Chapter 1The Human Body: An Orientationmscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/BIOII.CH1.pdf · 2014-09-29 · Of the human body, name the 6 levels of structural organization: smallest

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chapter 1The Human Body:

An Orientation

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directions:

Record the following information into

your notebook (to be checked).

All terms in red are key vocabulary.

You will be tested these terms.

The Human Body – Introduction

Slide 1.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

physiology: the study of how the body and its parts work or function



anatomy: form (structure)

physiology: function



What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

anatomy: form (structure)

physiology: function




Physiology is the study of how the

anatomy of the human body functions.




Physiology is the study of how the

anatomy of the human body functions,

due to it’s shape. Form fits function.




Pathophysiology: the study of …?




Patho - physiology: the study of …?




Patho - physiology: the study of …?

disease – human body functions




Pathophysiology: the study of human

disease and abnormalities.

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Slide 1.2aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gross Anatomy

• Large structures

• Easily observable

• Example: large intestine

Figure 1.1


Slide 1.2bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy

• Very small structures

• Can only be viewed with a microscope

• Ex. absorption

mechanism in the kidney

Figure 14.4



Microscopic Anatomy

• In order to learn about an object,

it is important to understand

the parts that it is made of!

Figure 14.4

Of the human body,

name the 6 levels of structural organization:

smallest 1. atoms combine to form

2.

3.

4.

5.

largest 6. human organisms are made up of

many organ systems

Levels of Structural Organization

Slide 1.3

Of the human body,


smallest 1. atoms combine to form molecules

2.

3.

4.

5.


many organ systems


Slide 1.3

Of the human body,



2. cells are made up of molecules

3.

4.

5.


many organ systems


Slide 1.3

Of the human body,




3. tissues consist of similar types of cells

4.

5.


many organ systems


Slide 1.3

Of the human body,





4. organs are made up of similar tissues

5.

largest 6. human organisms are made up of…


Slide 1.3

Of the human body,






5. organ systems are made up of

many organs working together

largest 6. human organisms are made up of…


Slide 1.3

Of the human body,






5. organ systems are made up of many

organs working together


many organ systems


Slide 1.3

Of the human body,






5. organ systems are made up of many

organs working together


many organ systems


Slide 1.3



Figure 1.1

Form fits function.


Form fits function.


Neuron (brain cell)

Form fits function.


Form fits function.


Art + Science = Genius


About Neurons : 4m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk&feature=youtu.be


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUGuWh2UeMk&feature=youtu.be

Organ System Overview


Integumentary System

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a



Skeletal System

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b



Skeletal System




• Stores mineralsExample(s)?

-femur

-spinal cord



Skeletal System




• Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b



Muscular System

• Allows for locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c



Nervous System

• Fast-acting control

system

• Responds to

internal and external

changes

• Activates muscles

and glands

Figure 1.2d



Endocrine System

Secretes regulatory hormones, to control:

• growth

• reproduction

• metabolism

Figure 1.2e



Endocrine System

Secretes regulatory hormones, to control:

• growth

• reproduction

• metabolism

Figure 1.2e



Cardiovascular

Transports materials in body, via blood pumped by heart

• oxygen

• carbon dioxide

• nutrients

• wastes

Figure 1.2f



Lymphatic System

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



Lymphatic System

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g



Respiratory System

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h



Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i



Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible

material

Figure 1.2i



Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• water

• electrolytes

Figure 1.2j



Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• water

• electrolytes

Figure 1.2j



Reproductive

• Production of gametes

• Production of offspring.

• Only system not needed for survival of the individual!

Figure 1.2k

Maintaining equilibrium


homeostasis: stable internal environment

Ex.) internal body temperature(37°C = 98.6°F)

Ex.) constant blood-calcium levels (9-11mg of calcium per 100ml of blood)

Maintaining equilibrium


Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

•What do we need to balance?

-feedback loop system

Feedback System - vocabulary


stimulus: something that occurs, that signals an action (in reaction)

feedback: a signal that carries information



receptor (sensor): senses changes in environment and sends info to the:

control center: to figure out how to respond factor (too little or too much of something); maintenance needs are sent to the:

effector: initiates action (release of chemicals), needed to reach homeostasis



stimulus: external or internal event

receptor (sensor): a sensory organ

control center: chemicals are released to signal an action

effector: an organ that acts in response to a signal

feedback: chemicals that carries information

Feedback Loop (structure)


Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Feedback Loop - example


Hypothalamus

Temperature

increasesChemicals

released

Sweat glands

Feedback System – Example scenario


Asa's environment is changed when his taller, younger

sister presses her hand onto one of his shoulders. Asa's

standing body position is altered by this stimulus; he is

suddenly unbalanced from the weight. His nervous

system recognizes this change in his standing posture. A

chemical signal is sent from his nervous system to his

skeletal and muscular systems, to straighten the body

position and tighten the muscles. With this response, Asa

is able to maintain his balance.



