CHAPTER 18:PART 1 LOCOMOTION: SOLID SURFACE KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created

CHAPTER 18:PART 1CHAPTER 18:PART 1LOCOMOTION:LOCOMOTION:

SOLID SURFACESOLID SURFACE

CHAPTER 18:PART 1CHAPTER 18:PART 1LOCOMOTION:LOCOMOTION:

SOLID SURFACESOLID SURFACE

KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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ObjectivesObjectives1.1. Identify and classify motor skills under Identify and classify motor skills under

the heading of moving the body on the the heading of moving the body on the ground or other resistant surface.ground or other resistant surface.

2.2. Describe the anatomical and mechanical Describe the anatomical and mechanical nature of the major locomotor patterns.nature of the major locomotor patterns.

3.3. Name and state anatomical and Name and state anatomical and mechanical principles that apply to mechanical principles that apply to locomotor patterns.locomotor patterns.

4.4. Evaluate the performance of major Evaluate the performance of major locomotor patterns.locomotor patterns.

5.5. Analyze the performance of a locomotor Analyze the performance of a locomotor skill.skill.

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LOCOMOTIONLOCOMOTION

The act or power of moving from place to place by means of one’s own mechanisms or power.

In the human being, it is the result of the action of body levers propelling the body. Ordinarily by lower extremities. Occasionally by all four extremities. Sometimes by upper extremities alone.

The act or power of moving from place to place by means of one’s own mechanisms or power.

In the human being, it is the result of the action of body levers propelling the body. Ordinarily by lower extremities. Occasionally by all four extremities. Sometimes by upper extremities alone.

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WALKINGDescriptionWALKING

Description Alternating action of the

two lower extremities. Translatory motion of

the body brought about by angular motion of some of its parts.

Two phases: Swing Support

Alternating action of the two lower extremities.

Translatory motion of the body brought about by angular motion of some of its parts.

Two phases: Swing Support

Fig 18.1Fig 18.1

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Description

Kinematics are often described in terms of strides and steps.

Stride: from heel strike to the next heel strike of the same leg.

Stride length: distance covered in one stride.

Step: from heel strike of one leg to heel strike of opposite leg.

Kinematics are often described in terms of strides and steps.

Stride: from heel strike to the next heel strike of the same leg.

Stride length: distance covered in one stride.

Step: from heel strike of one leg to heel strike of opposite leg.

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Description

Chief sources of motion in the swing phase are gravity & momentum; ballistic movement

Sources of motion for support phase: 1st Half: momentum of forward moving

trunk. 2nd Half: contraction of extensor muscles

of supporting leg.

Chief sources of motion in the swing phase are gravity & momentum; ballistic movement

Sources of motion for support phase: 1st Half: momentum of forward moving

trunk. 2nd Half: contraction of extensor muscles

of supporting leg.

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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis


Major Components of Walking1. Pelvic rotation

2. Pelvic tilt

3. Knee flexion

4. Hip flexion

5. Knee and ankle interaction

6. Lateral pelvic displacement

Major Components of Walking1. Pelvic rotation

2. Pelvic tilt

3. Knee flexion

4. Hip flexion

5. Knee and ankle interaction

6. Lateral pelvic displacement

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Figure 18.2

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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing

Phase


PhaseSpine and Pelvis: 1. Movements: Rotation of pelvis toward the

support leg and of spine in the opposite direction; slight lateral tilt of pelvis toward swing leg.

2. Muscles: Semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, and external oblique abdominals on side toward which pelvis rotates.

Erector spinae and internal oblique abdominals on opposite side.

Psoas & quadratus lumborum support pelvis of swinging limb.

Spine and Pelvis: 1. Movements: Rotation of pelvis toward the

support leg and of spine in the opposite direction; slight lateral tilt of pelvis toward swing leg.

2. Muscles: Semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, and external oblique abdominals on side toward which pelvis rotates.

Erector spinae and internal oblique abdominals on opposite side.

Psoas & quadratus lumborum support pelvis of swinging limb.

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Phase


PhaseHip: 1. Movements: Flexion; outward

rotation; adduction at beginning and abduction at the end of phase.

2. Muscles: Iliopsoas is prime mover of hip.

Assisted by rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis, adductor longus and pectineus.

Hip: 1. Movements: Flexion; outward

rotation; adduction at beginning and abduction at the end of phase.

2. Muscles: Iliopsoas is prime mover of hip.

Assisted by rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis, adductor longus and pectineus.

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Phase


PhaseKnee: 1. Movements: Flexion during 1st half;

extension during 2nd half.2. Muscles: Quadriceps extensors contract

slightly at end of phase. Sartorius & short head of biceps femoris

chiefly following toe off. Largest contributor is gravity when the knee

extensors relax at toe-off.

Knee: 1. Movements: Flexion during 1st half;

extension during 2nd half.2. Muscles: Quadriceps extensors contract

slightly at end of phase. Sartorius & short head of biceps femoris

chiefly following toe off. Largest contributor is gravity when the knee

extensors relax at toe-off.

