Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Unit Resources

Chemistry of Life

Bill Nye Questions:

1. What tiny things make up all of the matter around us?

2. What has a positive electrical charge?

3. The flow of electrons from one atom to another is called what?

4. How far are the electrons from the nucleus?

2.1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules (slides 1-16)

Terms to Know: Atom, elements, symbols, isotopes, subscripts, coefficients, compound, ion, ionic bond, covalent bond, molecule.

Living things consist of Atoms of Different Elements:

The smallest basic unit of matter is called an _________________________.

Atoms consist of 3 subatomic particles:

Protons- have a ____________________ charge. Located in the __________ of an atom

Neutrons- have a ___________________ charge. Located in the __________ of an atom

Electrons- have a ___________________charge. Surrounds the nucleus of an atom.

· There are _____________ naturally occurring elements:An is _____________ one particular type of atom, and it cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Example: _____________

· Elements are arranged on the _____________ _____________ and each has its own unique characteristics. Examples: _____________

· All atoms of a given element have a specific number of _____________, _____________, and _____________.

· _____________ is the number of protons in the nucleus.

· _____________ = _____________

· _____________ is the number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Examples: _______________________________________

· Neutron number can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number (atomic mass). Examples: __________________________

· _____________ _____________are those found in the outermost shell of an atom. The magic number for valence electrons is _____________.

· _____________ is a simple, standard abbreviated way of referring to elements. Uses _____________ letter, sometimes _____________ letters, but the second letter is not capitalized. Practice:Sodium _____________

Calcium _____________Oxygen _____________

Chlorine _____________Hydrogen _____________

Carbon _____________

· _____________are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes do have the same chemical properties.

· _____________ _____________ are isotopes with unstable nuclei that break down at a constant rate over time. As a result, they give off radiation which can be harmful. But they can also be used as “labels” or “tracers.”

· _____________ _____________ is a group of symbols that show what type and how many atoms are present in a compound. Example: __________________________

· _____________ is a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio. Examples: _____________

· A _____________ is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.

· An _____________ _____________ forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions (transfer electrons). Practice:1. Sodium= _____________2. Chlorine=_____________

· A _____________ _____________ is formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons.

· A _____________ is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

2.2: Properties of Water (slides 17-31)

Words to Know: polar molecule, hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, cohesion, adhesion, mixture, solution, solvent, solute, acid, base, pH.

Warm-Up!!

C

· Water is a _____________ _____________, this means that is has a slightly positive end and a slight negative end (like a magnet) and it is Hydrophilic (means likes water).

· The bond holding the Hydrogen and Oxygen together is a _____________ _____________.

· Opposite charges of polar molecules interact to form _____________ _____________with other water molecules.

· _____________ _____________ is very common in water, but also occurs in other molecules.

Draw 2 water molecules: H2O

· _____________ _____________ do not bond with polar substances.

· _____________ dissolves _____________. What does this mean?

· Hydrogen bonds give water a high _____________ _____________, meaning water resists changes in temperatures. Why is this important?

· _____________ is the attraction among molecules of the _____________ substance. Example: _____________

Cohesion

Adhesion

· ___________________________ is the attraction among molecules of the _____________ substance (water to water).

· ___________________________is the attraction of molecules of _____________________ substances.

· Adhesion helps pull water up through the microscopic vessels of plants called _____________

· A _____________ substance is _____________. It has an affinity for water. _____________ means it _____________ water.

· A _____________ substance is _____________. It does not have an affinity for water. _____________ means that it _____________ water.

· _____________ are the molecules of different substances mingling together (physically) without chemically combining.

Many Compounds Dissolve in Water (slides 32-42)

· A _____________ is a mixture of substances that is the same throughout – it is a _____________ mixture.

· _____________ substances such as fats and oils rarely dissolve in water. “Like dissolves like”_____________ substances will dissolve in other _____________ substances. _____________ substances will dissolve in water. WHY?

· A Solution is made up of two parts:

1. The _____________ is the substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves the other substance.

2. The _____________ is the substance that dissolves in the _____________.

· _____________ is the Universal _____________. Examples: _______________________________________

· Some Compounds form Acids or Bases: _____________scale is usually measure between 0-14.

· _____________ is very acidic, _____________ is neutral and _____________ is very basic.

0 to 6 is Acidic

8 to 14 is Basic

· Some compounds break up into _____________when they dissolve in _____________.

· An _____________ is a compound that releases a proton – _____________– when it dissolves in water.An acid _____________ the amount of H+ ions in the _____________.

· A _____________ is a compound that has less H+ ions more Hydroxide ions (OH-) from the solution.

· A _____________ is a compound that can bind to an H+ ion when the H+ ion concentration _____________and can release H+ ions when the H+ concentration _____________.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules (slides 43-49)

Words to Know: Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Isomer, Monomer, Polymer, Condensation (Dehydration) Synthesis, Hydrolysis, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Fatty Acid, Protein, Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid.