Asa's environment is changed when his taller, younger

sister presses her hand onto one of his shoulders. Asa's

standing body position is altered by this stimulus; he is

suddenly unbalanced from the weight. His nervous

system recognizes this change in his standing posture. A

chemical signal is sent from his nervous system to his

skeletal and muscular systems, to straighten the body

position and tighten the muscles. With this response, Asa

is able to maintain his balance.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK



Standing

body position

Hand on

shoulderChemicals sent to

brain, spine, muscles

(to change due to

weight added)

Back and shoulder

muscles tighten

(contract)



Usually well-hydrated, Peter has not had a sip of water in

6 hours. His body is dehydrated. This low water content

in his body is detected by the hypothalamus. The

hypothalamus signals to the pancreas to create and

release the hormone vasopressin. This chemical travels to

the kidney, which tells the organ to reabsorb water from

the urine. This helps the body to conserve water, until

more fluids are consumed.



Usually well-hydrated, Peter has not had a sip of water in

6 hours. His body is dehydrated. This low water content

in his body is detected by the hypothalamus. The

hypothalamus signals to the pancreas to create and

release the hormone vasopressin. This chemical travels to

the kidney, which tells the organ to reabsorb water from

the urine. This helps the body to conserve water, until

more fluids are consumed.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK



Aria walks by a locker, quickly and with out awareness

of her surroundings. She bumps her arm into the edge of

a locker door, and damages a blood vessel. She begins to

bleed. Platelets start to flow through this vessel have to

cling to the injured site. This sensor releases chemicals,

intended to attract more platelets. Platelets continue to

pile up (while releasing more signaling chemicals), until

a clot is formed.



Aria walks by a locker, quickly and with out awareness

of her surroundings. She bumps her arm into the edge of

a locker door, and damages a blood vessel. She begins to

bleed. Platelets start to flow through this vessel have to

cling to the injured site. This sensor releases chemicals,

intended to attract more platelets. Platelets continue to

pile up (while releasing more signaling chemicals), until

a clot is formed.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK



Hadley is going into child birth. When the baby’s head

pushes against the walls of the uterus, her body senses

that labor is to begin. This pressure on the uterus causes

the body to release oxytocin, a hormone that intensifies

and speeds up contractions. Oxytocin is released into the

bloodtream, which travels back to the uterus. This

chemical is a signal that contractions should continue.

This feedback loop continues until the baby is born, until

there is no more pressure on the walls of the uterus.



Hadley is going into child birth. When the baby’s head

pushes against the walls of the uterus, her body senses

that labor is to begin. This pressure on the uterus causes

the body to release oxytocin, a hormone that intensifies

and speeds up contractions. Oxytocin is released into the

bloodtream, which travels back to the uterus. This

chemical is a signal that contractions should continue.

This feedback loop continues until the baby is born, until

there is no more pressure on the walls of the uterus.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK



Due to the cold environment, an external stimulus results in a

change in the internal conditions. When the body temperature

drops below 37 degrees Celsius, the brain detects the change. The

hypothalamus causes the secretion of a hormone through the

bloodstream. This chemical signals to the skin to constrict

(tighten) blood vessels. This mechanism is to allow the warmth of

blood to be retained deeper in the body. Less heat will be lost on

the surface of the skin. This cycle continues until the body warms

back up to 37 degrees Celsius.



Due to the cold environment, an external stimulus results in a

change in the internal conditions. When the body temperature

drops below 37 degrees Celsius, the brain detects the change. The

hypothalamus causes the secretion of a hormone through the

bloodstream. This chemical signals to the skin to constrict

(tighten) blood vessels. This mechanism is to allow the warmth of

blood to be retained deeper in the body. Less heat will be lost on

the surface of the skin. This cycle continues until the body warms

back up to 37 degrees Celsius.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK



While parked at an intersection, Molly watches as the

driver next to her speeds away while texting. This driver

just misses a pedestrian crossing the street. This stressful

situation increases Molly’s blood pressure. Baroreceptors

in certain blood vessels pick up on this change to Molly’s

internal balance. The brain interprets this sensation and

sends chemical signals through nerve impulses, telling

the heart to slow down, to beat at a slower pace. This

brings Molly back to homeostasis.



While parked at an intersection, Molly watches as the

driver next to her speeds away while texting. This driver

just misses a pedestrian crossing the street. This stressful

situation increases Molly’s blood pressure. Baroreceptors

in certain blood vessels pick up on this change to Molly’s

internal balance. The brain interprets this sensation and

sends chemical signals through nerve impulses, telling

the heart to slow down, to beat at a slower pace. This

brings Molly back to homeostasis.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK



Baroreceptors

in blood vessels

Stress from

observing near

death

Brain sends

chemical signals

through

nerve impulses

Heart pumps more

slowly, lowering

blood pressure



Your stomach normally secretes a compound called pepsinogen

that is an inactive enzyme. When food is ingested, the

hypothalamus detects the addition of sugars into the body. The

hypothalamus, the main controller of the endocrine system,

releases gastrin, a hormone. This hormone communicates with the

stomach. Cells lining the stomach are told to secrete of

hydrochloric acid and pepsin. These enzymes help break down the

sugar molecules.







releases gastrin, a hormone. This hormone communicates with the

stomach. Cells lining the stomach are told to secrete of


sugar molecules.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK







releases gastrin, a hormone. This hormone communicates with

the stomach. Cells lining the stomach are told to secrete


sugar molecules.



hypothalamus

Food is

ingested (eaten)gastrin

(hormone)

is released

Cells lining stomach

secrete hydrochloric

acid and pepsin

Demonstrate a Feedback Loop


Directions: In a groups of 2-3, create an example of a feedback loop.

1. Draw the Feedback Loop structure on a piece of paper, and describe what is occurring, by filling in each box.

2. Physically perform your example in front of the class. As the action occurs, only one must explain what is happening. This narrator must use the following 5 vocabulary terms in the description:

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, feedback



Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Feedback Loop: Blood-Calcium levels

Slide 1.19a


homeostatic imbalance: a disturbance in homeostasis, resulting in disease

Examples:

• Autoimmune disorders

• Low blood sugar

• High blood pressure

• Hyperthyroidism….and many others

Homeostatic Imbalance

• Role and anatomy of the pancreas 3:15m

• Pancreas form and function:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBvOsL-

gg3s

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ4zcrTzUj

A

• + diabetes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzjjW--I-2Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBvOsL-gg3s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ4zcrTzUjA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzjjW--I-2Q

Homeostatic Imbalance


Maintaining Homeostasis


How do all your trillions of cells work together to maintain homeostasis?

→They have a really good, really complicated communication (feedback loops) system

Maintaining Homeostasis


The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems.

neural: brain and nerve sending messages.

hormonal: chemicals being sent throughout the body to tell cells what to do (usually also controlled by brain)

Feedback Mechanisms


• Two ways to do this:

1. Negative Feedback

2. Positive Feedback

Feedback Mechanisms


• Two ways to do this:

1. Negative Feedback –aims to

establish homeostasis

Positive Feedback - aims to

get a job done (fulfill a function)

Feedback Mechanisms


Negative feedback

• shuts off or reduces the intensity of the control center

• most control mechanisms are negative

Ex: household thermostat controls the heating of a house



Receptor

Environmental

stimulus


Slide 1.19a

Receptor

Environmental

stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms


Positive feedback

•pushes control center to continue (but will eventually stop)

•uncommon in body, doesn’t establish balance

Ex.

Blood clotting

Labor contractions


Positive feedback

•pushes control center to continue (but will eventually stop)

•uncommon in body, doesn’t establish balance

Ex.

Blood clotting

Labor contractions

Drawing a Feedback Mechanism

Feedback Loop: Blood-Calcium levels

Slide 1.19a



Directions:

1. Draw a square, to represent the receptor. Label the receptor.

2. Draw 2 squares (1 above, 1 below the receptors), to represent the

effectors. Label the effectors.

The box above is the effector in a positive feedback system.

The box below is the effector in a negative feedback system.

3. Draw two sets of arrows, that travel from the receptor to the

effectors, and back to the receptor. Label the arrows toward the

effectors with the control system mechanism.



Slide 1.20a



Hypothalamus

Temperature

increasesChemicals

released

Sweat glands



Directions:

Draw a feedback mechanism diagram, using the example of how the

body maintains temperature equilibrium.

Example:

When the body is above 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling the sweat glands to release liquid. This

cools the body.

When the body is below 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling to the nervous to make muscles

contract. This generates heat, to warm the body.



Directions:

Draw a feedback mechanism diagram, using the example of how the

body maintains temperature equilibrium.

Example:

When the body is above 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling the sweat glands to release liquid. This

cools the body.

