Occupational Safety & Health Risk Management
Chapter 2 RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENTPresented byDr. Mohd
Nasrull Bin Abdol RahmanBWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthBWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health1Sub topicsRISK
MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT 2.1 Introduction to Risk Management2.2
Risk Assessment Techniques2.3 HIRARC
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health2.1 Introduction to
Risk Management
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthWhat is risk?
It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence of a
specified hazardous event occurring.
OHSAS 18001:1999BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthDefinition of the RiskRisk means a combination of the
likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event withspecified
period or in specified circumstances andthe severity of injury or
damage to the health of people, property, environment or any
combination of these caused by the event.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthIndividual
PerceptionsRisk is a very individual concept.It is different for
every one.
Consider the activity of driving.On a scale of 1-5 how would you
rate driving as a daily activity?
For a Grand Prix Driver?
A Taxi Driver?
My 88 year old grandmother?
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthRiskRisk is often
viewed very differently from individual to individual.
Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as
familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks
change.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthRisk = Likelihood
x SeverityRisk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of
a specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk
can be calculated by the equation
Risk = Likelihood x Severity
Where,Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific
period or in specified circumstances and,
Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or
health of people, or damage to property, or insult to environment,
or any combination of those caused by the eventBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthRisk AssessmentRisk assessment
means the process of evaluating the risks to safety and health
arising from hazards at work. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthRisk Assessment
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthRisk ManagementRisk
management means the total procedure associated with identifying a
hazard, assessing the risk, putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthIt is a source or
situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill
health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment, or
a combination of both.
How can a person be a walking hazardous condition?OHSAS
18001:1999Hazard DefinitionBWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthHazard ControlHazard control means the process of
implementing measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
ControlHierarchy of control means the established priority order
for the types of measures to be used to control risks. Hazard
identification means the identification of undesired events that
lead to the materialization of the hazard and the mechanism by
which those undesired events could occur.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHazard
IdentificationHazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the materialization of the hazard and
the mechanism by which those undesired events could occur.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHazard
Identification
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health2.2 Risk Assessment
TechniquesBWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthRisk Assessment
TechniquesThe most fundamental risk assessment activity, called an
informal risk assessment, occurs when workers are asked to think
about the hazards in the workplace before work commences, determine
what could go wrong, and report or fix the hazards. BWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthRisk Assessment TechniquesMore
formal risk management activities require structured procedures,
often focusing on work processes that involve multiple levels of an
organization.
These activities are practiced at some industries and are
typically organized by an operations safety official and developed
with the help of individuals familiar with the work practice in
question. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthInformal Risk
Assessment Techniques Most informal risk assessment techniques
consist of multiple steps where the worker is asked to look for
hazards, determine the significance of the hazard, and take some
action to mitigate the risk. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthInformal Risk Assessment Techniques Many systems have been
proposed and are widely used in industries. Examples include, but
are not limited to:
Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to stop and
consider the work process before it is started, examine the work
environment, analyze the work process, and manage the risk.Take-Two
for Safety calls for persons to take 2 minutes to think through a
job before it startsFive-Point Safety System compels employees to
take responsibility for the safety within workplaceTake Time, Take
Charge requires miners to stop, think, assess and respond to
hazards in their workplace.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthBasic-formal risk
assessment techniques Basic-formal risk assessment techniques are
characterized by the requirement to follow a structured process
that occurs prior to performing specific higher risk work
activities.
