Chapter 2 FREUD

8/12/2019 Chapter 2 FREUD

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Chapter 2

Freud: Psychoanalysis

Learning Objectives

After reading Chapter 2, you should be able to:

1. Describe how Freud's childhood experiences ay ha!e influenced his theory of

personality.

2. Argue pro or con whether Freud was scientific in his writings.

". #dentify and explain the three le!els of ental life.

$. Describe the three pro!inces of the ind and their characteristics.

%. &xplain Freud's concept of the sexual and aggressi!e instincts.

. Discuss the iportance of anxiety in psychoanalytic theory.

(. )ist the Freudian defense echaniss and gi!e exaples of each.

*. +uarie the psychosexual stages of de!elopent and their possible effects on

personality.

-. race the de!elopent of the /edipus coplex for both boys and girls.

10. Debate the accuracy of Freud's concept of woen.

11. Copare Freud's early therapeutic techniue with his later approach and explain howhis shift in techniues ay ha!e peranently altered the history of psychoanalysis.

12. &xplain Freud's concept of dreas.

1". Discuss recent research related to Freud's concept of dreas.

Summary Outline

I. Overvie o! Freud"s Psychoanalytic #heory

+igund Freud's psychoanalysis has endured because it 13 postulated the priacy of

sex and aggression4two uni!ersally popular thees, 23 attracted a group of

followers who were dedicated to spreading psychoanalytic doctrine, and "3 ad!anced

the notion of unconscious oti!es, which perit !arying explanations for the sae

obser!ations.

II. $iography o! Sigmund Freud

5orn in the Cech 6epublic in 1*%, +igund Freud spent ost of his life in 7ienna.

&arly in his professional career, Freud belie!ed that hysteria was a result of

being seduced during childhood by a sexually ature person, often a parent or other

relati!e. #n 1*-(, howe!er, Freud abandoned his seduction theory and replaced it

with his notion of the /edipus coplex, a concept that reained the center of his

psychoanalytic theory. 8ear the end of his life and to escape 8ai rule, Freud

o!ed to )ondon where he died in 1-"-.

III. Levels o! %ental Li!e

Freud saw ental functioning as operating on three le!els4unconscious,

preconscious, and conscious.

&. 'nconscious

he unconscious includes dri!es and instincts that are beyond awareness but that

oti!ate ost huan beha!iors. Freud belie!ed that unconscious dri!es can becoe

conscious only in disguised or distorted for, such as drea iages, slips of the

tongue, or neurotic syptos.

9nconscious processes originate fro two sources:

13 repression, or the blocing out of anxiety;filled experiences and

23 phylogenetic endoment, or inherited experiences that lie beyond an

indi!idual's personal experience.


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$. Preconscious

he preconscious contains iages that are not in awareness but that can becoe

conscious either uite easily or with soe le!el of difficulty.

C. Conscious

Consciousnessplays a relati!ely inor role in Freudian theory. Conscious ideas

ste fro either the perception of external stiuli our perceptual conscious

syste3 or fro the unconscious and preconscious after they ha!e e!aded censorship.

I(. Provinces o! the %ind

Freud conceptualied three regions of the ind4the id, the ego, and the superego.

&. #he Id

he id, which is copletely unconscious, ser!es thepleasure principleand contains

our basic instincts. #t operates through theprimary process.

$. #he )go

he ego, or secondary process, is go!erned by the reality principle and is

responsible for reconciling the unrealistic deands of the id and the superego.

C. #he Superego

he superego, which ser!es the idealistic principle, has two subsystes4the

conscience and the ego;ideal. he conscience results fro punishent for iproper

beha!ior whereas the ego*idealstes fro rewards for socially acceptable beha!ior.

(. +ynamics o! Personality

Dynaics of personality refers to those forces that oti!ate people.

&. Instincts

Freud grouped all huan dri!es or urges under two priary instincts4sex &ros or

the life instinct3 and aggression the death or destructi!e instinct3. heai of

the sexual instinct is pleasure, which can be gained through the erogenous ,ones,

especially the outh, anus, and genitals. he ob


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$. 0eaction Formation

A reaction !ormation is ared by the repression of one ipulse and the

ostentatious expression of its exact opposite.

C. +isplacement

+isplacement taes place when people redirect their unwanted urges onto other

obrojection is seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or beha!iors that

actually reside in one's own unconscious. ?hen carried to extree, pro


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C. 1enital Period

he genital period begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawaening of

the genital ai of &ros. he ter @genital period@ should not be confused with

@phallic period.@

+. %aturity

Freud hinted at a stage of psychological aturity in which the ego would be in

control of the id and superego and in which consciousness would play a ore

iportant role in beha!ior.

(III. &pplications o! Psychoanalytic #heory.

Freud erected his theory on the dreas, free associations, slips of the tongue, and

neurotic syptos of his patients during therapy. 5ut he also gathered inforation

fro history, literature, and wors of art.

