CHAPTER 20 VOCABULARY

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Nationalism:

People are brought together by common bonds of language, customs, culture, and history

Congress of Vienna:

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815.

Congress of Europe:

also known as the Congress System after the Congress of Vienna, was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I. Its founding powers were Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, the members of the Quadruple Alliance

Matternich:

was a German politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, the Austrian Empire, from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation

Liberalism:

is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality

Conservatism:

is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions.

Burshenschaften:

German student organization that started as an expression of the nationalism prevalent in post-Napoleonic Europe. First appearing in 1815

Carlsbad Decrees:

a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Bohemia.

Corn Laws:

were trade laws designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846.

Greek Revolution of 1821:was a successful war of

independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832, with later assistance from Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and several other European powers against the Ottoman Empire, who were assisted by their vassals, the Eyalet of Egypt, and partly by the Vilayet of Tunisia.

Toussaint L’ Ouverture

Haitian military and political leader who led a successful slave insurrection (1791-1793) and helped the French expel the British from Haiti (1798). In 1801 he invaded Spanish Santo Domingo and freed the slaves there. He briefly maintained control over the entire island, establishing the first Black-led government in the Americas, before being arrested by Bonapartist agents (1802) and deported to France.

Simon Bolivar:was a Venezuelan military and political leader. Bolívar played a key role in Hispanic America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire, and is today considered one of the most influential politicians in the history of the Americas.

Jose de San Martin:

was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire.

Great Reform Bill:

The Representation of the People Act 1832, or Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament (2 & 3 Will. IV) that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. According to its preamble, the act was designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament