Chapter 2

1

The Importance of Physical Activity Experience

How often and in what ways does physical activity occur in your life?

Spheres of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.1

The Spheres of Physical Activity Experience

Do not classify types of physical activities

Highlight aspects of our lives in which physical activity plays an important part

Show us that some activities may be common to more than one sphere

Provide a general framework for thinking about the importance and pervasiveness of physical activity

Are not intended to compartmentalize physical activity

Self-Sufficiency Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.2

Sphere of Self-Sufficiency

ADLs: Activities of daily livingADLs: Activities of daily livingPersonal behaviors

IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily livinglivingCooking, laundry, shopping

Home maintenance activities:Home maintenance activities:More complicated and demand more

energythan ADLs and IADLs

Physical Activity Limitations

Self-Sufficiency and Aging

By 2030, 22% of the U.S. population will be 65 or older.

11.8% of 55- to 64-year-olds have ADL impairments.

Almost 50% of 85+ population have ADL impairments.

Older people are often injured trying to do ADLs and IADLs.

Quality of life is diminished.

Mobility (walking)Self-Sufficiency and Aging

Nearly 20% of people 65 and older have difficulty walking.

More than 50% of women and 33% of men over age 85 have difficulty walking up 10 steps.

(continued)

Driving: Older Drivers . . .

Are fastest-growing segment of Are fastest-growing segment of population of driverspopulation of drivers.

Do notDo not have a disproportionately higher number of car accidents.

DoDo have more accidents per mile driven. (Austinhomecareassistance.com)

Self-Sufficiency and Aging (continued)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists

Taking care of our own wants and needs and living an independent life require, at the very least, the ability to perform ADLs and IADLs.

Kinesiology can provide the knowledge and professional expertise to help individuals maintain an independent lifestyle.

Self-Expression Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.4

Sphere of Self-ExpressionGestures

EmblemsEmblems communicate.IllustratorsIllustrators complement words.RegulatorsRegulators guide conversation.There are cultural differencescultural differences in

gestures.Dance and rituals

Instrumental movements are required for attaining goal.

Expressive movements are idiosyncratic.Rituals express experience, truth, or Rituals express experience, truth, or

valuesvalues.

(continued)

Work Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.6

What Kinds of Physical Activity Are Required to Complete Your Job?

Think carefully about all the jobs you have had. Compare the types of physical activities you

were required to complete in each job. Be sure to think broadly about physical

activity; many “desk jobs” require physical activity such as typing and filing.

Rate your jobs. Which were most strenuous?

How might your health have benefited from the additional activity?

*Anyone know anyone who has NOT been able to do job?

Sphere of Work Physical activityPhysical activity is an integralintegral part of

our workwork. Physical activity produces goods and

services. Specialists focusfocus on improved

efficiencyefficiency, greater productivityproductivity, and improved safetysafety in the work setting. ErgonomistsErgonomists (where do we hear this

term?) Human factors engineersHuman factors engineers

Sphere of WorkImportance of physical activity in work

ErgonomistsHuman factors engineers

Increases in sedentary types of work—risks of reduced activity

Physical activity, efficiency, and injury in the workplace

Physical and psychological demands of work

Human Factors Engineers Redesign Equipment to Increase Efficiency and Prevent Injuries

Reprinted, with permission, from Human Factors. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.

Figure 2.7

The Challenge for Kinesiologists

Physical activity is essential to work.

Physical activity professionals contribute to work performance by improving the methods used to perform work, redesigning inefficient workspaces, and rehabilitating work-related injuries.

Education Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.8

Sphere of EducationPhysical activity in all phases of

educationSome examples…….

Our interest in sport, exercise and recreation just tip of the iceberg

www.ice.ec.gc.ca

Sphere of Education Instruction in sport and exerciseInstruction in sport and exercise

At one time limited toAt one time limited to: Public schools College physical education Recreation programs Military

TodayToday: Sport & fitness centers Corporations Hospitals Tennis, golf, swim clubs Other?

Sphere of EducationInstructionInstruction in sport, fitness, and exercise most visible and accessible in physical education classes in school curriculumcurriculum

Physical educationPhysical educationCurriculumCurriculum that teaches children how to perform sport and exercise

Sphere of EducationFitnessFitness

Health-relatedHealth-related Whether an objective that is emphasized in

public schools varies according to pressure exerted by society

What current issue might give support to emphasizing health related activity in physical education classes?

Motor abilityMotor ability Run, jump, skip – locomotion Catch, throw, kick, strike – object control

Growing Problem of Overweight Children and Adolescents

Figure 2.9

Data from USDHHS 2000.

Sphere of Education Sport skill developmentSport skill development

Develop responsibleresponsible personal & social behavior Provide opportunities for enjoymentenjoyment, challengechallenge,

and selfself expressionexpression Attain/maintain physical fitnessphysical fitness Develop lifetime sport skillslifetime sport skills

Tennis, swim, golf, in-line skate In order to develop these sport skills, physical

education classes must be scheduled on a daily basis so teachers may develop skill competencies in their students.