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Phase


PhaseAnkle and Foot: 1. Movements: Dorsiflexion; prevention

of plantar flexion.2. Muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor

digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius (slight to moderate intensity at beginning of swing phase, taper off during middle portion of phase). Contract again to prepare for heel strike.

Ankle and Foot: 1. Movements: Dorsiflexion; prevention

of plantar flexion.2. Muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor

digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius (slight to moderate intensity at beginning of swing phase, taper off during middle portion of phase). Contract again to prepare for heel strike.

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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support

Phase


PhaseSpine and Pelvis: Rotation of pelvis toward same side and

spine to opposite side; lateral tilt away from support leg.

Lumbar portion of erector spinae contracts at heel strike to stiffen spine for support.

Spine and Pelvis: Rotation of pelvis toward same side and

spine to opposite side; lateral tilt away from support leg.

Lumbar portion of erector spinae contracts at heel strike to stiffen spine for support.

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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis: Support

Phase


PhaseHip: 1. Movements: Extension through foot flat

to toe off. Reduction of outward rotation. Followed by slight inward rotation. Prevention of adduction of the thigh and

dropping of pelvis to opposite side.2. Muscles: During heel strike gluteals and

hamstrings contract statically (moderate intensity), taper off during foot flat and disappear at midstance.

Only muscles active during last part of phase - adductor magnus, longus, and brevis.

Hip: 1. Movements: Extension through foot flat

to toe off. Reduction of outward rotation. Followed by slight inward rotation. Prevention of adduction of the thigh and

dropping of pelvis to opposite side.2. Muscles: During heel strike gluteals and

hamstrings contract statically (moderate intensity), taper off during foot flat and disappear at midstance.

Only muscles active during last part of phase - adductor magnus, longus, and brevis.

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Phase


PhaseKnee: 1. Movements: Slight flexion from heel

strike to foot flat, extension from midstance until heel lift.

2. Muscles: Quadriceps contract moderately in early part of phase, then gradually relax. Vastii contract throughout the 1st half of this

phase. Hamstrings at the end of phase.

Knee: 1. Movements: Slight flexion from heel

strike to foot flat, extension from midstance until heel lift.

2. Muscles: Quadriceps contract moderately in early part of phase, then gradually relax. Vastii contract throughout the 1st half of this

phase. Hamstrings at the end of phase.

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Phase


PhaseAnkle and Foot: 1. Movements: Slight plantar flexion

followed by slight dorsiflexion. Prevention of further dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion of ankle and

hyperextension of metatarsophalangeals at end of propulsive phase.

Ankle and Foot: 1. Movements: Slight plantar flexion

followed by slight dorsiflexion. Prevention of further dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion of ankle and

hyperextension of metatarsophalangeals at end of propulsive phase.

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Phase


PhaseAnkle and Foot: 2. Muscles:

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and hallucis longus early in phase.

Gastrocnemius and soleus active from midstance to heel off.

Tibialis posterior middle part of phase. Flexor digitorum longus (slight) in middle

portion of phase, moderate in the last portion.

Toe and intrinsic muscles respond to pressure of ground against toes.

Ankle and Foot: 2. Muscles:

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and hallucis longus early in phase.

Gastrocnemius and soleus active from midstance to heel off.

Tibialis posterior middle part of phase. Flexor digitorum longus (slight) in middle

portion of phase, moderate in the last portion.

Toe and intrinsic muscles respond to pressure of ground against toes.

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Action of Upper Extremities in Walking

Action of Upper Extremities in Walking

Arms tend to swing in opposition to the legs.

This reflex action is usually without obvious muscular action and serves to balance rotation of the pelvis.

Maximum flexion of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of opposite foot.

Maximum extension of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of same foot.

Arms tend to swing in opposition to the legs.

This reflex action is usually without obvious muscular action and serves to balance rotation of the pelvis.

Maximum flexion of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of opposite foot.

Maximum extension of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of same foot.

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Neuromuscular Considerations Neuromuscular Considerations

Walking relies heavily on reflex. Reflexes also control movements of

supporting limb and trunk in resisting the downward pull of gravity. Stretch reflex: at extremes of motion. Extensor thrust reflex: may facilitate the

extensor muscles of lower extremity as weight rides over the foot on the support leg.

Walking relies heavily on reflex. Reflexes also control movements of

supporting limb and trunk in resisting the downward pull of gravity. Stretch reflex: at extremes of motion. Extensor thrust reflex: may facilitate the

extensor muscles of lower extremity as weight rides over the foot on the support leg.

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Anatomical Principles in Walking


1. Alignmenta) Reduces friction and decreases the

likelihood of strain and injury.b) Stability of weight bearing limb and balance

of trunk over this limb are factors in smoothness of gait.

2. Unnecessary lateral movements decrease gait economy.

a) Excessive trunk rotation with excessive arm motion.

b) Pelvis may drop on one side without support.c) Pelvic rotation should be just enough to

enable the leg to move straight forward.

1. Alignmenta) Reduces friction and decreases the

likelihood of strain and injury.b) Stability of weight bearing limb and balance

of trunk over this limb are factors in smoothness of gait.

2. Unnecessary lateral movements decrease gait economy.

a) Excessive trunk rotation with excessive arm motion.

b) Pelvis may drop on one side without support.c) Pelvic rotation should be just enough to

enable the leg to move straight forward.

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3. Normal flexibility of the joints reduces resistance.

a) Tendons of two joint muscles of lower extremity contribute to economy of muscular action in walking.

4. Properly functioning reflexes contribute to a well coordinated, efficient gait.

a) Injury, disease, or substance abuse can interfere with the walking reflexes.

3. Normal flexibility of the joints reduces resistance.

a) Tendons of two joint muscles of lower extremity contribute to economy of muscular action in walking.

4. Properly functioning reflexes contribute to a well coordinated, efficient gait.

a) Injury, disease, or substance abuse can interfere with the walking reflexes.

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Mechanical AnalysisMechanical Analysis Translation of the body’s center of gravity

forward as a result of the alternating pattern of lower extremity joint movements during the stance and swing phases.

Forces that control walking are; External forces of weight, normal reaction,

friction, air resistance. Internal muscular forces.

Direction & interaction of these forces determine the nature of the gait.

Translation of the body’s center of gravity forward as a result of the alternating pattern of lower extremity joint movements during the stance and swing phases.

Forces that control walking are; External forces of weight, normal reaction,

friction, air resistance. Internal muscular forces.

Direction & interaction of these forces determine the nature of the gait.

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Mechanical Principles in Walking


1. Inertia of the body must be overcome with every step.

2. A brief restraining action of the forward limb serves as a brake on the momentum of the trunk so as not to move the center of gravity beyond the new base of support.

3. Translatory movement is achieved by alternating the lower extremity angular motion between the foot (support) and hip (swing) (inverted pendulum).

1. Inertia of the body must be overcome with every step.

2. A brief restraining action of the forward limb serves as a brake on the momentum of the trunk so as not to move the center of gravity beyond the new base of support.

3. Translatory movement is achieved by alternating the lower extremity angular motion between the foot (support) and hip (swing) (inverted pendulum).

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4. The vertical component of ground reaction force serves to counteract the pull of gravity. The horizontal component serves to:

check forward motion during heel strike. produce forward motion during toe off.

5. Speed is increased by increasing stride length, stride rate, or both.

6. Speed is directly related to magnitude of force and direction of application.

4. The vertical component of ground reaction force serves to counteract the pull of gravity. The horizontal component serves to:

check forward motion during heel strike. produce forward motion during toe off.

5. Speed is increased by increasing stride length, stride rate, or both.

6. Speed is directly related to magnitude of force and direction of application.

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7. Efficiency of locomotion partially depends on friction and ground reaction force.

8. Most efficient gait is one that is timed to permit pendular motion of the lower extremities.

9. Alternating loss and recovery of balance.10.Lateral distance between feet is a factor

in lateral stability, with average step width at ~ 10% of leg length.

7. Efficiency of locomotion partially depends on friction and ground reaction force.

8. Most efficient gait is one that is timed to permit pendular motion of the lower extremities.

9. Alternating loss and recovery of balance.10.Lateral distance between feet is a factor

in lateral stability, with average step width at ~ 10% of leg length.

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Walking Variations:Individual Variations in Gait

Walking Variations:Individual Variations in Gait

Variations may be structural or functional. Structural: body proportions & limb differences. Functional: personality characteristics.

Pathological : disease, injury, or deformity may produce deviations.

Age: decreases in strength and flexibility. Balance becomes a concern.

Obesity: increased impact but smaller propulsive forces. Medial and lateral forces increase.

Variations may be structural or functional. Structural: body proportions & limb differences. Functional: personality characteristics.

Pathological : disease, injury, or deformity may produce deviations.

Age: decreases in strength and flexibility. Balance becomes a concern.

Obesity: increased impact but smaller propulsive forces. Medial and lateral forces increase.

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Walking Variations:Stairs & Ramps

Walking Variations:Stairs & Ramps

Up stairs or a ramp: Forward lean of body to direct the push of legs through the body’s center of gravity. Swing phase has exaggerated knee lift and

dorsiflexion of the ankle. Down stairs or a ramp: Eccentric

contraction of muscles to lower body at a controlled rate and maintain line of gravity toward back of the base of support. Swing phase has a slight lifting of rear foot

to clear the step.

Up stairs or a ramp: Forward lean of body to direct the push of legs through the body’s center of gravity. Swing phase has exaggerated knee lift and

dorsiflexion of the ankle. Down stairs or a ramp: Eccentric

contraction of muscles to lower body at a controlled rate and maintain line of gravity toward back of the base of support. Swing phase has a slight lifting of rear foot

to clear the step.

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Walking Variations:Race Walking

Walking Variations:Race Walking

Adaptations to produce maximum speed.

Must show a period of double support.

Minimizes double support period; Increasing stride rate. Decreasing stride length.

Adaptations to produce maximum speed.

Must show a period of double support.

Minimizes double support period; Increasing stride rate. Decreasing stride length.

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CHAPTER 18:PART 1 LOCOMOTION: SOLID SURFACE KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created