These techniques also require documentation that allows
management to monitor and audit individual risk assessment
activities. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthBasic-formal
risk assessment techniques The most commonly used basic-formal risk
assessment technique is the Job Safety Analysis (JSA). A JSA
typically leads to development of Standard Operating Procedures
(SOP) that define how to best approach a task considering the
hazards identified in the JSA. A JSA is a technique used to
identify, analyze and record the specific steps involved in
performing a work activity that could have hazards associated with
it. JSAs are typically performed on work processes with the highest
risk for a workplace injury or illness. BWU 10302 Occupational
Safety & HealthBasic-formal risk assessment techniques Other
techniques similar to JSAs include Job Hazard Analysis (JHA),
Critical Task Analysis (CTA), and Job Hazard Breakdown (JHB). An
SOP is a set of instructions that act as a directive, covering
those features of operations that lend themselves to a standardized
procedure. An SOP is typically a set of instructions or steps a
worker follows to complete a job safely and in a way that maximizes
operational and production requirements. SOPs can be written for
work processes by the individual or group performing the activity,
by someone with expertise in the work process, or by the person who
supervises the work process.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthRisk Analysis Techniques and ToolsWhen conducting an Major
Hazards Risk Assessment (MHRA) several risk analysis techniques and
tools may be needed. A brief description of the most common tools
follows.Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC) Preliminary
Hazard Analysis (PHA)Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis
(FMEA)Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA) Hazard and Operability
Studies (HAZOP) Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health1. Workplace Risk
Assessment and Control (WRAC) The Workplace Risk Assessment and
Control (WRAC) tool is a broad-brush risk ranking approach,
allowing the user to focus on the highest risk. As applied to a
MHRA, this structured preliminary analysis begins by breaking down
the process associated with the potential major hazards in some
logical manner. This is often accomplished using a flow chart or
process mapping technique where the potential major hazards of each
step in a work process are identified.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health1. Workplace Risk
Assessment and Control (WRAC) For example, in the mining process
could be a breakdown of a major project or a geographical breakdown
of the underground mine.
JSAs and SOPs can be used as a framework for the WRAC
analysis.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health1. Workplace Risk
Assessment and Control (WRAC)
An example of a WRAC risk ranking formAfter preliminary
analysis, the team then considers each breakdown segment of the
mining process and identifies the potential unwanted events
associated with the identified hazards (Figure below). The
likelihood and consequence of each stage are determined using some
variation of a risk matrix, followed by a risk rating
calculation.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health2.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)The Preliminary Hazard Analysis
(PHA) is another broad-brush risk ranking approach. Like the WRAC,
this tool identifies all potential hazards and unwanted events that
may lead to miner injuries and ranks the identified events
according to their severity. Its main purpose is to identify those
unwanted events that should be subjected to further, more detailed
risk analysis. Once the potential unwanted events are risk ranked
by the team, they can be prioritized so that the highest risk
unwanted event is listed first and so on.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health2. Preliminary Hazard
Analysis (PHA)
The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) FormBWU 10302 Occupational
Safety & Health3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis
(FMEA)Generally, an FMEA is used to determine where failures can
occur within hardware and process systems and to assess the impact
of such failures.For each item, the failure modes of individual
items are determined, effects on other items and systems are
recognized, criticality is ranked, and the control is identifiedBWU
10302 Occupational Safety & Health3. Failure Modes, Effects and
Analysis (FMEA)
Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for FMEABWU 10302
Occupational Safety & Health4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis
(FTA/LTA) The Fault and Logic Tree Analysis are systematic, logical
developments of many contributing factors to one unwanted event.
The FTA evaluates the one unwanted event while the LTA evaluates a
wanted outcome. With both tools it is necessary to first clearly
define the top event, followed by an analysis of the major
potential contributing factors. Each contributing factor is broken
down into discrete parts. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
Health4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health5. Hazard and
Operability Studies (HAZOP) Hazard and Operability Studies or
HAZOPs have been used extensively in the chemical industries to
examine what impact deviations can have on a process. The basic
assumption when performing a HAZOP is that normal and standard
conditions are safe and hazards occur only when there is a
deviation from normal conditions. A HAZOP can be conducted during
any stage of a project although it is most beneficial during the
later stages of design.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health5.
Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Process analysis form for a HAZOPTypically a process or
instrumentation diagram is used to trace the properties of
materials or products through a plant by breaking down the process
node by node The properties can be flow, level, pressure,
concentration or temperature. What-if guidewords are used to
identify possible deviations. A HAZOP typically lacks a risk
calculation.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health6. Bow Tie
Analysis (BTA)The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil
in the 1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and tools
for managing occupational health and safety in its business. The
Top Event in the BTA is a statement about the initiating event that
might lead to the major consequenceThreats (also referred to as
potential causes) are discussed and controls examined that could
mitigate the hazard (left side of the bow tie). Next, the
consequences (also referred to as the potential outcomes) of the
initiating unwanted event are identified and recovery control
measures examined to reduce or minimize the loss (right side of the
bow tie).BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health6. Bow Tie
Analysis (BTA)
Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) methodBWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
Health2.3 HIRARCBWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthIntroduction to HIRARCIn recent years, Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) has become fundamental to
the practice of planning, management and the operation of a
business as a basic of risk management.
