CHAPTER 20 THE ATLANTIC WORLD. SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE Main Idea – The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas

CHAPTER 20 THE ATLANTIC WORLD

SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE

• Main Idea – The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas• Vocab• Christopher Columbus• colony• Hernando Cortes• conquistador• Francisco Pizarro• mestizo• encomienda


• Genoese Columbus sails west in 1492 to try and find alternative trade route to India.• He lands in the Caribbean and ultimately brings

together Europeans, Africans and people of the Americas• Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria land and thinking he

reached the East Indies calls inhabitants los indios• Claims territory for Spain and calls it San Salvador

or “Holy Savior.”




• Searched, but found no gold.• Spain funds additional trips• 2nd voyage has 17 ships with soldiers and

colonists• colonies – lands controlled by other nations


• 1500 Pedro Cabral reaches Brazil and claims it for Portugal• Portuguese colonize and grow sugar in Brazil• 1501 Amerigo Vespucci explores along S. American coast and

says it is not India. A mapmaker names the new continent “America”

• Vasco de Balboa of Spain crosses Panama and is 1st European to see the Pacific (“peaceful” – named by Magellan)

• 1519 Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal sails around S. America to the Pacific• 18 crew out of 250 and 1 of 5 ships finishes the voyage 3 years later• Magellan is killed in the Philippines and his crew is the 1st to

circumnavigate the globe



• Hernando Cortes• conquistadors – Spanish explorers colonized many areas

in Americas• Cortes hears of wealthy Aztecs of interior Mexico• 600 men reach Tenochtitlan• 1521 after skirmishes, Cortes, who is outnumbered,

conquers the Aztecs with the help of muskets and cannons

• Natives assist Cortes because they don’t like Aztecs and human sacrifice

• Measles, mumps, smallpox and typhus kill many natives (1519 25.3M – 1605 1.0 M)



• 1532 Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Incas• 200 Spanish ambush thousands of Incas• Took Atahualpa for ransom• 24 tons of gold and silver collected• Executed Atahualpa anyway (strangled after converting)• 1533 Cuzco (Incan capital) captured• Pizarro founds Lima and serves as governor of Peru


• Spanish settlers live among natives as Muslim conquerors previously had in Spain• Most settlers were men who took native brides• mestizo – mixed Spanish and Native American

population• Spanish oppressed natives• encomienda – natives farm, ranch or mine for Spanish

landlords who were given worker’s rights in exchange for fair treatment which often was not the case, especially in mines


• Art and culture expands in Span as riches pour in from colonies• Wealth allowed a navy and powerful army to be

built that was powerful for almost 150 years• Spain pushes into SW U.S. and Ponce de Leon

claims Florida• Francisco Coronado explores SW U.S.• Catholics establish Christian missions in the U.S.• Priests spoke out about mistreatment of natives


• Encomienda system abolished in 1542 and replaced with African slaves• Resistance to Spain occurred throughout the

Americas• Spain ultimately would face a larger challenge

from other colonizing nations

EUROPEAN NATIONS SETTLE NORTH AMERICA


• England, France and the Netherlands also were looking to colonize. • The three attempt to find a trade route through

North America.• Giovanni Verrazzano (Italian sailing for France)

discover New York Harbor in 1524


• Jacques Cartier explores St. Lawrence river and establishes Montreal• Samuel de Champlain establishes Quebec which

becomes the French base of New France• Marquette and Joliet explore the Great Lakes and

Mississippi River• Sieur De la Salle explores lower Mississippi River

and founds Louisiana• French had large territory but few settlers. Men

traded furs.


• English settle Jamestown in 1607 with 7-10 dying in 1st few years before the colony was established• Tobacco becomes a cash crop• 1620 Pilgrims found a colony in Plymouth, MA and

Puritans land 10 years later


• Henry Hudson explores for the Netherlands• New Netherland trades with Iroquois along

Hudson river down to Manhattan• Many countries are allowed to colonize Dutch

lands• Cotton and sugar plantations are established by

all three countries in the Caribbean leading to the eventual slave trade

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

• Cheap labor was needed to make tobacco and cotton profitable• Natives had died off so slave labor is utilized• Around 1500 1st slaves arrive• Slavery had existed in Africa and was supported

by Muslim belief than non-Muslims could be enslaved• 650-1600 over 17 million slaves trafficked

throughout Africa and Asia• Muslim slaves had some rights and privileges and

could marry out of slavery


• Africans • Were more resistant to European diseases • Had farming experience• Less likely to escape in unfamiliar land• Skin color made it harder to escape


• Atlantic Slave Trade – buying and selling Africans for work in the Americas – 9.5 million to Americas


• England leads the way until abolishing slave trade in 1807• 1830 2 million slaves in U.S. • Africans willingly assisted slave traders – Why?• Millions die on the journey – 20%• Triangular trade – slaves, manufactured goods,

sugar, rum, and tobacco exchanged• Middle Passage – slave leg of the trade triangle




• Auctioned to highest bidder – farming, mines or servants in America• Tried to preserve their African culture• Resisted by breaking tools or open rebellion• Devastated African societies and introduced guns

to the continent• Culture, art, music and food still influence today

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE &GLOBAL TRADE

• Colonization of Americas led to voluntary & forced migrations of millions

• Established new and powerful societies

• New items were exchanged that changed lives

• New business, wealth and trade was created


• Columbian Exchange - global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas• Tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao,

corn and potatoes, and turkeys sent from Americas• Potatoes and corn helped people live longer and

boosted the world’s population• Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, bananas, yams,

grapes, onions, olives, wheat, barley and oats



• Capitalism – economic system based on private ownership and investment of resources for profit• Profitable merchants allow trade and wealth to

grow• Inflation – steady rise in the price of goods due

to an increase in the money supply• Supply & demand overview• Joint-stock company – like modern day

corporation, buy stock, invest in company to make a profit – allows for larger amounts of investment and spreads risk


• Mercantilism – power depends on wealth which provides militaries and vital goods• Favorable Balance of Trade – more goods sold

to other countries than is purchased from other countries• Ultimate goal of countries was to be self-sufficient

and not dependent on other country’s goods• Colonies provided both raw materials and

markets for goods• Towns and wealthy merchants grow in Europe,

but many people remained rural and poor.



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CHAPTER 20 THE ATLANTIC WORLD. SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE Main Idea – The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas