcome of investigation showed with regards

gross motor proficiency on the sub-variables; muscular strength, muscular power,

muscular endurance, cardio respiratory endurance, running speed, running agility,

jumping agility, throwing ability, flexibility, balance and kinesthetic perception

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between district and state level volleyball players. It was seem from the outcome of

investigation that state level player‟s shows supremacy on gross motor proficiency

than opposite group.

Singh et al. (2013) carried out research to evaluate the significant differences

of motor fitness components among batsmen and bowler. A group of 30 male

participants of aged 18-28 years were chosen for current investigation from GNDU,

Amritsar, Punjab.to accomplish the motive of investigation participant further

categorized into two aspects (i.e., N1=15; batsmen and N2=15; bowler). The student‟s

t-test employed for evaluating group differences. The level significance preset at 0.05.

Analysis of data exposed insignificant differences of speed (p = 0.20), strength (p

=0.096) agility (p=0.06) and Cardiovascular Endurance (p=0.21) between Batsmen

and Bowler, since the tabulated value of t (=2.048) higher than calculated value of t

for all the variables i.e., speed (t=1.30), strength (1.72), agility (1.94) and

Cardiovascular Endurance (1.41), So the group difference between Batsmen and

Bowler in regards to speed, strength, agility and endurance found to be statistically

insignificant. Whereas significant differences of static Balance (p = 0.019) between

Batsmen and Bowler, since the calculated value of t for static Balance (t=2.50) is

superior than the tabulated value of t (=2.048). So the group difference between

Batsmen and Bowler in regards to speed, strength, agility and Cardiovascular

Endurance found to be statistically insignificant. Whereas significant differences of

static Balance found.

Kathuria (2013) examined the study to assess the respiratory indices of female

pace bowlers and spin bowlers. A group of 30 female bowlers aged from 18-25 years

(pace bowlers 15 and spin bowlers 15) average height, weight, and age were (mean ±

SD: age 20.86 ± 2.03years, height 159.2±2.45 cm, and body mass 57.93± 3.64 kg)

were selected for this study. The “t” test employed for calculation of difference in the

mean of each group. The level of significance preset at 0.05. outcome of data

discovered that there were noteworthy divergence of Vital Capacity (p=0.0001),

forced vital capacity (p=0.0027) tidal volume (p= 0.0839) expiratory reserve volume

(p= 0.0449)and Inspiratory capacity (p=0.0236)between female pace bowlers and spin

bowlers, since the calculated value of t for all the variables i.e., Vital Capacity

(6.8591), forced vital capacity (3.2841) tidal volume (1.900) expiratory reserve

volume (2.0999) and Inspiratory capacity (2.3933) is higher than the tabulated value

of t (1.701) for 28 degree of freedom. It demonstrate that the group difference

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between pace bowlers and spin bowlers in regards to Vital Capacity, forced vital

capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and Inspiratory capacity found to be

statistically significant. Whereas insignificant differences of Inspiratory reserve

volume (p= 0.3935) between pace bowlers and spin bowlers, since the calculated

value of t for Inspiratory reserve volume (t=0.8666) is smaller than the tabulated value

of t (1.701) for 28 degree of. Thus the group difference between pace bowlers and

spin bowlers in regards to Vital Capacity, forced vital capacity, tidal volume,

expiratory reserve volume and Inspiratory capacity found to be statistically

significant. Whereas insignificant differences of Inspiratory reserve volume found.

Bhadoria et al. (2013) conducted study to compare the arm and shoulder girdle

strength and muscular power of volleyball and Handball players. Thirty (N=30)

randomly selected high school boys, aged 16-20 years of Amritsar (Punjab, India)

willingly took part in this research. Participants divided into two groups (15 volleyball

players and 15 handball players). Medicine Ball Put Test was used to measure the arm

and shoulder girdle strength whereas Vertical Jump Test (Sargent Jump) was

employed to compute the muscular power of the lower body. The student‟s t-test

employed for evaluating group differences. The level significance preset at 0.05.

Consequences: there were noteworthy divergences among groups seem.

Singh et al. (2013) conducted study to compare the selected motor fitness

components of elite male weight lifters and power lifters. For this purpose, Two

hundred subjects were selected. They further categorized into two categories N=100

each (i.e., N1=100; weight lifters and N2=100; power lifters). Motor fitness

components that influence the performance in the sports of weight lifting and power

lifting as identified from a review of related literature and selected for the study were:

Reaction Time, Balance, Power, Speed, Agility & Coordination. SPSS statistical

software (version 16.0) was used to analyze. The student‟s t-test employed for

evaluating group differences. The level significance preset at 0.05. In case of selected

motor fitness components noteworthy divergence between categories were seen for

reaction time (t=1.932*), balance (t=1.839*), power (t=6.65*), speed (t=1.815*), and

coordination (t=1.925*) whereas no noteworthy divergence were seen for agility

(t=0.163).

