Chapter -2 Energy Basics

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Topics

Relation between Energy and Maslows Hierarchy of

Needs, Energy and Human Development Index

Energy Consumption

Energy Trends

Demand and Supply of Energy in world and Nepal

Global Warming and CDM

Conventional and Non-conventional/ RenewableEnergy Resources

Conventional Energy Sources


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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs


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Energy and Maslows hierarchy of

needs

Energy Basic need???

How important is Energy in achieving Basic

needs?

Give reasons!!!!


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Energy and Needs

Energy availability is key determinant of how and

how much food is grown, how food is cooked, the

health impacts of how food is cooked

How living spaces are heated The time required to procure household energy

Due to insufficient energy:

Long time of work to collect fuel wood Adverse health impacts eye and lungs problem because of

the energy choices (indoor pollution)


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Air: clean technology

Food: clean technology, proper cooking time

Drink: water purifier technology, water pumping for drinkingwater

Warmth, sex, shelter, sleep: heating systems, (what more??)

Financial: employment opportunity

Health: ???

Love belonging:??

Esteem:??

Self Actualization:??


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Assignment 1

A society in rural area of Nepal has basicneeds of food, transportation, proper hygiene.List some other needs that may be the

important requirement of the society. Thegovernment, instead of implementing theprojects related to food, road construction orhealth, choose to implement energy project in

the region. Is the step taken by governmentright? Justify your answer relating to Maslowshierarchy of needs.


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HDI

The Human Development Index(HDI) is a compositestatistic of life expectancy, education, andincome indices to rank countries into four tiersof human development.

The four tiers are :1. Very High Human development

2.High Human Development

3. Medium Human Development

4. Low Human Development

It was created by economist Mahbub ul Haq,followed by economist Amartya Sen in 1990, andpublished by the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme.


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Human Development

HDI combines three dimensions:

a. Life Expectancy : A long and a healthy life

b. Education Index: Mean and Expected years of schooling

c. Income Index: A decent standard of living (GNI per capita)

Besides that :-

Sustainable development: locally, nationally and globally

Should be empowering

Better life for poor

Environment sustainability

Promote sustainability


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HDI in various countries


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How energy is related to HDI

Life Expectancy: better resources available,

refrigeration system to conserve medicines,

lighting, heating systems, better hygiene

Education: reduced drudgery (??)

Income: employment opportunity (??)


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Energy Consumption


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Assignment 2

What is your energy consumption per day and

for what purposes? How do the energy that

you consume contribute to maintain your

quality of life? Relate with importance ofenergy in achieving human development.


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Energy Supply in Nepal


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Assignment 3

Collect necessary data to show the energy

consumption pattern in the world (no old than

2007). List the sources of the energy

consumed along with their contribution. Whatproblems do you think the present trend of

energy consumption can lead to? Discuss

about the solutions to the problems.


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Global Warming

Since late 19thand early 20thcentury

Causes

GHG (water vapour, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3) Negative impacts

Positive impacts


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Rising temperatures results in

changing weather patterns Increased occurrence of dramaticweather such as hurricanes

Melting polar caps, glaciers Shifts in weather patterns

Historic Temperature Data


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150 100 50 0

Thousands of Years ago

Temperaturechang

e(oC)

Carbondioxide(ppm

v)

Atmospheric CO2Concentration and

Temperature Change


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Climate Change Climate change is caused by both natural events(like

volcanic eruptions) and human activities


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Human Sources of GHGs

TransportationEnergy GenerationIndustrial Processes

Land Use:Agriculture & Forestry

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Most prevalent GHGMethane (CH4) Second most common, 21x the potency of CO2Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 310x the potency of CO2

Other Gases HFCs, PFCs, and SF6= range 600 23900x potency of CO2

Transport


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GHG and Environmental Impacts

Changes in temperature, weather patterns and sea level riseAgriculture:

Changes in crop yields

Irrigation demands,

Productivity

Forests:

Change in Ecologies,

Geographic range of species,and

Health and productivity

Coastal Areas:

Erosion and flooding

Inundation

Change in wetlands

Water Resources:

Changes in water supply

and water quality

Competition/Trans-borderIssues

Human Health:

Weather relatedmortality

Infectious disease

Air quality - respiratoryillness

Industry andEnergy:

Changes in Energydemand

Product demand &

Supply


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Sea level rise

3D modeling and visualization tools are used for

vulnerability assessment, exact location and quantification of

areas which are susceptible to floods due to rise in sea level.