The organizations that have carried out risk assessment at the
work place have noted numerous changes in their working practice.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthIntroduction to
HIRARCThose who have already carried out risk assessment in their
work, have reported positive changes in their working practice,
they recognize substandard act and working condition as they
develop and take necessary corrective action.
Legislation requires that this process should be systematic and
be recorded so that the results are reliable and the analysis
complete.
The risk assessment process should be continuous and should not
be regarded as a one-off exercise.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& HealthWhat does HIRARC means?Hazard Identification (HI) the
identification of undesired event that lead to the materialization
of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired event
could event
Risk Assessment (RA) The process of evaluating the risk to
safety and health arising from hazards at work
Risk Control (RC) the methods used to reduce the amount of
inherent risk or to manage the riskBWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& HealthPurpose of HIRARCThe purposes of HIRARC are as
follows:-
To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and
others (the hazards);
To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be
falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and the
possible severity that could come from it (the risks); and
To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive
measures to ensure that the risks are adequately controlled at all
times.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthPlanning of HIRARC
ActivitiesHIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted 1.For
situation i. where hazard appear to pose significant threat;ii.
uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/andiii. before
implementing corrective or preventive measures.2.By organization
intending to continuously improve OSH Management System.BWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthProcess of HIRARCHIRARC process
that requires 4 simple steps 1.classify work activities;2.identify
hazard;3.conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from
each hazard), by calculating or estimating - i. likelihood of
occurrence, and ii. severity of hazard;4.decide if risk is
tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).BWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthFlowchart of HIRARC Process
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 1 - Classify Work
ActivitiesClassify work activities in accordance with their
similarity, such as - i. geographical or physical areas
within/outside premises;ii. stages in production/service
process;iii. not too big e.g. building a car;iv. not too small e.g.
fixing a nut; orv. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing,
fixing the door.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardThe purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the
critical operations of tasks, that is, those tasks posing
significant risks to the health and safety of employees as well as
highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due to
energy sources, working conditions or activities performed. Hazards
can be divided into FIVE (5) main groups, physical hazards,
chemical hazards, ergonomic hazards, psychosocial hazards and
biological hazards.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardPhysical hazardsare the most common and will be present in
most workplaces at one time or another. They include unsafe
conditions that can cause injury, illness and death.They are
typically easiest to spot but, sadly, too often overlooked because
of familiarity (there are always cords running across the aisles),
lack of knowledge (they aren't seen as hazards), resistance to
spending time or money to make necessary improvements or simply
delays in making changes to remove the hazards (waiting until
tomorrow or a time when "we're not so busy").BWU 10302 Occupational
Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify HazardExamples of physical
hazards include:electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground
pins, improper wiringunguarded machinery and moving machinery
parts: guards removed or moving parts that a worker can
accidentally touchconstant loud noisehigh exposure to
sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or coldworking from heights,
including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any raised work areaworking
with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of fork lifts
and similar mobile equipment in the workplace requires significant
additional training and experience)spills on floors or tripping
hazards, such as blocked aisle or cords running across the
floor.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardChemical hazardsare present when a worker is exposed to any
chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or
gas). Some are safer than others, but to some workers who are more
sensitive to chemicals, even common solutions can cause illness,
skin irritation or breathing problems.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& HealthStep 2 - Identify HazardBeware of:liquids like cleaning
products, paints, acids, solvents especially chemicals in an
unlabelled container (warning sign!)vapours and fumes, for instance
those that come from welding or exposure to solventsgases like
acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and heliumflammable materials
like gasoline, solvents and explosive chemicals.BWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify HazardErgonomic
hazardsoccur when the type of work, body position and working
conditions put strain on your body. They are the hardest to spot
since you don't always immediately notice the strain on your body
or the harm these hazards pose. Short-term exposure may result in
"sore muscles" the next day or in the days following exposure, but
long term exposure can result in serious long-term injuries.BWU
10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardErgonomic hazards include:poor lightingimproperly adjusted
workstations and chairsfrequent liftingpoor postureawkward
movements, especially if they are repetitiverepeating the same
movements over and overhaving to use too much force, especially if