Chahal et al. (2012) conducted current examination to assess the hypothesis

that predicting excellence in junior Indian female basketball players in relation to

anthropometric, physiological variables and then helpful to determine the squads of

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other levels. The regression and factorial analysis to predict the excellence were

applied. The study measured anthropometric measures (height, weight, arm length,

palm length, leg length and the girths of the upper arm, wrist, thigh and calf) and

physiological variables (anaerobic power, peak flow rate, vital capacity and four skin

folds for body fat percentage) of ninety six female players competing at junior

National Basketball championship. To collect the data of selected variables were

taken on each subject individually during rest hours with the help of standard

scientific instruments and techniques. Significant relationships were found between

performance in relation to palm length (0.32), leg length (0.29), upper arm

circumference (0.24), anaerobic power (0.30), peak flow rate (0.69), vital capacity

(0.22) and body fat percentage (0.37).The performance in junior female basketball

players could be attributed to selected anthropometrical and physiological variables

followed by prediction equation. Factor analysis of data showed four prominent

factors. Application of the findings may prove more beneficial and effective TISTI

program to optimize playing ability at appropriate chronological and competitive age

(peak performance age).

Karkare (2012) conducted current research to evaluate the tribal and non tribal

player‟s motor educability of. 800subjects of average age 15.75 years (200 from

gender of tribal and non tribal) took part in investigation from Vidarbha region of

Maharashtra state. Metheny Johnson Motor Educability Test adopted to evaluate

Motor Educability of chosen subjects. One way ANOVA method utilized to check

difference between the groups. Outcome of investigation shows that front role and

back role stunt dominated by the tribal boys in respect to other groups and Non tribal

boys execute jumping half turn and jumping full turn stunt more artfully than the

other groups. Non tribal boys dominate overall motor educability in respect to other

related groups.

Kumar et al. (2013) conducted investigation on high jumpers and triple

jumpers of Hyderabad to evaluate the difference of speed and explosive strength

among them. Total 40 male athletes took part (20 High Jumpers and 20 Triple

Jumpers) of Hyderabad District. Speed tested by 50 M Run and Standing long Jump

adopted for Explosive Strength. The outcome of investigation presented that Triple

Jumpers were more Speedy and High Jumpers dominated explosive strength. Coaches

must give Coaching to the High Jumpers and Triple Jumpers to improve their motor

qualities to excel in the performance.

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Trajkovic et al. (2012) conducted a study to evaluate the effect of 6 week skill-

based conditioning training program in physical performance of male elite volleyball

players. Total 60 volleyball players of average age 22.3 years took part in study.

Speed, jumping ability and agility of players evaluated. The outcome of training

shows that there is improvement in speed; there were no major divergence in lower-

body muscular power in pre and post training and agility

Rajana and Raghu (2012) conducted a study to evaluate and compare state

level cricketers and volleyball player‟s motor fitness and selected anthropometric

parameters. For current investigation 10 state level cricketers and 10 volleyballers

were chosen. Leg explosive strength, shoulder strength, flexibility and agility were

tested to evaluate motor fitness and height, weight biceps and calf circumstance,

length of the upper and lower limb were evaluated as anthropometric variables.

Consequence of investigation revealed that cricketer‟s shows supremacy in motor

fitness than volleyballers, apart from flexibility, on other hand the volleyball player‟s

height and weight better than cricketers. Cricketers have better biceps and triceps than

volleyballers but volleyballer‟s shows supremacy in lower and upper limb differences.

Dhanula and Chaudhary (2012) carried out the study with motive to evaluate

college level Kabaddi & Kho-Kho Players body composition, flexibility, and

muscular Endurance. From Hemchandrachary North Gujrat Uni. Patan 30 kabaddi

and 30 Kho-Kho players represented at college level, aged between 18 to 22 years

chosen arbitrarily for current investigation. The „t‟-test adopted to evaluate mean

difference among groups. Outcome of investigation shows that muscular endurance

Flexibility and Body composition seen statistically significant. Consequence: the

outcome of study revealed that there is a major diversity in body composition, trunk

& hip flexibility of Kabaddi &Kho-Kho.

Lamb et al. (2012) “focuses on the concept of positive health and, in

particular, recognizes the importance of physical fitness. It is argued that measures of

physical fitness are indicators of positive health and such measures are identified

under their discrete headings of agility, flexibility, power, speed and reaction time,

strength, cardiovascular capacity, body composition and posture. The theme of health-

related fitness is explored, with recognition of its increasing importance for health

promotion in schools, the community and commerce. Evidence is presented that

highlights the general acceptance of the importance of certain fitness components in

the assessment of the positive health of populations. In addition, an alternative method

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of assessing fitness is discussed, arising from the authors' recognition of its potential

as an inexpensive, easily administered indicator of one aspect of positive health. The

case for using subjective indicators of positive health is also presented–the argument

being that subjective health could be a possible mediator in the attainment of positive

health.”

Rathod (2011) conducted study to examine the diversity in Table Tennis and

Badminton Players of Osmania University Physical Fitness. Total 40 male subjects

aged between 16-20 years (20 Table Tennis and 20 Badminton Players) were took

part in current investigation. The AAPHER Youth Fitness Test employed in

investigation. The outcome of the study revealed that Badminton Players shows better

Physical Fitness in respect to the Table Tennis Players. Current investigation revealed

that physical training of Badminton Players harder then Table Tennis Players that‟s

why they are more physically fit. The Badminton Players shows supremacy in all

physical fitness components apart from Shuttle run.