· _____________ of your body mass is composed of _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________.

· _____________ of your body mass is composed of _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________.

· _____________ compounds are compounds without _____________.

· _____________ is the most important inorganic molecule for living things.

· _____________ compounds synthesized by cells and containing _____________. EXCEPT for _____________ and _____________.

· _____________ are compounds with same chemical formula but different structure (arrangement of atoms)Example: _______________________________________

· _____________ Isomers differ in bonding arrangements. 2 Examples of Isomers:

Butane (C4H10)

Isobutane (C4H10)

CH3

|

CH3--CH2--CH2--CH3

CH3---CH---CH3

· _____________ Important Functional Groups:

· _____________ small single units that link together to make larger molecules.

· _____________ a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together.

Making and Breaking Polymers (slides 50-53)

· There are_____________main chemical mechanisms in the _____________ and _____________of macromolecules.

1. _______________________________________

2. _______________________________________

· _____________ _____________ _____________ synthetic process in which two monomers are covalently linked to each other and one molecule of water is formed.

· _____________ _____________ breaking down of polymers into monomers by adding water.

· “__________________________”

· Example: Digestion is a hydrolysis reaction.

· This picture is an example of the making and breaking of Sucrose (a sugar).

Macromolecules of Life (slides 54-85)

· _____________ Basic Molecules

1. _________________________

2. ______________

3. _________________

4. _____________ _____________

· 1. _____________ are molecules composed of carbons, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _____________ ratio.

· _____________ serve as the _____________ _____________ source for _____________ things.

· 3 Types of Carbohydrates:

1. Monomer: _____________ : the most basic carbohydrate or simple sugars.

Examples: _______________________________________

2. _____________ “Di” double & “sacchar” sugar. Means 2 monosaccharides, which are covalently bonded by which type of reaction?

Examples:

1. _____________ (Glucose and Glucose)-energy storage in seeds used to make beer.

2. _____________ (Glucose and Galactose)- found in milk

3. _____________ (Glucose and Fructose)- most disaccharide (table sugar) and found in plant sap.

3. _____________ - many glucose molecules can be linked together.

Examples:

1. _____________ Form of glucose storage in plants, stored in plant cell organelles called plastids.

2. _____________ Form of glucose storage in animals (muscle and liver cells).

3. _____________ the major component of plant cell walls.

4. _____________ forms exoskeleton of arthropods (insects) and in cell walls of some fungi.

· 2. _____________ are nonpolar molecules that include fats, phospholipids, steroids, oils, wax, and cholesterol.

· _____________ are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and a small amount of Oxygen.

· _____________ many functions (what they do) of a Lipid include the following:1. _____________ _____________- more energy than carbohydrates.

Lipids can also be used as a long term energy source (fats in hibernation).2. _____________ and _____________ the body and nerves.

· Cell membranes are made of __________________________

· _____________- Triglycerides- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (Fats).

· _____________-3 carbon molecule with 3 hydroxyls.

· _____________ -Carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chains.

· 2 Main types of Fats: Saturated and Unsaturated Fats.

a. _____________ _____________– contains all single bonds and is a solid at room temperature (butter, animal fat, lard)

b. _____________ _____________– contain at least one double bond and are liquids at room temperature (corn, peanut, olive oils)

· Characteristics of fats:

· _____________ (insoluble in water) substance is non-polar. It does not have an affinity for water. Hydrophobic means it “hates” water.*Most abundant lipids in living organisms. **Greasy or oily appearance

· _____________ are lipids with 4 fused carbon rings. Examples: _______________________________________

· _____________ is 1 fatty acid linked to an alcohol. Very hydrophobic. Found in cell walls of certain bacteria, plants, and insect coats. Helps to prevent _____________ loss.

· 3. _____________ are made of _____________ _____________, which are molecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur.

· Monomers: _____________ _____________are composed of: A hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH3+), and a carboxyl group (COOH-).

· Building blocks of _____________ are _____________ _____________

a. Amino acids only differ in their side group of _____________. 20 different amino acids build proteins.

b. Amino acids are held together by _____________ _____________.

· Examples of Proteins: ____________________ hair, _________________, _______________ eating animal flesh and from beans (what else would you get _________________).

· _____________ are protein catalysts that help _____________ _____________ reactions by lowering the _____________ _____________.

· 4. _____________ _____________ are complex macromolecules that store information in cells in the form of a code.

· They are _____________ composed of C_____________, H_____________, O_____________ and P_____________

· _____________ _____________ are formed by _____________ different kinds of _____________

· A _____________is composed of 1. _____________

2. _____________ _____________ to link nucleotides (-PO4)

3. _____________ _____________

Examples: _____________, _____________

· There are _____________ types of nitrogenous bases. What are they? 1. _____________2. _____________3. _____________4. _____________

· 2 Examples of Nucleic Acids:

1. _____________; 2 chains of nucleotides linked by _____________ _____________ in a double helix.

Function= __________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. _____________; single chain of nucleotides

Function= __________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

· “Central Dogma” = _____________

_____________

_____________

2.4 Chemical Reactions: (slides 86-91)

Words to Know: Activation Energy, Exergonic, Endergonic

· _____________ are the starting material of a chemical reaction

· _____________ are the results of a chemical reaction. Example:

· Chemical Reactions Release or Absorb Energy

· _____________ _____________is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

· The energy needed for a chemical reaction to move from point A to the top of the hill is known as _____________ _____________.

· An _____________ _____________releases energy.

· An _____________ _____________absorbs energy.

· Enzymes are _____________

· Each chemical reaction in a living system requires an _____________

· _____________ control the _____________ of a chemical reaction

2.5 Enzymes (slides 92-106)

Words to Know: Catalyst, Enzyme, Draw and be able to label the 4 parts of the enzyme, Lock and Key model, denatured

Video Questions:

1. What are enzymes?

2. What are some common characteristics of all enzymes?1.

2.

3.

4.

· Chemical reactions need _____________ to get started. Example:

· The _____________ _____________ to get a chemical reaction started = _____________ _____________

· Enzymes are also called _____________ which are _____________.

· A _____________ is another word for enzymes that _____________ the activation energy needed to _____________ a reaction.

· _____________ are not considered to be a reactant or product in the reaction.Why?

· _____________ help chemical reactions _____________ _____________.

· Catalysts work by _____________ the _____________ _____________ required to get a chemical reaction started.

· Enzymes Allow Chemical Reactions to Occur Under Tightly Controlled Conditions.

· _____________are catalysts for chemical reaction in living things.

· Enzymes _____________ the activation energy needed to start chemical reactions.

· Practice:

Slide 99: A or B

Slide 100: A or B

Functions of Enzymes

· _____________ are involved in almost every process in living things.

· Conditions such as _____________ and _____________ can affect how well enzymes work.

· Enzyme _____________ is important because each enzyme’s _____________ allows only certain _____________ to bind to the enzyme.

· Which letter represents using an enzyme catalyst?

· What type of reaction is this: Exergonic or Endergonic?

· Enzymes work similar to a _____________ and _____________

· The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called ____________

· _____________ undergo chemical changes to form a new substance called _____________

1. Lock and Key Model since all components must fit together just right for the enzyme to work. Label A-D:

· This Figure shows what happens to an _____________ when exposed to _____________.

· How is this similar to what happened to the crayons?

· The term used to describe when the shape of the enzyme has been altered is _____________, which means it does not work.

· Some snake venom is harmful because it contains _____________ that destroy blood cells or tissues. If you apply _____________ it would slow down the _____________.

· What happens when an enzyme is heated it is (CIRCLE ONE) denatured stops working OR slows down.

· What happens when an enzyme is cooled down it is (CIRCLE ONE) denatured stops working OR slows down.

Factors that affect enzyme activity

1. _____________

2. _____________

3. _____________ _____________

4. _____________ _____________

Enzymes and the Induces Fit Model

· Scientist have recently discovered that the structure of enzymes are not _____________in one place.

· _____________ can actually _____________ slightly when they are bound to their substrates.

· This is known as _____________ _____________

Denaturation of Enzymes

_____________ occurs when proteins are _____________

· _____________ the shape of their _____________ to distort and they no longer _____________.

· They cannot work as an enzyme.

· This often occurs with _____________ that contain protein.

Do on you OWN!

Four Main Types of Organic Carbon-Based Molecules are Found in Living Things:

Polymer

Monomer

Examples

Functions (what it does)

CIRCLE ONE:

What bond holds a hydrogen and oxygen atom together? COVALENT OR HYDROGEN BOND.

What bond holds 2 water molecules together? COVALENT OR HYDROGEN BOND.

LABEL the Covalent Bond.

LABEL the Hydrogen Bond.

In the drink Kool-aid:

What is the Solvent___________________________.

What is the solute_____________________________.

What is the Universal Solvent___________________.

pH between 0-6 is ___________.

pH of 7 is __________________.

pH between 8-14 is __________.

Hydroxyl (-OH-)

Carbonyl (>C=O)

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Amino (-NH2)

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

Phosphate (-OPO32-)

Phosphate group

Polymer: Carbohydrate �Monomer: __________________________ ______________________

Polymer: Lipid �Monomer: __________________________�

_______________________________________

Polymer: Protein �Monomer:_______ _______

Polymer: Nucleic Acid �Monomer: _______

A

B

A

Which letter has the enzyme____.

Enzymes __________________ the ______________________ energy making it easier to start a reaction or run over a hill because its LOWER.

B

C

B

A

D________

A __________

�

B________

C_________

Which lipid above has double bonds______________fats

B

A

Label A and B below:

What 3 things make up a

Nucleotide above?

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