Study area: Northern part of Navotas, Metro Manila


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2. UNFCCC and KYOTO

PROTOCOL


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United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change

Objective of the ConventionStabilization of greenhouse gasconcentrations in the atmosphere at a levelthat would prevent dangerous anthropogenicinterference with the climate system. Such alevel should be achieved within a time framesufficient to allow ecosystems to adaptnaturally to climate change, to ensure that

food production is not threatened, and toenable economic development to proceed in asustainable manner.


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United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate ChangeCommitments by the Parties to

the Convention

Parties have common butdifferentiatedresponsibilities.


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Division of Parties by Annex

Australia / Austria / Belgium /Canada / Denmark / EC /

Finland / France / Germany /Greece /Iceland / Ireland /

Italy / Japan / Luxembourg /Netherlands / New Zealand /Norway / Portugal / Spain /

Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey/ United Kingdom / USA

Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia /Czech Republic / Estonia /

Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein/ Lithuania / Monaco / Poland /Romania / Russian Federation /Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine

Non-Annex I Countries = All the Rest of Ratifying Countries

Annex II


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Kyoto Protocol

The overall emission reduction target for Annex I Partiesas a group is at least 5 percent below 1990 levels,tobe achieved by the commitment period 2008 to 2012 (anaverage over the five years).

The Protocol covers six greenhouse gases (Annex A) -CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

The negotiated targets for individual Annex I Parties areincluded in Annex B of the Protocol.


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Selected Quantified EmissionLimitation (%)

Industrialized Countries

Australia 108

Canada 94 EC bubble 92

(Germany 75)

(Portugal 140)

Japan 94

Norway 101 New Zealand 100

USA 93 ???

Economies in Transition

Bulgaria 92

Baltics 92

Croatia 95

Czech Republic 92

Hungary 94

Poland 94 Romania 92

Russia 100

Ukraine 100


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Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP-3 inDecember, 1997, in accordance with BerlinMandate of COP-1.

The Protocol will enter into force when not lessthan 55 Parties to the Convention, accountingfor at least 55 percent of the 1990 total CO2emissions of the Annex 1 Parties, have ratified

the Protocol. US: 34%; Russia: 16%; Japan: 8% ;EU:

23%;

Other Annex 1 Parties 19%

K t P t l


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Kyoto Protocol:

Flexibility Mechanisms

Present

day2012

(BaU)

Assigned Amounts

Joint Implementation

Annex IGHG EmissionsClean Development

Mechanism

2012 with

KP

- 5%

1990 level

Domestic Actions

Emission Trading


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Clean Development Mechanism Enables developed countries(known as

Annex B countries) to meet their emissionreduction commitments in a flexible and cost-effective manner

Assists developing countries(non-Annex Bcountries) in meeting their sustainabledevelopment objectives

Investors benefit by obtaining Certificates of

Emissions Reductions (CERs) Host countries benefit in the form of

investment, access to better technology, andlocal sustainable development

h h d f d l


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What can the CDMdo for developing

countries

Attract foreign investmentto countries engaged

in the trading of CERs

Increase the profitabilityof cleaner more

efficient technology in energy, industry, and

transport sectors

Clean upwaste management operations

Improve land-use strategies and practice Contribute to sustainable developmentof the

host country


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What are the Criteria for CDMProjects?

Sustainable development Host country criteria

Environmental Impact Assessment

Stakeholder consultations

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions

Environmental additionality Project additionality

Project viability Technologically proven

Financially sound

Host country approval Project validation and registration


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CDM Eligible Projects

Renewable energy

Fuel switching

End-use energy efficiency improvements

Supply-side energy efficiency improvements

Agriculture (reduction of CH4& N2O emissions)

Industrial processes (CO2from cement, HFCs, etc)

Sink projects (only afforestation & reforestation)


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Renewable energy

Solar power

Hydro power

Wind power

Geothermal

Biomass

Tidal / Wave power


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Renewable energy

Renewable energy for the grid

For electricity generation by households orcommercial users

E.g., Solar home systems, solar water pumps,photovoltaics, wind battery chargers

For mechanical energyby households orcommercial users

E.g. wind-powered pumps, solar water pumps, water mills,wind mills


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Renewable energy

Thermal energyfor households or commercial users

E.g., solar thermal water heaters and dryers, solar cookers,

energy derived from biomass for water heating, spaceheating or drying

Biomass combined heat and power (co-generation)

systems


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Fuel switching

For industrialfacilities

From steam or compressed air to electricity

For buildings

From oil to gas

For vehicles

From diesel to LPG or to CNG


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End-use energy efficiency improvements