Morteza et al. (2011) conducted current investigation on students of Islamic

Azad University (IAU), shabestar branch based on gender to testing, assess and

evaluate their physical fitness. 250 male students average age22.5 and the 200 female

aged between 22.75 (total450 students) took part in investigation. To evaluate the

physical fitness vertical jump, 10 meter shuttle run, flexibility 12 minute run, sit-up,

and push up of the students assessed. The outcome of the experiment shows that male

students dominate all physical fitness parameters than opposite gender apart sit and

reach test, in which female shows supremacy..

Ghouse (2011) conducted study on the Table Tennis and Lawn Tennis Players

in Hyderabad to examine diversity in Physical Fitness. Total 30 male subjects aged

between 16-20 years (15 Table tennis and 15 Lawn Tennis Players) were participated

in investigation. To assess the physical fitness AAPHER Youth Fitness Test

employed. The outcome of the study revealed that Lawn Tennis Players shows better

Physical Fitness in respect to the Table Tennis Players. Current investigation revealed

that physical training of Lawn Tennis Players harder then Table Tennis Players that‟s

why they are more physically fit. The Lawn Tennis Players shows supremacy in all

physical fitness components apart from Shuttle run.

Kevin et al. (2011) “conducted a study to determine whether differences

existed for anthropometric and performance characteristics between regional and

national selection in high performance UK junior Rugby League players, and to

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identify variables that discriminated between these selection levels. Regional

representative (n=1172) selected junior players (aged 13–16 years) undertook an

anthropometric and fitness testing battery with players split according to selection

level (i.e., national, regional). MANCOVA analyses, with age and maturation

controlled, identified national players as having lower sum of 4 skinfolds scores

compared to regional players, and also performed significantly better on all physical

tests. Stepwise discriminate analysis identified that estimated maximum oxygen

uptake, chronological age, body mass, 20 m sprint; height, sum of 4 skinfolds and

sitting height discriminated between selection levels, accounting for 28.7% of the

variance. This discriminate analysis corresponded to an overall predictive accuracy of

63.3% for all players. These results indicate that performance characteristics differed

between selection levels in junior Rugby League players. However, the small

magnitude of difference between selection levels suggests that physical qualities only

partially explain higher representative selection. The monitoring and evaluation of

such variables, alongside game related performance characteristics, provides greater

knowledge and understanding about the processes and consequences of selection,

training and performance in youth sport.”

Surekha et al. (2010) conducted the study on 50 male athletes aged 20 – 25

years who were non-smokers, non-alcoholic, not suffering from any illness previously

and present. As a measure of exercise the subjects were asked to run for 15 minutes.

The resting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure were recorded in supine position and the

blood sample was collected for neutrophil count. After recording the above

parameters at rest the subject was instructed to run for 15 min, after 15 min sample of

blood collected 15 minutes for neutrophil count. Student‟s t-test was employed to

assess the gathered information. There was a momentous raise in neutrophil count

after exercise when compared to the neutrophil count at rest with p-value of <0.0001.

The increase in neutrophil count is related to the production of cytokines and is also

due to classical stress hormones like epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, cortical and

growth hormone.

Franciosi et al. (2010) conducted a study with the aims to survey: (a) physical

fitness of players with intelligent disability (ID) match up to the people integrated in

recreational and recreation movement programs (non-sports individuals); (b) role of

game specialization on competitors' fitness; and c) relationship of every fitness

variable with subjects' ID levels. 22 athletic events, 19 basketballs, and 23 non-

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sportsperson were enlisted. Prior and then afterward a period of 9-month , all

members executed fitness tests, analysis body composition, flexibility , arm muscular

strength , lower and upper-body muscular strength and endurance , explosive leg

power, cardiovascular endurance, balance ability , motor coordination. Outcome of

investigation demonstrated that members' weight, BMI and balance ability altogether

influenced by time; explosive leg power by action ,flexibility , arm muscular strength

, lower and upper-body muscular strength and endurance , cardiovascular endurance,

balance ability , motor coordination by time and movement. Track and field athletes

greater than before significantly cardiovascular endurance. All athletes enhanced

significantly muscular strength, muscular strength and endurance; rather non-athletic

people diminished significantly muscular endurance. Motor coordination enhanced

altogether in track and field athletes, and diminished significantly in non-athletic

people. ID level was emphatically associated to motor coordination. Discoveries of

current research demonstrated that physical movement enhanced fitness in grown

athletes with ID, diminishing wellbeing dangers. Players with worse ID got high

execution scores in motor coordination test.

Syed (2010) directed the study on handballers of Osmania University,

Hyderabad, India to analyze the correlation between skill performance and selected

physical fitness components. 30 handballers age 18 to 22 years were arbitrarily

chosen from the player experiencing thorough coaching camp for the All India Inter

University competition. The skill performance is judged by taken independent

variables Defensive ability, passing ability, and dribbling. Speed, flexibility, explosive

power, agility and cardio-respiratory endurance were assessed for physical fitness. For

evaluate the skill performance Defensive ability, passing ability, and dribbling ability

assessed. The measurable instrument utilized was Pearson product moment

correlation. Outcome: information demonstrated a few fascinating outcome.

Defensive ability shows positive relationship with speed and agility while explosive

power, cardio-respiratory endurance, and flexibility had a unenthusiastic relationship.

The passing capacity shows positive relationship with fitness components apart from

speed & agility. The expertise of dribbling had a optimistic relationship with speed

and agility a unenthusiastic connection with explosive power and was unimportantly

connected to cardio respiratory endurance and flexibility. Consequences demonstrated

that great speed & agility enhance defensive ability. A participant exceeds

expectations in passing on the off chance that he have a superior explosive power,

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cardio respiratory endurance, and flexibility. If a participant has good speed and

agility Aptitude of dribbling could better.

Prabhakar and Suresh (2010) analyzed the distinction in Physical Fitness

between Softball players and Handballers in Hyderabad. 20 participant age between

16-20 years (10 handballers and 10 softball players) took part in this research. The

AAPHER Youth Fitness Test utilized for the research. It observed that Handballers

have great Physical Fitness contrast with Soft Ball Players. This research

demonstrates that the Handballers are great on the grounds that they do great Physical

Training contrast with Soft Ball Players. The Hand Ball Players are having great

speed, and endurance.

Kumar et al. (2010) conducted study on the Table Tennis and Lawn Tennis

Players in Hyderabad to examine diversity in Physical Fitness. Total 30 male players

of age between 16-20 years (15 Table Tennis and 15 Lawn Tennis), were considered

for the research. The AAPHER Youth Fitness Test was adopted for the above

problem. The Lawn Tennis Players are superior in speed, strength and endurance.

This investigation covered that Lawn Tennis Players supreme in Physical

conditioning contrast with the Table Tennis Players. This research demonstrates that

the Lawn Tennis Players are great in light of the fact that they execute great Physical

Training contrast with Table Tennis Players All through the historical backdrop of

humanity Physical fitness has regularly been a vital or key destination of different

groups and governments. Healthy personnel are the natures arrogance and they are a

resource for the nation in all regards of advancement and improvement. Actually

nations like USA, Germany, Russia, China, France and so forth have demanded

military preparing for the populace of the particular nations who can buckle down for

exchange and business who likewise well expand some assistance in securing the

nation at the time of intrusion by the adversaries. All Living Individual have some

level of physical fitness and this degree may be translated as far as their ability for

execution and their persistence in Physical exercises. “Physical fitness is common

condition of great physical wellbeing”. With the goal one should be pertain to

physically fit the main organs of body need to work at an ordinary intensity for the

human being to keep affection equipped for executing an action. Lawn Tennis and

Table Tennis players are obliging Physical fitness to achieve well in the competition

and also in training. Aim: Physical Fitness between Table Tennis and Lawn Tennis

Players in Hyderabad. . Total 30 male players of age between 16-20 years (15 Table

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31

Tennis and 15 Lawn Tennis), were considered for the research. The AAPHER Youth

Fitness Test was utilized for the Study. The outcome of the study revealed that Lawn

Tennis Players shows better Physical Fitness in respect to the Table Tennis Players.

Current investigation revealed that physical training of Lawn Tennis Players harder

then Table Tennis Players that‟s why they are more physically fit. The Lawn Tennis

Players shows supremacy in all physical fitness components apart from Shuttle run.

Suresh and Krishna (2010) compared and analyzed the variations on selected

physiological variables and performance of physical education students in South

Karnataka region. . Time is fundamental a quality needed to be creates in the players.

The present study was led on 100 male subject‟s age ranging 21 to 25 years from

student‟s bachelor of physical education colleges and master of physical education in

the Bangalore University, Bangalore. Tests were executed for physiological

components led at the classrooms, school grounds, etc and satisfactory offices

accessible to direct the experiment. The examination took support of the staff and

Ph.d. researchers of physical training, MBBS understudies, Medical officers and staff

of Bangalore University wellbeing focus and physical instruction. Practical Example

of the entire assessment was specified to the participants and all exertion was done by

the scientist to guarantee precision and consistency in directing the experiment.

Physiological assessment are examined and the outcome are talked about here the

Mean and SD of physiological variables of competitors and non players of physical

instruction universities subsidiary to Bangalore University Athletes Non-competitors

Variables Mean SD Mean SD „t‟ Resting pulse rate 68.23 3.00 68.47 3.46 1.84

Systolic blood pressure 116.87 3.47 117.13 2.59 2.00* Dialostic blood pressure 76.23

2.57 76.60 3.32 3.08** Vital capacity 4.09 0.61 3.99 0.51 3.33** Body Fat percentage

16.74 2.26 16.86 2.28 0.042 *Significant at 0.05 level 80** Significant at 0.01 levels.