&. Freud"s )arly #herapeutic #echni3ue

During the 1*-0s, Freud used an aggressi!e therapeutic techniue in which he

strongly suggested to patients that they had been sexually seduced as children. e

later dropped this techniue and abandoned his belief that ost patients had been

seduced during childhood.

$. Freud"s Later #herapeutic #echni3ue

5eginning in the late 1*-0s, Freud adopted a uch ore passi!e type of psychotherapy,

one that relied hea!ily on free association, drea interpretation, and transference.

he goal of Freud's later psychotherapy was to unco!er repressed eories, and the

therapist uses drea analysis and !ree association to do so. ?ith free association

patients are reuired to say whate!er coes to ind, no atter how irrele!ant or

distasteful. +uccessful therapy rests on the patient's trans!erence of childhood

sexual or aggressi!e feelings onto the therapist and away fro sypto foration.

>atients' resistance to change is seen as progress because it indicates that therapy

has ad!anced beyond superficial con!ersation.

C. +ream &nalysis

#n interpreting dreas, Freud differentiated the mani!est content conscious

description3 fro the latent contentthe unconscious eaning3. 8early all dreas

are wish;fulfillents, although the wish is usually unconscious and can be nown

only through drea interpretation. o interpret dreas Freud used both drea

sybols and the dreaer's associations to the drea content.

+. Freudian Slips

Freud belie!ed thatparapraes4now called Freudian slips4are not chance accidents

but re!eal a person's true but unconscious intentions.

I4. 0elated 0esearch

Although Freudian theory has generated uch related research, it rates low on

!alsi!iabilitybecause ost research findings can be explained by other theories. #n

recent years, howe!er, any researchers ha!e in!estigated hypotheses inspired by

psychoanalytic theory. his research includes such topics as 13 unconscious ental

processing, 23 pleasure and the id: inhibition and the ego, "3 the defense

echaniss, and $3 dreas.

&. 'nconscious %ental Processing

#n recent years, neuroscience has been in!estigating the brain during a !ariety of

cogniti!e and eotional tas, and uch of this wor relates to Freud's notion of

unconscious oti!ation. For exaple, one pair of re!iewers 5argh B Chartrand,

1--03 concluded that -% of huan beha!iors are unconsciously deterined, and that

Freud's etaphor of the iceberg was probably accurate. #n addition ar +ols

2000, 200$= +ols B urnbull, 20023 argued that any Freudian concepts are


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consistent with odern neuroscience research. hese include unconscious oti!ation,

repression, and the pleasure principle.

$. Pleasure and the Id 5Inhibition and the )go

+oe research +ols, 2001= +ols B urnbull, 20023 has established that the

pleasure;seeing dri!es ha!e their neurological origins in two brain structures,

naely the brain ste and the libic syste.

C. 0epression- Inhibition- and +e!ense%echanisms

+ols 200$3 reported cases fro the neuropsychological literature deonstrating

repression of inforation when daage occurs to the right;heisphere and if this

daaged region becoes artificially stiulated the repression goes away= that is,

awareness returns.

+. 0esearch on +reams

6esearch by ?egner and colleagues ?egner, ?enlaff, B Eoa, 200$3 tested Freud's

hypothesis that wishes repressed during the day will find their way into dreas

during the night. 6esults showed that people dreaed ore about their repressed

targets than their non;repressed ones= that is, they were ore liely to drea about

people they spend soe tie thining about, a finding uite consistent with Freud's

hypothesis.

4I. Criti3ue o! Freud

Freud regarded hiself as a scientist, but any critics consider his ethods to be

outdated, unscientific, and pereated with gender bias. /n the six criteria of a

useful theory, psychoanalysis we rate its ability to generate research as high, its

openness to falsification as !ery low, and its ability to organie data as a!erage.

?e also rate psychoanalysis as a!erage on its ability to guide action and to be

parsionious. 5ecause it lacs operational definitions, we rate it low on internal

consistency.

4II. Concept o! umanity

Freud's concept of huanity was deterinistic and pessiistic. e ephasied

causality o!er teleology, unconscious deterinants o!er conscious processes, and

biology o!er culture, but he too a iddle position on the diension of uniueness

!ersus siilarity of people.

#est Items

Fill*in*the*$lan6s

1. As a young an, Freud harbored a strong wish to ae a great disco!ery and thus to

becoe faous. /ne such attept in!ol!ed the anesthetic properties of the drug

.

2. ?hen Freud abandoned the theory, he draatically changed the

course of psychoanalysis.

". Freud's hea!y ephasis on oti!ation allows for opposing

explanations for the sae obser!ation.

$. Freud belie!ed that our endowent, or inherited unconscious

iages, soeties influences our beha!ior.

%. 9nconscious iages ay becoe after being distorted, disguised,

or otherwise transfored.


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. he ser!es the pleasure principle.

(. he superego has two parts, the and the conscience.