you have to do it frequently.BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
HealthStep 2 - Identify HazardPsychosocial hazards include but
arent limited to stress, violence and other workplace
stressors.Work is generally beneficial to mental health and
personal wellbeing. For example;-Alcohol in the workplaceBullying
in the workplaceCustomer aggressionDriver fatigueRemote or isolated
workWork-related mental stress
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardBiological hazardscome from working with animals, people or
infectious plant materials. Work in day care, hospitals, hotel
laundry and room cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and
nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:blood or other
body fluidsfungibacteria and virusesplantsinsect bitesanimal and
bird droppings.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardBiological hazardscome from working with animals, people or
infectious plant materials. Work in day care, hospitals, hotel
laundry and room cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and
nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:blood or other
body fluidsfungibacteria and virusesplantsinsect bitesanimal and
bird droppings.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
HazardHazard identification techniqueThe employer shall develop a
hazard identification and assessment methodology taking into
account the following documents and information - i. any hazardous
occurrence investigation reports;ii. first aid records and minor
injury records;iii. work place health protection programs;any
results of work place inspections;Continue
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 2 - Identify
Hazardv. any employee complaints and comments;any government or
employer reports, studies and tests concerning the health and
safety of employees;vii. any reports made under the regulation of
Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994viii. the record of
hazardous substances; andix. any other relevant information.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)Risk is the determination of
likelihood and severity of the credible accident/event sequences in
order to determine magnitude and to priorities identified hazards.
It can be done by qualitative, quantitative or semi quantitative
method.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)A qualitative analysis uses
words to describe the magnitude of potential severity and the
likelihood that those severity will occur. These scales can be
adapted or adjusted to suit the circumstances and different
descriptions may be used for different risks. This method uses
expert knowledge and experience to determine likelihood and
severity category. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3
- Conduct Risk Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)In
semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales such as those
described above are given values. The objective is to produce a
more expanded ranking scale than is usually achieved in qualitative
analysis, not to suggest realistic values for risk such as is
attempted in quantitative analysis. BWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment(Analyze and estimate
risk)Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather than the
descriptive scales used in qualitative and semi-quantitative
analysis) for both severity and likelihood using data from a
variety of sources such as past accident experience and from
scientific research. Severity may be determined by modeling the
outcomes of an event or set of events, or by extrapolation from
experimental studies or past data. The way in which severity and
likelihood are expressed and the ways in which they are combined to
provide a level of risk will vary according to the type of risk and
the purpose for which the risk assessment output is to be used. In
this note qualitative and semi quantitative method uses as an
example.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)Likelihood of an occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an event occurring. You
may ask the question How many times has this event happened in the
past? Assessing likelihood is based worker experience, analysis or
measurement. Likelihood levels range from most likely to
inconceivable.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)Table below indicates
likelihood using the following values.
Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthKEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)5 :
KERAPKEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU4 : SELALUKEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU3 :
PERNAH BERLAKUPERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI TIDAK BESAR2 :
SEKALI-SEKALIJARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI YANG SAMA/DALAM
NEGARA1 : JARANGJARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA LAINSource: DOSH
RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& Health66Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment(Analyze and estimate
risk)Severity of hazardSeverity can be divided into five
categories. Severity are based upon an increasing level of severity
to an individuals health, the environment, or to property. Table
below indicates severity.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)Severity of hazard
Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthKESAN AKIBAT (CONSEQUENCE)5:
BENCANAKEMATIAN4: BESARHILANG UPAYA KEKAL 3: SEDERHANAKECEDERAAN
SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI SAKIT2: KECILKECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4
HARI CUTI SAKIT1: SEDIKITFIRST AID
Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & Health69Step 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)Risk assessmentRisk can be
presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis
to make decision on risk control. For risk analysis that uses
likelihood and severity in qualitative method, presenting result in
a risk matrix is a very effective way of communicating the
distribution of the risk throughout a plant and area in a
workplace. Risk can be calculated using the following formula:L x S
= Relative Risk L = LikelihoodS = Severity
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 3 - Conduct Risk
Assessment(Analyze and estimate risk)Risk Matrix (Likelihood vs.