When the body is below 37 degrees Celsius, the hypothalamus

releases chemicals, signaling to the nervous to make muscles

contract. This generates heat, to warm the body.

Disease Versus Disorder


disease: illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs

disorder: any abnormality of structure and function

Disease Versus Disorder


symptoms: subjective changes in body functions (not apparent to observer)

signs: objective changes in body functions (observable by others)

aging: process in which there is a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis

Section 1.4: Restate the Qs (6-8) on p10


1.4 Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits

Objectives:

Can I answer all of these by the end of my reading?

If yes, you have read well (active reading)

If no, re-read, change techniques:

Record/define vocab, draw images, watch videos



6. The types of disturbances that can act as stimuli

that initiate a feedback system are either internal or

external. For example, (external) intense heat, lack of

oxygen, social stresses, or (internal) blood glucose

levels (p8).



7. The negative and positive feedback systems are

similar because they are a cycle of events that functions

to continually monitor, evaluate, change, remonitor, and

reevaluate a condition in the body (p8).

The negative and positive feedback systems are

different. Negative feedback systems reverse a change

in the body’s controlled condition (homeostasis).

Positive feedback systems strengthen a change in the

body’s controlled condition.



8. Symptoms and signs of a disease may be contrasted.

A symptom is a change in body functions that are not

easily observed by another person (ex. headache, nausea).

A sign is a change in body functions that can be measured

by a clinician (ex. bleeding, fever).

Vocabulary


diagnose: to distinguish one disease from another or

determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is typically

arrived at after the taking of a medical history and after a

physical examination.

Why Study the Language of Anatomy

Slide 1.21

• Special terminology is used to

prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

The Language of Anatomy

Slide 1.21

anatomical planes:

transecting (cutting across) sections

that serve as frames of reference,

in order to describe location or direction of

movements

3 anatomical planes animation (.5): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AzmwDIrCRw

Body Planes


Figure 1.6

Sagittal Frontal Transverse


Slide 1.21

3 anatomical planes: Transverse plane

Frontal plane

Sagittal plane


Slide 1.21

Quiz myself!Transverse plane

Frontal plane

Sagittal plane

Name the

anatomical plane!Frontal plane

or

Sagittal plane

or

Transverse plane

Transverse

plane

Frontal

plane

Sagittal

plane

Transverse

plane

Sagittal

plane

Frontal

plane

Transverse

plane

Sagittal

plane

Transverse

plane

Sagittal

plane

Transverse

plane

Frontal

plane

Frontal

plane

Transverse

plane

Sagittal

plane

Frontal

plane


Slide 1.21

orientation and directional terms:

specific terminology is used to describe

locations or directions, with respect to the

3 body planes

(10 total)

Directional terms from planes (1.38)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CchjHoMH6g

Orientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks


• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks


• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

3 Anatomical Planes in Sports Health

Slide 1.24

Personal trainer (1.24): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrbJtI7aXn4

body cavities: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejDuan9sIkE

Applying Orientation and Directional Terms

Slide 1.24

Directions:

With a partner, create a handshake, a series of planned movements.You must present your handshake to the class.

During your presentation, you must vocalize at least 8 vocabulary terms (at the time of the related movement).

You must submit to Ms. Cox a document with your names, date, title (in blue), and the 8 vocabulary used, in order.

*QUIZ grade: Accurate use of terms & commitment in performance

Body Cavities: Dorsal and Ventral


Figure 1.7

Identify Major Body Cavities: 6 terms


Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity



Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Diaphragm



body cavity: a space within the body that

contains, protects, separates, and supports

internal organ(s)



Cranial cavity: formed by the cranial (skull)

bones and contains the brain



Vertebral canal: formed by the bones of the

vertebral column (backbone) and contains

the spinal cord.



Thoracic cavity: chest cavity that is made up

of three smaller cavities



Abdominopelvic cavity: extends from the

diaphragm to the groin; made up of the

abdominal and pelvic cavities



Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach,

spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine,

and most of the large intestine



Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder,

portions of the large intestine, and internal

organs of the reproductive system



Diaphragm: dome-shaped muscle that

powers breathing and separates the

thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic

cavity

How lungs work9https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy1lfZAIojs

Diaphragm deepbreathing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WMt_1jw47Q

short: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw9OJLTlClQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy1lfZAIojs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WMt_1jw47Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw9OJLTlClQ

CATScan how1: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JrWfk6ih_nI

Imaging in medicin3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx-0emi4m8s&app=desktop

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JrWfk6ih_nI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tx-0emi4m8s&app=desktop

Body Cavities: R. Lateral and Anterior

Slide 1.27


Slide 1.27


Slide 1.27

1.3 #5, 1.5 #9, Restate the Qs


5. The types of movement that can occur in the

human body are at both the levels of gross

anatomy and microscopic anatomy.