*. A recei!es sexual pleasure fro inflicting pain on other people.

-. According to Freud, the two great instincts are sex and

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.

10. oral anxiety results fro the ego's relationship with the

.

11. Defense echaniss protect the ego against the pain of .

12. A foration is ared by the repression of one ipulse and the

ostentatious expression of its exact opposite.

1". he defense echanis whereby a person redirects unwanted urges onto another person

or obsychoanalytic doctrine is based in part on Freud's analysis of his own dreas.

2. Freud regarded hiself ostly as a philosopher.

". Freud's data were based ostly on experiental in!estigation.

$. Freud's lifelong friendship with Carl Hung greatly influenced the final shape

of psychoanalysis.

%. 9nlie any of his other theories, FreudIs faous seduction theory was one he

ne!er changed.

. Freud belie!ed that people are oti!ated ostly by unconscious urges.


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(. #deas that are not conscious but that can becoe so uite easily are said by

Freud to belong to the preconscious.

*. he superego ser!es the idealistic and oralistic principles.

-. >sychoanalysis rests on two great instincts or dri!es: sex and hunger.

10. he ai of an instinct is to see pleasure.

11. 8eurotic anxiety stes fro the ego's dependence on the id.

12. Defense echaniss defend the id against anxiety.

1". 6epressions are the ost basic of the defense echaniss because they underlie

all other defense echaniss.

1$. he peranent attachent of libido onto an earlier stage of de!elopent best

describes the defense echanis of fixation.

1%. +ubliations often benefit society.

1. he principal source of frustration during the oral period is weaning.

1(. For boys, the /edipus coplex occurs prior to the castration coplex.

1* For girls, the /edipus coplex occurs prior to the castration coplex.

1-. During the 1**0's, Freud's practice of psychotherapy was uch ore passi!e than

it would becoe decades later.

20. Freud's theory rates high on falsifiability.

%ultiple Choice

1 he twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic oti!ation are

a. sex and security.

b. safety and security.

c. hunger and sex.

d. sex and aggression.

2. Freud began his self;analysis shortly after

a. he broe off his relationship with Fliess.

b. he broe off his relationship with Hung.

c. his other died.

d. his father died.

". As a youth and young an, Freud was strongly oti!ated to

a. win fae by aing a great disco!ery.

b. o!ertae his older brother Hulius.

c. practice edicine on the poor people of 7ienna.

d. becoe a rabbi and o!e to 8ew Jor.

$. ?hat analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and

the idK

a. rider and horse

b. groo and bride


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c. chicen and egg

d. haer and an!il

%. he id ser!es the principle.

a. pleasure

b. reality

c. oralistic

d. idealistic

. ?hich regions of the ind ha!e no direct contact with the external worldK

a. id and superego

b. id and ego

c. id only

d. ego and superego

(. ?hich of these is a anifestation of both sex and aggressionK

a. anxiety

b. narcissis

c. sadis

d. lo!e

*. A asochist recei!es sexual pleasure fro

a. inflicting pain on others.

b.


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1$. After a dri!e or iage has been repressed, it

a. ay reain unchanged in the unconscious.

b. could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged for.

c. could be expressed in a disguised or distorted for.

d. any of the abo!e.

1%. ?ith this defense echanis, a repressed desire finds an opposite and

exaggerated expression.

a. fixation

b. reaction foration

c. subliation

d. pro


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c. coes before the /edipus coplex.

d. all of these are correct.

e. none of these is correct.

2". For girls, the castration coplex

a. taes the for of penis en!y.

b. shatters the /edipus coplex.

c. coes after the /edipus coplex.

d. all of these.

e. none of these.

2$. For boys,

a. the /edipus coplex coes before the castration coplex.

b. the castration coplex taes the for of castration anxiety.

c. the /edipus coplex is sol!ed when they identify with their father4at around

age % or .

d. none of these.

e all of these are correct.

2%. Freud belie!ed that, with few exceptions, the unconscious eaning of dreas is

an expression of

a. early childhood trauas.

b. wish;fulfillents.

c. experiences of the day before.

d. feelings of inferiority.

2. >sychoanalytic therapy is ost liely to include this techniue.

a. hoewor assignents

b. free association

c. interpretation of early recollections

d. an acti!e, aggressi!e therapist

2(. During the past doen or so years, psychoanalysis has recei!ed ost research

support fro

a. operant conditioning.

b. sociology.

c. religion.

d. neuroscience.

Short &nser

1. )ist se!eral personal ualities of Freud that contributed to his psychoanalytic

theories.

2. &xplain how the three le!els of ental life relate to the three pro!inces of the

ind.


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". )ist and briefly describe at least eight Freudian defense echaniss.

$. Copare and contrast the course of de!elopent for both the ale and the feale

/edipus coplexes.

%. Discuss the strengths and weanesses of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory.

. Discuss recent neuroscience research as it relates to Freud's theory.

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Chapter 2 FREUD