Severity)
Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthRPN : RISK PRIORITY NUMBER, 1
(SANGAT RENDAH) 25 (SANGAT TINGGI)MATRIK RISIKO 1JARANG2
SEKALI-SEKALI3 PERNAH BERLAKU4 SELALU5 KERAP1: SEDIKIT123452:
KECIL2468103: SEDERHANA36912154: BESAR481216205:
BENCANA510152025KEBARANGKALIANKESAN AKIBATDapatkan RPN : Risk
Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan kesan akibatSource:
DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& Health72Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment(Analyze and estimate
risk)Risk & Action Level
Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthMenetapkan RISIKO (berasaskan
RPN)RISIKOTINDAKANSANGAT TINGGI (15-25)BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN
SEGERA HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH DIBIARKAN; PERLU KAWALAN SEGERA DAN
JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH BERKESANTINGGI (8-14)BERITAHU KETUA
JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
BERKESANSEDERHANA (4-7)BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA; TOOL BOX
MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESANRENDAH
(1-3)RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN
KAWALAN SEDIA ADASource: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIKBWU
10302 Occupational Safety & Health74Step 4 - Decide if risk is
tolerable and apply control measures (Risk Control).Risk control is
the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that
the hazard does not pose a risk to workers who have to enter into
an area or work on equipment in the course of scheduled work.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthRisk Control
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 4 - Decide if
risk is tolerable and apply control measures (Risk Control).Hazards
should be controlled at their source (where the problem is
created). The closer a control to the source of the hazard is the
better. This method is often referred to as applying engineering
controls.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 4 - Decide if
risk is tolerable and apply control measures (Risk Control).If this
does not work, hazards can often be controlled along the path to
the worker, between the source and the worker. This method can be
referred to as applying administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level
of the worker through the use of personal protective equipment
(PPE), although this is the least desirable control.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthStep 4 - Decide if
risk is tolerable and apply control measures (Risk Control).If this
does not work, hazards can often be controlled along the path to
the worker, between the source and the worker. This method can be
referred to as applying administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level
of the worker through the use of personal protective equipment
(PPE), although this is the least desirable control.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthSelecting a suitable
controlSelecting a control often involves a. evaluating and
selecting short and long term controls;b. implementing short-term
measures to protect workers until permanent controls can be put in
place; andc. implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.
For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified. Short-term
controls might require workers to use hearing protection. Long
term, permanent controls might remove or isolate the noise
source.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHIERARCHY OF
CONTROLElimination Substitution Isolation Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls Provide Personal Protective Equipment .BWU
10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of Control(1)
Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process,
machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers.
For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and cutting
up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion hazards.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(2) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a less
hazardous way is possible. For example, a hazardous chemical can be
replaced with a less hazardous one. Controls must protect workers
from any new hazards that are created.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(3) Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or otherwise
kept away from workers. For example, an insulated and
air-conditioned control room can protect operators from a toxic
chemical.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(4) Engineering control Redesign- Jobs and processes can be
reworked to make them safer. For example, containers can be made
easier to hold and lift.Automation - Dangerous processes can be
automated or mechanized. For example, computer-controlled robots
can handle spot welding operations in car plants. Care must be
taken to protect workers from robotic hazards. Continue..
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(4) Engineering control Barriers - A hazard can be blocked
before it reaches workers. For example, special curtains can
prevent eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment
guarding will protect workers from contacting moving
parts.Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and maintenance.
Usually, the further a control keeps a hazard away from workers,
the more effective it is. Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or
dissipated. For example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic
gasses before they reach operators.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(5) Administrative controlsSafe work procedures - Workers
can be required to use standardized safety practices. The employer
is expected to ensure that workers follow these practices. Work
procedures must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
Supervision and training Initial training on safe work procedures
and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision
to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating
work procedures.Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the
time that workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can
be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy processes
can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace. Continue..
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(5) Administrative controlsHousekeeping, repair and
maintenance programs - Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste
disposal and spill cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less
likely to cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials
being absorbed by workers or carried home to their families. Street
clothing should be kept in separate lockers to avoid being
contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated from
toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work areas.