In physiological assessment, no critical contrast seen between in testing pulse rate and

body fat percentage of competitors and non-players of physical training schools

associated to Bangalore University, Bangalore. In blood pressure and vital capacity

critical distinction between in testing pulse rate and body fat percentage of athletes

and non athletes of physical education colleges affiliated to Bangalore University,

Bangalore. Athletes were found to be better than non athletes Hence it was concluded

that though the sportsmen of physical education colleges associated to Bangalore

University (South Karnataka) demonstrated predominant exhibitions in large portions

of the physiological segments regardless they require standard practice, flawless level

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of sportsmanship could be achieved by diligent efforts and dedication toward

profession and commitment to enhance in strength flexibility and power resting pulse

rate and body fat percentage.

Dupler et al. (2010) conducted a study on grade levels and playing positions

inside High-School footballers to inspect physical and performance variations. 2,327

subjects are chosen for testing height, weight, time for 40-yd sprint, pro-agility time,

and vertical jump height. ANOVA and 1-way ANOVAs adopted to assess the mean

difference across age groups and playing positions. The outcome demonstrate that

defensive competitors in the eleventh and twelfth grades fundamentally quicker in the

40-yd sprint, pro-agility and created greater force than ninth and tenth grade defensive

competitors over all places. So also, offensive competitors of eleventh and twelfth

grades essentially quick, faster, and hop higher than the lower grades competitors (p <

0.05). Outcome of the investigation shows difference in the physical and performance

qualities of secondary school footballers. The best distinction is seen among the

inexperienced and junior years. Elder, established players are faster, snappier, and fit

for producing more power than more youthful competitors. For all intents and

purpose, this information gave prop up to the regular 3-layered methodology, the

majority secondary schools adopt for their football courses. This methodology shown

to take into consideration to rival more established players physical development of

athlete and to permit era for the improvement of strength, power, speed, and agility

important.

Lena et al. (2010) observed that motor performance ability (MPA) has been

seen as a multidimensional build comprising of such particular parts as endurance,

strength, coordination, and flexibility. The study analyzes either the expected

compositions of MPA could be discovered observationally in youngsters and

teenagers. The Motoric-Module, directed somewhere around 2003 and 2006 in

Germany for the separated estimation of MPA aged 6 to 17 (N = 2,840), prepared

utilization of an 8 item performance test battery. This test battery was accepted to

evaluate the five motor areas of endurance, strength, coordination under time

pressure, coordination under exactitude demands and flexibility. A two-level model of

MPA with these five motor dimensions as first request variables could be affirmed

utilizing affirming component investigation. The way coefficient (p < 0.001)

depicting the immediate impact from MPA to strength was 0.97, trailed by the impact

from MPA to coordination below exactness requests (a = 0.73). The coefficient

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relating from MPA to coordination below time pressure was lesser (a = 0.64) and the

most reduced loadings demonstrated for MPA are showed for endurance (a = 0.36)

and flexibility (a = 0.23). The main request variables demonstrated huge immediate

consequences for each of the watched component and this is essential for health care.

Lidor and Ziv (2010) carried out study on female volleyball players review the

series of investigation (n = 31) on physical traits, physiological characteristics, and

performances on-court. Exact and realistic information rising up out of studies on

preparing concerned matters in volleyball ought to be incorporated and connected

while arranging yearly training projects for volleyball players. In view of our survey,

it was discovered that (a) players of a top skilled standard are taller, to a degree

weighty, and have supreme in vertical hop than low standard players; (b) the aerobic

capacity of both female volleyballers and basketballers are almost same; (c) vertical

jump could be improved by ballistic resistance training in female volleyballers; and

(d) To avert tiredness and decrease performance toward the start of the season pre-

season training should be accomplished. Among the exploration related talked about

in the study, there is a need information for on-court performance and time-

movement examination in female volleyballers and those additional exploratory

investigations are expected to inspect viability of diverse preparing projects on

physiological properties of female volleyballers. Two commonsense ramifications are

recommended for volleyball and conditioning coaches: (a) utilitarian and non-

practical exceeding ought to be painstakingly checked when arranging strength and

conditioning projects, and (b) volleyball projects ought to incorporate ballistic-sort

training

Theoharopoulos et al. (2009) conducted research to analyze soccer and

basketball players' physical condition at the ages of 13 until 16 years of age.

Flexibility and jumping ability test (by Bosco) were assessed on 327 subjects

(179soceer and 148basketball players). Examinations between these two games

occurred, in both group focused around age (13 to16, years of age). Statistical

scrutiny demonstrated critical contrasts in the middle of soccer and basketball

competitors at flexibility and jumping ability, largely at the age of 15. In all tests,

average qualities were agreeable to Soccer players. The current research underpins

the outcomes that the soccer players supreme in physical ability then the

basketballers at the ages of 13 to 16, on factors, for example flexibility and lower

limb muscle strength. Further investigate ought to be made mulling over the sort and

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heap of preparing, and additionally the level of development of the players at these

ages.

Ziv and Lidor (2009) examined female and male elite basketball player‟s

physical traits, physiological qualities, performance on court and plans for nutrition.

This investigation contains pertinent data on physical and physiological parameters.