Energy efficiency equipment Motors

Lamps

Ballasts Refrigerators

Fans

Air conditioners

Appliances

Etc

S l id ffi i


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Supply-side energy efficiency

improvements

Generation

Efficiency improvements at power stations and

district heating plants and co-generation

Transmission and Distribution Examples:

Upgrading voltage on a transmission line

Replacing a transformer

Increased insulation of pipes


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Agriculture

Reducing emissions from agricultural soils Use of ammonium sulfate instead of urea

Use of phosphogypsum in combination with urea instead of

urea Reducing methane emissions from livestock

Conservation agricultural tillage

Agricultural land managementpractices Use of composted rice straw instead of fresh rice straw


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Industrial processes

Methane (CH4) recoveryand avoidance from landfills, coalmines, agro-industries, waste water treatment facilities CH4has global warming intensity 21-times that of CO2

Cement production (CO2)

Electric equipmentmanufacturing (SF6)

PFC emissions from aluminumproduction PCF gases have global warming intensity over 6000-times that of CO2

PFC and SF6emissions from semiconductor manufacturing

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions from adipic acid and nitricacidmanufacturing N2O has global warming intensity of 310-times that of CO2


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Sink projects

Afforestation

Planting trees on agricultural land

Reforestation

Planting trees on denuded forest land


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Clean Development MechanismTypes ofsmall-scaleprojects

that could qualify for fast-track approval procedures

Renewable energyprojects up to

15megawatts (MW) of outputcapacity Energy efficiencyimprovements

that reduce energy consumptionon the supply and/or demand sideby up to15gigawatt-hours

(GWh)/year Other project activities that both

reduce emissions at source anddirectly emit less than15kilotons(kt) of CO2equivalent annually


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CDM Project

Achieves Sustainable Developmentobjectives for

the host developing country

Reduces GHG Emissions


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Simplistic numerical example

Provide electricity for a barangay

Business-as-usual (baseline): Dieselgenerator sets

Cost of project $10 Emissions 1 tC

Cleaner project (CDM-eligible): Micro-hydro

Cost of project $13 Zero Emissions


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CDM Investor (e.g. Japan)

Invests $3 ($13-$10, difference between cleaner

and business-as-usual project)

Gains Certificate of Emissions Reduction of 1 tC,

which it can meet some of its Kyoto Protocol

commitments to reduce emissions


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WINWINWIN

WIN for the host country

Sustainable development benefit: Cleaner energy

production technology

WIN for the Annex I country

Credits for emissions reduction

WIN for the Global Environment

Emissions reduction


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Environmental additionality and baseline

CO2Emissions

Real, measurable

and long-termAdditionalCO2emissions reduction

Years


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Starting Point: Viable Project

A potential CDM Project is a feasibleproject

Technologicallyfeasible

Financiallysound

A potential CDM Project is a project which has

an Environmental Compliance Certificate(ECC)


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Contents of CDM-PDD

A. General description of projectactivity

B. Baseline methodology

C. Duration of the project activity/Crediting periodD. Monitoring methodology and planE. Calculations of GHG emissions

by sourcesF. Environmental impactsG. Stakeholders comments


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National Approval

Approval is by the Designated National Authority(DNA)for CDM

Main Criteria for Approval: Does project contribute

to the sustainable development objectives of theNepal?

Sustainable development indicators

Project type priorities

Positive list

Negative list


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Validation

Designated Operational Entity

External Auditor

Validates the PDD

Including the Baseline Study and the Monitoring

Plan

Recommends whether the project should be

registered as a CDM Project


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Registration

Registration is done by the CDM Executive

Board (presently based in Bonn, Germany)

CDM Project Registry


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Issuance of CERs

Based on the certification by the OperationalEntity, the CDM Executive Board issues the

Certificate of Emission Reductions

Official registry of CERs

CERs are a tradable asset (like stocks or bonds)


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CDM Project Cycle


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CDM Project Cycle

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Chapter -2 Energy Basics