Movement: nerve impulses signaling contraction of muscle cells, creating force to move body parts; gallbladder squirts bile into gastrointestinal tract to aid in the breakdown of complex molecules; cells reproduce, differentiate, and respond to changes in the body.



5. The types of movement that can occur in the human body

are at both the levels of gross anatomy and microscopic

anatomy.

Movement: 1. nerve impulses signaling contraction of muscle cells, creating force to move body parts; 2. gallbladder squirts bile into gastrointestinal tract

to aid in the breakdown of complex molecules;3. cells reproduce, differentiate, and respond to

changes in the body.


Slide 1.27

9. Some of the signs of aging are of anatomy (form) and physiology (function).

Signs, observable changes, of aging include “wrinkled skin, gray hair, loss of bone mass, and decreased muscle mass and strength” (10).

Aging, increased vulnerability, also includes “diminished reflexes, decreased production of some hormones, increased incidence of heart disease, increased susceptibility to infections and cancer, decreased lung capacity, less efficient functioning of the digestive system, decreased kidney function, menopause, and enlarged prostate” (10).

1.6+7 (10,12-15), Restate the Qs, 2 vocab

Slide 1.27

10. The anatomical position is the human body

standing erect, “facing the observer, with the head

level and eyes facing forward. The feed are flat on

the floor and directed forward, and the arms are at

the sides with the palms turned forward” (10).

This is used as the standard reference in describing any part of the gross anatomy.


Slide 1.27

12. For each directional term listed in Exhibit 1.1

(p12), my own examples are:

The ___ is superior to the_____.

The ____ is inferior to the _____.

...List of 13 total.


Slide 1.27

13. There are various planes that may be passed through the body.

They are the sagittal plane, which divides the body vertically into left

and right sides.

The midsagittal plane divides similarly into equal right and left sides.

The parasagittal plane is a sagittal division that is unequal.

The frontal plane divides the body into front and back segments.

The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower portions.

The oblique plane divides the body at an angle, between the

transverse and sagittal (or frontal) planes.


Slide 1.27

14. Landmarks that separate the various body cavities

from one another are the diaphragm and membranes.

The diaphragm “separates the thoracic cavity from the

abdominopelvic cavity” (16).

The serous membrane covers organs inside the thoracic

and abdominopelvic cavities, and consists of two layers

with fluid in between, to reduce friction during

movement.


Slide 1.27

15. Organs found in the abdominopelvic cavity are in separated by

regions and quadrants.

An organ found in the... right hypochondriac region

epigastric region

left hypochondriac region

right lumbar region

umbilical region

left lumbar region

right inguinal region

pubic region

left inguinal region


Slide 1.27

15. Organs found in the abdominopelvic cavity are in

separated by regions and quadrants.

An organ found in the right hypochondriac region and

the epigastric region is the right lobe of the liver.

An organ found in the left hypochondriac region is the

spleen.



An organ found in the right lumbar region is the

ascending colon of the large intestine.

An organ found in the umbilical region is the small

intestine.


Slide 1.27



An organ found in the left lumbar region is the

descending colon of the large intestine.

An organ found in the right inguinal region is the

appendix.


Slide 1.27



An organ found in the pubic region is the urinary

bladder.

An organ found in the left inguinal region is not

specified, but seemingly the descending colon of the

large intestine.


Slide 1.27

Body Cavities: Abdominopelvic


Figure 1.7

Necessary Life Functions


1. Maintain Boundaries

2. Movement

• Locomotion

• Movement of substances

3. Responsiveness

• Ability to sense changes and react

4. Digestion

• Break-down and delivery of nutrients



5. Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

6. Excretion

• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions



7. Reproduction

• Necessary for the individual????

• Production of future generation

8. Growth

• Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs


So, what do you need to stay alive????

• Nutrients

• Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

• Oxygen

• Required for chemical reactions

• Why?

• Need it to break down food into ATP

Survival Needs

Slide 1.17b

• Water

• 60–80% of body weight

• Provides for metabolic reactions

• Maintains blood volume

• Stable body temperature

• We are endothermic afterall!

• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate.Why?

• To allow us to breath.

Documents

Chapter 1The Human Body: An Orientationmscoxholyname.yolasite.com/resources/BIOII.CH1.pdf · 2014-09-29 · Of the human body, name the 6 levels of structural organization: smallest