Objectives of Public SchoolPhysical Education

Varying views: What is yours?

NASPE content standards: Objectives of physical education (page 49 of textbook)

Physical fitness

Social responsibility

Objectives of Physical EducationA physically educated person1. demonstrates competency in many

movement forms and proficiency in a few movement forms;

2. applies movement concepts and principles to the learning and development of motor skills;

3. exhibits a physically active lifestyle;4. achieves and maintains a health-enhancing

level of physical fitness;(continued)

Objectives of Physical Education (continued)5. demonstrates responsible personal and

social behavior in physical activity settings;

6. demonstrates an understanding of and respect for differences among people in physical activity settings; and

7. understands that physical activity provides opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and social interaction.

The Challenge for Kinesiologists

Education is critical to civilization. Public school physical education is the one physical activity experience shared by most people, and when carefully planned by kinesiologists it can benefit the student in many ways.

Leisure Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.10

Sphere of LeisureFree timeFree time: : Personal time not encumbered

with obligations

LeisureLeisure: : State of being in which humans find deep satisfaction and contentment

(continued)

Sphere of LeisureLeisureLeisure pursuits encompass sedentary

activities such as:Chess or reading

Physical activity as leisureleisure activity:Water skiing or softball

Focus of study of leisure as a disciplineLeisure studies or recreationKinesiology – large muscle form leisure

pursuit

Sphere of LeisureActivities such as golf, folk dancing,

softball, hiking, long runs in the park good potential for leisure.

But – potential for leisurely disposition difficult. How?

True leisure pursuit depends onTrue leisure pursuit depends on:Nature of the pursuitContext in which it is pursuedParticipant motivation and attitudes

Sphere of LeisureSports watchingSports watching

Clearly on the riseOver 180 million spectators attended

professional & college baseball, basketball, football, and pro hockey games in 2000 up from 150 million in 1985

Tripled attendance for women’s college basket ball since 1985

Sphere of LeisureConcerns for physical activity Concerns for physical activity

professionalsprofessionalsWhy?

Dilemma: Jobs of physical activity professional

Coaches, athletes, athletic trainers Sport management as a career gaining

popularity

Aging and leisure physical activity Due to health advances and study of

aging, individuals over 65 have great potential to learn new skills and engage in physical activity.

Aging individuals realizing the benefits of regular participation in leisure time activities.

Sphere of Leisure

Percentage of adults aged 18 years and over who engaged inregular leisure-time physical activity: United States, 1997-2003

USDHHS, CDC, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview, 2001, Series 10, 218. Jan. 2004, pg. 3

Figure 2.11

Leisure, a state of being vital to humans, often involves large-muscle physical activities. The challenge for physical activity professionals is to teach people to participate in free-time physical activity pursuits in ways that nourish the disposition known as leisure.

The Challenge for Kinesiologists

Health Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.12

Sphere of Health There is a strong relationship between

physical activity and health.

Physical activity and the national interest Excessive health care costs Death and disease associated with low

physical activity levels Disease prevention and therapy through

physical activity

The Great Disconnect

Reprinted, by permission, from C.L. Ogden et al., 2002, “Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents 1999-2000.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288(14): 1728-1732. Copyright © 2000. American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Overweight U.S. Children and Adolescents

Psychological effects of exercisePsychological effects of exerciseIncrease secretion of moodmood altering hormonesAdjust level of psychological arousalReduce stressReduce stressExercise and mental/emotional illnesses

Potential detriments of physical activityPotential detriments of physical activityStress fracturesStress fractures from repetitive motions,

muscle strainUnhealthy emotional dependenceemotional dependence on exerciseInterferesInterferes with work or personal relationships

Sphere of Health (continued)

Failure to make physical activity part of our daily lives has led to a health crisis of critical proportions.

Exercise professionals can provide the safest, most effective, most efficient routes to attaining health benefits from physical activity.

The Challenge for Kinesiologists

Competition Sphere of Physical Activity Experience

Figure 2.13

Sphere of Competition Competition occurs in our daily lives. Competition in physical activity is

usually associated with sport, although it can exist in exercise.

Competition can be positive or negativeCompetition can be positive or negative. Types of competition

Side by sideSide by side Face to face non contactFace to face non contact Face to face contactFace to face contact ImpersonalImpersonal

Figure 2.14a and 2.14b

(continued)

50

Figure 2.14c and 2.14d (continued)

The Challenge for Kinesiologists Competition comes naturally to humans,

and physical activity is an important avenue for expressing our competitive natures.

Competition can express itself in a positive or negative manner.

Kinesiologists need to teach sport skills and create environments in which enjoyable competition can take place. Fair play Similar performance levels Reduce injuries

52

Table 2.1

Physical Activity Experience: Words to live by!

Your life is filled with physical activity Your life is filled with physical activity experiences. experiences.

Think carefully about how these Think carefully about how these experiences contribute to your experiences contribute to your independence; your ability to perform independence; your ability to perform necessary personal, social, and work-necessary personal, social, and work-related tasks; and your enjoyment of life. related tasks; and your enjoyment of life.