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Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2:
The Chemical Level of
Organization
Question
Of the following functions, the major propose of
RNA is to
A. Function in the synthesis of protein.
B. Transmit genetic information to offspring.
C. Form the genes of higher organisms.
D. Act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Question
In a DNA molecule, adenine always pairs with
what other nitrogenous base?
a) Thymine
b) Cytosine
c) Guanine
d) The make up of pairs varies
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Terms to know
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Phospholipids
4. Steroids
5. Proteins
6. Enzymes
7. DNA
8. RNA
9. ATP
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Presentation Preview
Requirements:
Title slide with your name, date, and period.
Create one slide for each term
Include a simple definition of the term (2-3
sentences)
Include a picture that helps explain
Also include the website you received the
information from.
Submit on Google Classroom! Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Discussion Questions
1. Explain the function of carbohydrates. Provide several examples of them.
2. Describe polysaccharides. How does the human body use them?
3. Explain what a lipid is. Common lipids include triglycerides and
phospholipids, what are these lipids and what is their function?
4. Explain what a steroid is. What are their uses in the human body?
5. What is a protein? What are they made out of? What are they used for?
6. Explain the function of enzymes. Provide examples of some and what they
are used for.
7. What is DNA? What is it made up of? Where do you find it?
8. What is RNA used for? How is it different from DNA?
9. Explain what Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is. What is it made up of?
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Discussion Questions 2
1. Some amateur and professional athletes take anabolic steroids to help them “bulk up” or build strength.
The health risks of this practice are extensively documented. Apart from health considerations, how do
you feel about the use of chemicals to enhance athletic performance? Do you think an athlete who takes
anabolic steroids is cheating, or is the use of such chemicals just part of the preparation required to
succeed in a competitive sport? Defend your answer.
2. Given the materials commonly found in a kitchen, explain how one could distinguish between a protein
and a lipid.
3. A student is given two unlabeled substances, one a typical phospholipid and one a typical protein. She is
asked to determine which substance is the protein and which is the phospholipid. The available technique
in her lab will allow her to determine the elements in each sample. How can she identify each substance?
4. Explain why heat, pH changes, and other environmental changes can interfere with a protein’s function.
5. How can a cell make many different kinds of protein out of only 20 amino acids?
6. A few human enzymes work best at a very low pH of about 2. Where in the body do you think these
enzymes are located? What kind of enzymes do you think are found here?
7. Why do phospholipids tend to organize together into a bilayer in an aqueous (water based) environment?
8. Explain how each of the following food preservation methods would interfere with a microbe’s enzyme
activity and ability to break down food: canning (heating), freezing, pickling (soaking in acetic acid),
salting.
9. A genetic mutation can change the primary structure of a protein. How can this destroy the proteins
function?
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates provide
most of the energy needed
for life and include sugar.
Some carbohydrates are
used to build structures and
to generate ATP. Others
are stored.
Three types:
monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and
polysaccharides
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are the largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of monosaccharides.
The principal polysaccharide in the human body is glycogen, which is stored in the liver or in muscle.
When blood sugar level drops, the liver hydrolyzes glycogen to yield glucose which is released from the liver into the blood
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lipids Lipids, like carbohydrates, contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
Hydrophobic (do not mix with water)
Triglycerides are the most plentiful lipids in the body and they
provide energy.
Phospholipids are important membrane
components.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Steroids
Steroids have four rings of carbon atoms.
Examples include hormones, vitamins and
cholesterol.
cholesterol, with cholesterol serving as an
important component of cell membrane.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proteins Constructed from combinations of 20 base amino acids.
dipeptides formed from 2 amino acids joined by a
covalent bond (called a peptide bond).
polypeptides chains can be from 10 to 2000 amino
acids.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enzymes = Catalyst
Catalyst - a
substance that
increases the
rate of a
chemical reaction
Enzymes speed
up chemical
reactions.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) forms the genetic
code inside each cell and
thereby regulates most of
the activities that take
place in our cells
throughout a lifetime.
The basic units of nucleic
acids are nucleotides,
composed of a nitrogen
base, sugar, and a
phosphate group.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RNA Structure
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) relays instructions from the
genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cell’s
assembly of amino acids into proteins by the
ribosomes.
Differs from DNA
single stranded
ribose sugar not deoxyribose sugar
Contains uracil instead of thymine
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Molecule that acts as the temporarymolecular storage of energy
Review
Video Review: http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0
Another Review:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznL
sY
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY
Question
Which type of lipid is a major component of cell
membranes?
a) Fatty acids
b) Triglycerides
c) Vitamin D
d) Phospholipids
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Question
The sequence of amino acids found in a protein
makes up which level of organization?
a) Quaternary
b) Primary
c) Secondary
d) Tertiary
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.