Six principle discoveries rose up out of their assessment: (i) according to playing

position and skill levels there will be some different physical properties exist such as

centers are more heavier, taller and less mesomorphic than guards; (ii) (VO(2max))

values of female and male players are 44.0-54.0 and 50-60 mLO (2)/kg/min; (iii)

supreme vertical jump capacity of advance skills level male and female players are

higher; (iv) the speed and agility among the more talented female and male players

are higher than the less talented players; (v) during the game the more high-intensity

movements better performed by guards as compare to forwards and centers; and (vi)

while in actual play decreases in physical and mental performance due to a water

shortage of 2% of bodyweight. Five impediments connected with the testing protocols

utilized as a part of the investigations are sketched out, between them the absence of a

longitudinal methodology, absence of examinations executed underneath physical

effort situations, and absence of investigations utilizing a period movement

investigation.. Moreover, for the basketball and conditioning coaches three handy

proposals are exhibited. It is inferred that the information rising up out of these

studies, joined with the learning acquired by investigations on physical and

physiological qualities of first class basketballers, ought to be implemented by

basketball and conditioning coaches at the time of arranging training programmer for

elite basketball players.

Selma (2009) carried out a study with the reason to think about anthropometric

qualities and physical performance of soccer groups that partake in less than 14 age

bunch with distinctive achievement levels in Antalya district. This investigation

includes 60 soccer players, 15 in each team. According to rank position, participated

football teams in this investigation divided into two groups. Total 24 teams included

in this contest. The first and the second positioning groups structured the first group

and 23rd and the 24th groups shaped the second group. The Standard anthropometric

method adopted for assessing selected anthropometric qualities. Hand strength test,

leg and back strength test, audio-visual reaction time test, vertical jump test and 20m.

Sprint test employed to evaluate the physical performance. As per the consequences

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of examination of anthropometric measures of first and second groups; there were

noteworthy contrasts in skin fold width and length dimensions, circumference

measurement of calf and biceps somewhere around first and second. Groups of soccer

players, no major variation in measurement of thigh circumference, lower leg, lower

arm and wrist somewhere around first and 2nd.groups of soccer players. important

variation found in all physical assessment somewhere around first and second Groups

of soccer players. Diversity in anthropometric attributes in U-14 soccer players was

viable on performance.

Pasanen et al. (2009) carried out the study to examine that whether muscle

power, balance, speed and agility improved by 6-month neuromuscular warm-up

system co. Total 222 subjects (119 experimental group and 103 control group)

average age 24 were caught up for one association season. A neuromuscular warm-up

project considered games particular running procedure, stability, jumping and

strengthening exercises. The groups encouraged to employed exercises program for

25 min, 1–3 times each week in their training session. After half year, positive

difference between the groups was seen in two conclusion measures: jumping over a

bar and standing on a bar. These distinctions were 2.3 hops, favoring the intercession

group, and −0.4 balance losses, again for the mediation group. A neuromuscular

warm-up system enhanced the football players' sideways hopping velocity and static

balance. These exercises suggested for weekly coaching plan of floor ball players

because these exercises are easy and safe to execute.

Tim et al. (2009) carried out a study on junior rugby league players

contending at elite and sub-elite level with the reason to examine their physical

characteristics, and find out whether preseason fitness level were fundamentally

diverse for the player elected in first season than non-elected. To accomplish the

motive of investigation 36 junior sub-elite and 28 junior elite rugby league players

joined this investigation. Participants undergo dimensions of anthropometry, change

of direction speed (505 test), speed, leg strength, and estimated maximal aerobic

power at the start of the competition period. Speed, vertical jump, change of direction

speed, and maximal aerobic power parameters dominated by elite participant. Elite

participants longer and have heavy weight than non-starters, while sub-elite

participants were taller and more noteworthy change of direction speed than non-

starters. Outcome of this investigation exhibit that some physical qualities can

segregate starters and non-starters in world class and sub-elite junior rugby groups.

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Suthakar et al. (2009) conducted a study on tennis and hockey players to

assess the impact of Plyometric training and the capacity to strengthen the arm and leg

quality. Total 50 subjects aging between 18-25 years (25 Tennis and 25 Hockey

players) chosen from four Universities which participated in All India Inter

Universities. The examination of current investigation conducted for 3 months. The

players underwent from given programs and experimental training under the

recommendation of Physical Director. The gathered data analyzed by adopting

ANOVA and Duncan‟s Multiple Range Test adopted to evaluate mean diversity. The

investigation exposed improved change in strength of arm and leg of Tennis players

in respect to opposite group.

Douda et al. (2008) “led a study to search the physiological and

anthropometric indicators of rhythmic gymnastics performance, that characterized by

aggregate positioning score of every player in a national rivalry. 15 elite and 19 non

elite gymnast (total 34) selected for investigation, and anthropometric, physical

fitness, and physiological measurements were taken of these gymnast. The primary

segments investigation extricated 6 parts: anthropometric, flexibility, explosive

strength, aerobic capacity, body dimensions, and anaerobic metabolism. These were

utilized as a part of a concurrent multiple-regression methodology to figure out which

finest clarify the difference in rhythmic gymnastics result output. Taking into account

the foremost segment examination, the anthropometric part clarified 45% of the total

variance, flexibility 12.1%, explosive strength 9.2%, aerobic capacity 7.4%, body

dimensions 6.8%, and anaerobic metabolism 4.6%. Aerobic capacity (r=.49) and

Factors of anthropometric (r=.50) extensively correlated with performance (P<.01).

When the multiple-regression model- apply to elite gymnasts, 92.5% of the

assortment was elucidated by VO2max (58.9%), arm span (12%), mid thigh

circumference (13.1%), and body mass (8.5%). Performance largely effected by the

above chosen anthropometric factors, aerobic power, flexibility, and explosive

strength. These discoveries may have handy ramifications for coaching and

identification talent in rhythmic gymnastics”

Baker and Newton (2008) conducted this study on elite first-division national

rugby league (NRL) players and second-division state league (SRL) to evaluate the

power, acceleration, maximal speed, agility, lower body strength and sprint

momentum. 40 subjectss (20 each from NRL and SRL) took part in investigation. In

categorizing players for NRL or SRL squads Strength and maximal power were

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dominated factors. No any sprint tests could recognize the NRL or SRL squads. on the

other hand, sprint momentum (10-m speed X body mass ) was best for separating in

the middle of NRL and SRL players as heavier, speedier have better drive forward

and on the other hand be ready to repulse adversaries' drive forward.. Strength and

conditioning experts ought to accordingly give careful consideration to expanding

lower body strength and power and total body mass through suitable resistance

training whereas keeping up or enhancing 10-m sprint velocity to furnish their players

with the hidden performance qualities of play at the first class level in rugby leagues.

Galal et al. (2007) conducted this worldwide relative research to examined

particular physical and anthropometric attributes among brilliant young handballers in

Germany and Greece. This examination permit to establish difference in system of

selecting elite handballers between two nations. 88 Greek, 74 German (total 162)

young male players took part in this investigation. Hand length and hand spread, body

height, body mass and body mass index, arm span are adopted for anthropometric

measurements., standing broad jump, sit and reach flexibility, 30 m sprint and 20 m

shuttle run test are utilized for Physical fitness measurements. The consequences of

this investigation exhibit that Greek players dominated in height and weight, larger

arm span and hand length and speedy, superior standing long jump and aerobic

capacity. German players do better than in hand spread. A few of them distinctions

could brief by the diverse systems and instruction strategies, and the coaching

situation furthermore the training environment, the outcome of investigation do have

imperative ramifications and impacts in the physical state of junior players.

Warren and Luke (2007) directed a study on elite junior Australian footballers

to focus the relations among chosen anthropometric and fitness parameters with

pointer of performance. Amid preseason, from elite Victorian U-18 Australian Rules

football rivalry 485 players examined for chosen anthropometric and fitness

parameters. Performance signs integrated being chosen for the first session of the

season and the quantity of belonging, imprints, hit outs, and quantity of diversions

where votes were honored in the initial 8 amusements of the season. Best and base 4

groups on the stepping stool were likewise thought about after 8 diversions. Players

were partitioned into groups on premise of the above markers and the groups were

looked at factually by ANOVA. There was numerous major dissimilarity among

elected and non-elected players procuring the most belonging were altogether (p<

0.05) smaller, with less body mass and had more noteworthy increasing speed and

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endurance. Body mass was essentially identified with the quantity of marks and

stature was identified with hit outs (p<0.05). Main fitness feature to segregate among

top and lesser vote winners was Acceleration. The subjects from the main 4 groups

had an altogether more noteworthy standing reach, were heavier yet not better in any

fitness component. Usually performance indicator was not interrelated to hand span;

agility and flexibility. It presumed that short heighted and light weight player those

has large amounts of speed and more prone to secure belonging and be honored votes;

however these traits don't promise group victory.

Gerbino et al. (2007) “carried out the study to inspect that soccer player and

dancers have distinctive balance capacities and that these distinctions could be

dispassionately measured utilizing center of pressure measurements. Center of

pressure (COP) estimations are reproducible and have been accepted in the writing for

surveying standing balance. The writing does not give delicate enough strategies to

separating between two groups of competitors with glorious standing balance. A Mat

scan pressure mat (Tekscan, Boston, MA) was utilized to look at COP change

variability between 32 female collegiate soccer players and 32 dancers COP was

utilized to figure sway index, center acquisition time, sway path length and sway

velocity as measures of standing balance. The dancers had extensively superior

balance scores (p < 0.05) in 5 of 20 balance tests. Results for the staying 15 balance

tests were not altogether diverse. These information demonstrate that standing balance

attributes of dancers and soccer players can be equitably measured utilizing COP

information. Dancers have specific standing balance capacities that are superior to

those of soccer players. The COP estimations in this study can be utilized as a

device.”

Sunil and Xavier (2007) investigated the difference in Physical Fitness

between Kabbadi and Kho-Kho Players in Hyderabad. 15 Kabbadi Players and 15

Kho-Kho Players, aged between 18 to 28 Years considered in current investigation.

AAPHER Youth Fitness Test utilized for the research. It observed that Kho-Kho

Players have immense Physical Fitness contrast with the Kabbadi. This research

demonstrates that Kho-Kho Players are great in light of the fact that they do great

Physical Training contrast with Kabbadi Players. The Kho-Kho Players are having

great speed, strength and endurance.

