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8/13/2019 Basics Biomass Energy
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INTRODUCTIONTO
ENERGY FROM BIOMASS PROCESSING
FOR INDIA
BIOMASS CONVERSION METHODS
BRIQUETTINGCOMBUSTION OF SOLID BIOMASS
BIOMETHANATION [Biogas]
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Many different biomass feedstocks can be used to
produce solid, liquid and gas fuels. They include
crops specifically grown for bioenergy, and various
agricultural residues, wood residues and waste
streams. Their costs and availability vary widely.
Collection and transportation costs are often
critical.Biomass Feedstocks
Agricultural crops
Bioenergy crops
Agricultural residues Wood residues
Waste streams
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Agricultural crops:
Sugarcane, sugarbeet, corn, and sweet sorghum
(agricultural crops presently grown commercially for both
carbohydrate production and animal feeds.)
Sugarcane, Corn and sweet sorghum are efficient at trapping
solar energy because they are all "C4" plants. They use special
biochemical pathways to recycle and trap carbon dioxide that is
lost through photorespiration.
Sugarbeets are efficient because they store their carbohydrate
in the ground. Sugarcane was the basis for the World's first
renewable biofuel program in Brazil. Corn is the basis for the
present renewable ethanol fuel industryin the United States.
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Conventional use of biomass aslow cost fuel for the poor
Before 1990s, nearly 75% of the rural Indians depended
on bio-fuels (firewood, agricultural residues, and cow
dung-cake) for 80% of their energy needs.
Similarly 2530% of the urban poor, the slum dwellers
depended heavily on bio-fuels.
Why was biomass used? Peoples purchasing power
was low, and commercial fuels like kerosene and LPG were
not available adequately/ not affordable.
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Objectives of Bio-energy Program:
To make bio-energy a sustainable energysource & elevate its present status from the
poor mans oil into a modern energy source,
Use advanced techniques toproduce biomass renewably and
Convert it efficiently into electricity,
gaseous, liquid and processed solidfuels.
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INPUTS & TASKS FOR BIOMASS
UTILIZATION
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Biomass-Production-Biomass-residue-Conversion to biofuel
Plant biomass requires input of land, suitable soil and
climate, moisture, sunlight and intelligent human labour. After applications for food, feed, fibre, frame-material,
feedstock for chemicals and organic feedback to soil _
biomass is usable for fuel.
Biomass can be converted to quality fuel afterpreparatory operations like drying to reduce
moisture content, briquetting to obtain bigger
partical size or chopping to obtain smaller.
Biochemical & Thermochemical Processing of solid,
liquid and gas biomass is a technology that enables
energy recovery from biomass.
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EFFICIENTLY CONVERT BIOMASS ENERGY
TO A CONVENIENT END USE FORM
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RURAL BIOMASS COMBUSTION
RURAL DOMESTIC: COOKING
HEAT & STEAM: SMALL SCALE Processes
ELECTRICITY: Boiler-Steam turbine-
Generator
COGENERATION / COMBINED CYCLE
FOR PRODUCING PROCESS HEAT &
ELECTRICITY
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BIOMASS COMBUSTION-USES
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COMBUSTION PROCESS
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In India, briquettes are mostly made fromgroundnut shell, cotton stalk, saw dust,
coffee husk, bagasse, mustard stalk and
press mud. While the Southern region ofIndia produces briquettes mostly from
groundnut shell and saw dust, Western and
Northern regions produce bagasse,
groundnut shell, cotton stalk, mustard stalk
and press mud briquettes.
Briquetting in India
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Briquetting continued
As a recent addition municipal solid waste is
also densified for use as fuel in process
industries (tea, tobacco, textile, chemical,
paper, starch, tyre re-treading, tiles, etc) for
thermal applications.
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Both the machines give briquettes with a density
of 1-1.2 gm/cc and are suitable as industrial solid
fuels.The screw type machines provide briquettes with a
concentric hole that gives better combustibility and
is a preferred fuel.
These briquettes can also be more convenientlydeployed in small furnaces and even cook-stoves
than solid briquettes generated by a ram press.
Screw and Ram Press
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Ram press for briquetting
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COMBINED HEAT & POWER
STEAM INJECTED GAS TURBINE
INTERCOOLED STEAM INJECTED GAS
TURBINE
COMBINED CYCLE
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Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre,
Chennai
(Kindly approach them for permission toUse this knowhow)
charcoal briquetting
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Muthaiya Chettiar Research Centres method of
charcoal briquetting
1. Locally available biomass (e.g., casuarina
leaf litter, sugarcane trash, rice husk, coir
pith, groundnut shells, etc)2. Carbonizing chamber (furnace )
3. Binder (starch or cassava flour)
4. Mini Briquetting machine (10kg/hr)
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1.Collection of biomass: Collect the locally available
biomass, sort them, chop the large-size raw materials into
smaller pieces and dry at sunlight.2. Carbonization: i. Designing the Furnace
Outer drum : A 200lits. metal oil drum with the top cut out
and a 12" width x 10" height hole cut in the lower side
Two iron rids (8) has to be fixed at the bottom of the metal
drum running parallel from one side to the other side. This
iron rods act as base to support the stainless steel inner
drum.
Inner drum : A 100lits stainless steel drum with proper lids
and six (3/8") holes at the bottom. The inner drum is placed
into the larger drum.
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MCRCs method of charcoal briquetting [continued]
ii. Carbonizing the biomass
The biomass is tightly packed into the
inner drum and fired for 45minutes to 1hr
(Depending upon the biomass) using
biomass.
After firing, the carbonized biomass in the
inner drum has to collected and weighed. Inthis method 30 % of carbonized char can be
obtained.
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3. Preparation of binder
The binder material is used for strengthening the briquettes
For every 100 kg of total weight of carbonized charcoalpowder, prepare a binder mixture by adding 5 to 6 kg of
starch or cassava flour to 60 - 100 litres of water (based on
the weight of the raw materials)
4. Mixing
Mix such that every particle of carbonised charcoal materialis coated with binder. It will enhance charcoal adhesion and
produce identical briquettes.
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General Characteristics of briquettes
Moisture : 7.1%-7.8%
Volatile Matter : 13.0%-13.5%
Fixed Carbon : 81.0%-83.0%Ash : 3.7%-7.7%
Sulfur : 0.0%
Heating Value : 7,100-7,300 kcal/kgDensity : 970kg/m3
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