Carbon Compounds

BiochemistryChapter 2

Organic ChemistryThe study of CARBON containing compoundsCarbon has 4 valence electronsEach electron can join with an electron to form a strong covalent bond

Elements of LIFE!The largest portion of living organisms are composed of:carbon (C)oxygen (O)hydrogen (H)nitrogen (N)

What about you?Approx. 65% of your body is H2Owater is inorganic = no carbonThe rest of you is made of carbon moleculesCarbohydrates Proteins Fats (lipids)Nucleic acidsMacromoleculesMacromolecules = giant moleculesSmall units = monomers (building block)Large units = polymers (poly- many)

monomer

Carbohydratesbuilt from sugars(monosaccharides)

CarbohydratesFunction: energy, structureMade up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen1 : 2 : 1 ratioSingle sugar molecule = monosaccharidesBunches of monosaccharides = polysaccharidesglucoseC6H12O6

Dehydration SynthesisType of condensation reaction in which monomers (monosaccharides) join together into polymers while losing a water moleculeThis process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of themonomers and (H) from another.Building Carbohydrates

Dehydration SynthesisGlucose`GlucoseMaltose1 sugar = monosaccharide2 sugars = disaccharide(H2O is a bi-product!!!)Big CarbohydratesPolysaccharides = large carbohydratesstarchenergy storage in plantsExample: potatoesglycogenenergy storage in animalsExample: in liver & musclescellulosestructure in plantsExample: cell wallschitin structure in arthropods & fungiExample: exoskeleton

Problems from excess carbohydrates?Type 2 DiabetesBody resisting insulinBody not making enough insulin

Protein Shape4 levels of organizationLevel 1: sequence of amino acidsLevel 2: shape of amino acid sequence in protein chain

Level 3: folding of protein chain

Level 4: If more than one chain, specific arrangement in space

BiochemistryDay 2Chemical ReactionsChemical reaction process that changes one set of chemicals into anotherReactants: elements/compounds that enter into the chemical reactionProducts: elements/compounds produced by the chemical reaction

CO2 + H2O H2CO3reactantsproductSome chemical reactions absorb energy, others release

Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy sourceActivation energy energy needed to get a reaction started

Energy in ReactionsHEATLIGHTSOUNDProteinsOrganic MacromoleculesAmino Acids = building block of proteins20 different typesR-group determines which amino acid is which! Amino acids link up to form chains = proteins

amino acidamino acidamino acidamino acidamino acid

Amino Acids are composed of:Amino groupCarboxyl groupHydrogenR-group

The shape of each type of protein is uniqueProteins do their jobs because of their shapewrong shape = cant do its job!Unfolding a protein destroys its shapeunfolding proteins = denaturetemperaturepH (acidity)

foldeddenatured

StorageAmino AcidsMovementMusclesTransportEx.) HemoglobinImmune SystemAntibodiesHormonesMessengersEnzymes*

What do Proteins do for you?EnzymesSome chemical reactions are too slow or have activation energies way too high so we need a.Catalyst: speeds up reaction and lowers the activation energyenzyme: biological catalysts! Enzymes are PROTEINS. Found in cellsEnzyme-Substrate ComplexEnzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to reactReactants in an enzyme reaction are called substratesEnzyme and the substrate fit together a bit like a puzzle!Active site: place where substrate and enzyme bindOnce the reaction is over, products are released and the enzyme is free to start the process over again

Induced-Fit Model HypothesisInduced-Fit model: This model proposes that the initial interaction between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak, but that these weak interactions rapidly cause shape changesin the enzyme that strengthen bindingEnzyme changes shape during the reaction

Lets look at an exampleSugar maltose is made from two glucose molecules bonded together. The enzyme maltaseis shaped in such a way that it can break the bond and free the two glucose pieces. The only thing maltase can do is break maltose molecules, but it can do that very rapidly and efficiently. Breaking molecules apart and putting molecules together is what enzymes do, and there is a specific enzyme for each chemical reaction needed to make the cell work properly.What affects Enzymes?pH, temperatureEnzymes in human cells work best at temperature close to 37C body tempEnzymes in human cells work best a neutral pHToo high/low temperature or pH results in the loss or slowing of enzyme functionThey wont work properly!Enzymes are generally named based on the type of substrate they act upon followed by the suffix aseMaltase helps synthesis maltoseLactase breaks down lactoseProtease breaks down proteinsNaming Enzymes

BiochemistryDay 3Quick ReviewIf something is organic, what element does it contain?What is the building block of a protein?What is this a picture of?

What kind of disease can result from eating too many carbohydrates?What gives an amino acid its identity?What is a substrate?

Protein Deficiency Kwasiorkor (kwash, shore, core)K DiseaseSymptomsSwollen Belly fluid FatigueSwollen feet, anklesTeeth LossLoss of skin pigmentationThinning hairMuscle Loss

LipidsLipids = concentrated energy molecules

Building block (monomer) = fatty acid

Not soluble in water

Common CategoriesFatsOilsWaxes

- hydrophobicFunction of Lipidsenergy storage very concentrated2x the energy as carbohydrates!cell membranecushionOrgansNerve cellsinsulates bodyWhale blubber!

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated = single carbon bond, maximum # of hydrogen bondsUnsaturated = carbon-carbon double bondPolyunsaturated = more than one carbon-carbon double bond

Which fat is better?Saturated fats remain solids at room temperatureIncrease bad cholesterol levels(LDL) and clog the arteries because of their tightly packed structureUnsaturated fatsincrease thelevelsof good cholesterol(HDL) by taking the LDL to the liver to be broken down and removed from the body

Fat molecule is not a polymer, just a big fat molecule.

Nucleic AcidsDNA DeoxyriboNucleic AcidRNA RiboNucleic AcidFunction = genetic material stores informationgenesblueprint for building proteinstransfers informationblueprint for new cells

NucleotidesBuilding block of nucleic acids NucleotidesNucleotides consist of 3 parts:Five carbon sugarPhosphate groupNitrogenous basephosphatesugar N baseCompoundsAtoms and molecules combine to form compoundsNew compounds have chemical and physical properties that are usually very different from the whatever it was formed fromMore bonding occurring, elements are filling their valence shells or losing electrons leading to different properties

Functional GroupsSpecific groups of atoms/bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those moleculesCarbs = hydroxyl group Proteins = estersLipids = amines, acidsNucleic Acids = phosphate