Emre et al. (2007) identified the Physical characteristics and fitness

components of soccer players. Analyzing the physiological and physical attributes of

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soccer players with regard to their ages was the motive behind the study. In this

research 97 soccer players took part. Physical fitness and physiological variables;

evaluated amongst U17, U19, U21 and Over 21 groups. Post-Hoc analysis was

directed with a specific end goal to see the distinctions among age groups. The

ANOVA output exposed that there were critical contrasts between age groups in

terms of BMI and running velocities.

Juan et al. (2007) describes that the Explosive strength is evidently important

elements that focus sporting success in activities, for example, kicking the ball,

hopping, sprinting and dribble. The main motive of this research to evaluate

collaborations of physical condition and specialized skills in adolescent soccer

players. The point of current research was to examine cooperation of physical state

and specialized ability in youthful soccer players. With minimum three year

experience aged 8-12 years in soccer training 56 subjects execute sidestep with a ball,

explosive force of the upper and lower body, speed and and also checked the ball

kicked in accurate manner, and speed in excess of 20 m were surveys by an electronic

timekeeping framework and strength platform. The outcome of the 10-12 years

subjects, were essentially superior to 8-9 years subjects in all physical and specialized

variables. Either feet used to kick the ball was essentially corresponded with other

physical parameters / upper appendage power; r = .60, 20 m velocity; r = -.56. The

appraisals demonstrated in physical and specialized tests concerning age groups. It

gives the idea that more seasoned players and those with additionally preparing

knowledge impact the outcomes. There was positive relation of kicking speed with

jumping tests and negative relation with speed.

Gabbett (2005) led a study on particular playing positions and positional

playing groups in junior rugby association player to look at the physiological as well

as anthropometric qualities. Standard anthropometry and fitness parameters tests

conducted on 240 junior rugby league players amid the competition period, when

competitor had gotten a level of competition level fitness. Props were heighted,

weighted, and had more noteworthy skin fold width than all different positions. The

halfback and center speedier than props. Halfbacks had fundamentally (p<0.05) more

noteworthy assessed maximal aerobic power than props. The outcome of this study

show that contrasts shown among particular playing positions in respect to few

physiological and anthropometric in junior rugby league players, while Props were

heighted, weighted, and had more noteworthy skin fold width , low 20 and 40 m

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40

speed, agility, and estimated maximal aerobic power than the hookers and halves and

outside backs positional groups . These discoveries give regularizing information and

reasonable execution benchmarks for junior rugby group players contending in

particular individual positions and positional playing groups.

Stockbrugger and Haennel (2003) assess the validity and consistency of a

medicine ball throw test to evaluate explosive power. 10 male and 10 female

competitive sand volleyball players underwent this investigation. The samples went

to 2 sessions; at every session, 3 attempts of each one test were finished.

Retrogressive overhead throw style was used for test. For examine Validity best score

of jump and throw used, and best score from every session utilized for examine the

reliability. Solid relationship was found between power index and medicine ball

throw distance (r = 0.906, p<0.01). The test-retest reliability was 0.993 (p<0.01) for

the countermovement vertical jump, and 0.996 (p<0.01) for the medicine ball throw .

These discoveries recommend that to evaluate explosive power the medicine ball

throw test is a valid and consistent.

Gabbett (2002) “led a study to explore the physiological attributes of sub elite

junior and senior group players and create performance standards for these

competitors. An aggregate of 159, (88 junior and 71 senior) rugby league players

(forwards, n=80, backs, n=79), contending at a sub elite level, experienced

measurements of body mass, muscular power, speed, agility, and evaluated maximal

vigorous force . Data was likewise gathered from training repetition, matches and

playing background. There was a paramount impact ( p < 0.05 ) of level of playing

and age on playing background, , body mass, muscular power, speed, agility, and

evaluated maximal vigorous force with the physiological limits of players expanding

as increment in level of playing. Forwards weighty as compare to backs for all groups.

Forwards and backs had comparable evaluated maximal aerobic force, aside from

under 16 players, for whom critical (p<0.05) contrasts distinguished (mean (95%

certainty interims) 42.9 (40.1 to 45.7) v49.5 (46.4 to 52.6) ml/kg/min for forward and

backs respectively). Result for speed, muscular power, and agility were not

significantly distinctive in the forwards and backs among any groups. The outcome

demonstrate that dynamic change in the physiological limits of rugby league players

as level of playing increments. These discoveries give regulating information and

performance norms for sub elite junior and senior rugby league players.”

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Calmels et al. (1992) “carried out study to examine the progressions in the

potency of elbow flexors and extensors in paraplegic sample, and agonist/opponent

mass and quality proportion in paraplegic wheelchair clients. Technique: 10

paraplegic wheelchair basketballers were contrasted with 10 fit basketballers. The 20

sample experienced a clinical and dynamometric isokinetic evaluation, and a CT

examine assessment of muscle cross-sectional surface region of the flexor and

extensor muscles of the elbows. Results: increment in muscle potency in paraplegic

subjects. No significant difference in the agonist/opponent degree between the

predominant and non-overwhelming upper extremity in paraplegics while such a

distinction was discover in fit subjects.”