Where applicable, workers should be required to shower and change
clothes at the end of the shift.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(6) Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective
equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls measures
are not feasible and where additional protection is needed. Workers
must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly. The
employer and workers must understand the limitations of the
personal protective equipment. The employer is expected to require
workers to use their equipment whenever it is needed. Care must be
taken to ensure that equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE
may endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of
protection.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthHierarchy of
Control(6) Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective
equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls measures
are not feasible and where additional protection is needed. Workers
must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly. The
employer and workers must understand the limitations of the
personal protective equipment. The employer is expected to require
workers to use their equipment whenever it is needed. Care must be
taken to ensure that equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE
may endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of
protection.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthPrinciple of
Control
SubstitutionModify processEnclosureLocal exhaust Fugitive
emission controlIsolationHousekeepingGeneral ventilationContinuous
area monitoringDilution ventilationAutomation or remote
controlTraining and educationWorker rotationEnclosure of
workerPersonal monitoringPersonal protective devicesBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthPENGAWALAN RISIKOSemua risiko perlu
dikurangkan As Low As Reasonably
Practicable.SederhanaTinggiRendahRISIKOTIDAK BOLEH DITERIMABOLEH
DITERIMAKURANGKAN SERENDAH YANG MUNGKINSangatTinggiBWU 10302
Occupational Safety & Health921. Hapuskan hazardContohnya,
menukar peralatan yang bising, elakkan menggunakan bahan atau mesin
berbahaya, Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian2. Tukar sesuatu
kepada yang kurang berisikoContohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih
ringan, gunakan bahan kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari forklift
petrol kepada elektrik, gunakan penyedut hampagas dari
penyapuSekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian3. Asingkan
hazardContohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling tumpahan sehingga
dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di bilik berpengundaraanSekiranya
tidak praktikal, kemudian4. Guna kawalan kejuruteraan Contohnya
menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat, memasang pengadang
bahagian jentera berputarSekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian5. Guna
kawalan pentadbiranContohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan
pendek, pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat,
arahan dan latihan.Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya6.Guna
peralatan perlindungan diriContohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising
dan mata, helmet keselamatan, sarung tanganHendaklah selalu sedar
terhadap peluang untuk mendapatkan kaedah kawalan yang lebih
baikHIRARKI LANGKAH KAWALANBWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
Health93Monitoring controlsThe effectiveness of controls must be
checked regularly. Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during
inspections, routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the
following questions a. have the controls solved the problem?b. is
any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?c. are all new
hazards being identified?d. are significant, new hazards
appropriately controlled?e. are accident reports being analyzed?f.
are any other measures required?Document control activities to
track their effectiveness, if necessary re-evaluate hazards and
implement new control measures.
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & HealthMONITORING AND
REVIEWKEY POINTA review follow-up is always essential.Review is an
important aspect of any risk management process.
It is essential to review what has been done to ensure that the
controls put in place are effectiveBWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& HealthCONCLUSIONHazard identification, risk assessment,
control and review is not a task that is completed and then
forgotten about. Hazard identification should be properly
documented even in the simplest of situations
Risk assessment should include a careful assessment of both
likelihood and severity/consequence.
Control measures should conform to the recommendations of the
hierarchy of control.
The risk management process is an on going one.BWU 10302
Occupational Safety & HealthContoh 1 (Hirarc)Hazard
IdentificationRisk AssessmentRisk Control
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health
Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)Aktiviti
terlibat:MengangkatMenyimpan
SementaraMembersihMemasangMemeriksaMenyimenMembuka
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health98
Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)K: KebarangkalianKA: Kesan
AkibatR: RisikoBWU 10302 Occupational Safety & Health99
Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)BWU 10302 Occupational Safety
& Health100Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw machine. Their
work includes loading wood panel onto the machine, cutting the wood
and unloading the cut wood. They also need to repair and maintain
the machine regularly as well as to change the blades of the
machine.
(Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar work in
your workplace).
Wood panel cutting process BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
Health
BWU 10302 Occupational Safety &
Health102Sheet1AktivitiHazardAkibatKKARKawalan1.MengangkatObjek
jatuh, sling gagal, kren gagal, komunikasi gagalKematian,
kecederaan / kerosakan harta benda313Pemandu/signalman yang
kompeten, penyelenggaraan/ pemeriksaan berkala, CF sah, Mengangkat
beban berlebihan2. Menyimpan sementaraKegagalan penyokong,Sudut
yang salahTidak teguh Objek jatuhAngin taufanKematian, kecederaan /
kerosakan harta benda428Anchored'Sudut penyokong
