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CHAPTER 18:PART 1CHAPTER 18:PART 1LOCOMOTION:LOCOMOTION:
SOLID SURFACESOLID SURFACE
CHAPTER 18:PART 1CHAPTER 18:PART 1LOCOMOTION:LOCOMOTION:
SOLID SURFACESOLID SURFACE
KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition
Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by
TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University
Revised by Hamilton & Weimar
KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition
Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by
TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University
Revised by Hamilton & Weimar
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin
18A-218A-2
ObjectivesObjectives1.1. Identify and classify motor skills under Identify and classify motor skills under
the heading of moving the body on the the heading of moving the body on the ground or other resistant surface.ground or other resistant surface.
2.2. Describe the anatomical and mechanical Describe the anatomical and mechanical nature of the major locomotor patterns.nature of the major locomotor patterns.
3.3. Name and state anatomical and Name and state anatomical and mechanical principles that apply to mechanical principles that apply to locomotor patterns.locomotor patterns.
4.4. Evaluate the performance of major Evaluate the performance of major locomotor patterns.locomotor patterns.
5.5. Analyze the performance of a locomotor Analyze the performance of a locomotor skill.skill.
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LOCOMOTIONLOCOMOTION
The act or power of moving from place to place by means of one’s own mechanisms or power.
In the human being, it is the result of the action of body levers propelling the body. Ordinarily by lower extremities. Occasionally by all four extremities. Sometimes by upper extremities alone.
The act or power of moving from place to place by means of one’s own mechanisms or power.
In the human being, it is the result of the action of body levers propelling the body. Ordinarily by lower extremities. Occasionally by all four extremities. Sometimes by upper extremities alone.
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WALKINGDescriptionWALKING
Description Alternating action of the
two lower extremities. Translatory motion of
the body brought about by angular motion of some of its parts.
Two phases: Swing Support
Alternating action of the two lower extremities.
Translatory motion of the body brought about by angular motion of some of its parts.
Two phases: Swing Support
Fig 18.1Fig 18.1
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WALKINGDescriptionWALKING
Description
Kinematics are often described in terms of strides and steps.
Stride: from heel strike to the next heel strike of the same leg.
Stride length: distance covered in one stride.
Step: from heel strike of one leg to heel strike of opposite leg.
Kinematics are often described in terms of strides and steps.
Stride: from heel strike to the next heel strike of the same leg.
Stride length: distance covered in one stride.
Step: from heel strike of one leg to heel strike of opposite leg.
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WALKINGDescriptionWALKING
Description
Chief sources of motion in the swing phase are gravity & momentum; ballistic movement
Sources of motion for support phase: 1st Half: momentum of forward moving
trunk. 2nd Half: contraction of extensor muscles
of supporting leg.
Chief sources of motion in the swing phase are gravity & momentum; ballistic movement
Sources of motion for support phase: 1st Half: momentum of forward moving
trunk. 2nd Half: contraction of extensor muscles
of supporting leg.
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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis
Major Components of Walking1. Pelvic rotation
2. Pelvic tilt
3. Knee flexion
4. Hip flexion
5. Knee and ankle interaction
6. Lateral pelvic displacement
Major Components of Walking1. Pelvic rotation
2. Pelvic tilt
3. Knee flexion
4. Hip flexion
5. Knee and ankle interaction
6. Lateral pelvic displacement
18A-918A-9
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
PhaseSpine and Pelvis: 1. Movements: Rotation of pelvis toward the
support leg and of spine in the opposite direction; slight lateral tilt of pelvis toward swing leg.
2. Muscles: Semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, and external oblique abdominals on side toward which pelvis rotates.
Erector spinae and internal oblique abdominals on opposite side.
Psoas & quadratus lumborum support pelvis of swinging limb.
Spine and Pelvis: 1. Movements: Rotation of pelvis toward the
support leg and of spine in the opposite direction; slight lateral tilt of pelvis toward swing leg.
2. Muscles: Semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, and external oblique abdominals on side toward which pelvis rotates.
Erector spinae and internal oblique abdominals on opposite side.
Psoas & quadratus lumborum support pelvis of swinging limb.
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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
PhaseHip: 1. Movements: Flexion; outward
rotation; adduction at beginning and abduction at the end of phase.
2. Muscles: Iliopsoas is prime mover of hip.
Assisted by rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis, adductor longus and pectineus.
Hip: 1. Movements: Flexion; outward
rotation; adduction at beginning and abduction at the end of phase.
2. Muscles: Iliopsoas is prime mover of hip.
Assisted by rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis, adductor longus and pectineus.
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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
PhaseKnee: 1. Movements: Flexion during 1st half;
extension during 2nd half.2. Muscles: Quadriceps extensors contract
slightly at end of phase. Sartorius & short head of biceps femoris
chiefly following toe off. Largest contributor is gravity when the knee
extensors relax at toe-off.
Knee: 1. Movements: Flexion during 1st half;
extension during 2nd half.2. Muscles: Quadriceps extensors contract
slightly at end of phase. Sartorius & short head of biceps femoris
chiefly following toe off. Largest contributor is gravity when the knee
extensors relax at toe-off.
18A-1218A-12
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Swing
PhaseAnkle and Foot: 1. Movements: Dorsiflexion; prevention
of plantar flexion.2. Muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius (slight to moderate intensity at beginning of swing phase, taper off during middle portion of phase). Contract again to prepare for heel strike.
Ankle and Foot: 1. Movements: Dorsiflexion; prevention
of plantar flexion.2. Muscles: Tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius (slight to moderate intensity at beginning of swing phase, taper off during middle portion of phase). Contract again to prepare for heel strike.
18A-1318A-13
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support
PhaseSpine and Pelvis: Rotation of pelvis toward same side and
spine to opposite side; lateral tilt away from support leg.
Lumbar portion of erector spinae contracts at heel strike to stiffen spine for support.
Spine and Pelvis: Rotation of pelvis toward same side and
spine to opposite side; lateral tilt away from support leg.
Lumbar portion of erector spinae contracts at heel strike to stiffen spine for support.
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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis: Support
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis: Support
PhaseHip: 1. Movements: Extension through foot flat
to toe off. Reduction of outward rotation. Followed by slight inward rotation. Prevention of adduction of the thigh and
dropping of pelvis to opposite side.2. Muscles: During heel strike gluteals and
hamstrings contract statically (moderate intensity), taper off during foot flat and disappear at midstance.
Only muscles active during last part of phase - adductor magnus, longus, and brevis.
Hip: 1. Movements: Extension through foot flat
to toe off. Reduction of outward rotation. Followed by slight inward rotation. Prevention of adduction of the thigh and
dropping of pelvis to opposite side.2. Muscles: During heel strike gluteals and
hamstrings contract statically (moderate intensity), taper off during foot flat and disappear at midstance.
Only muscles active during last part of phase - adductor magnus, longus, and brevis.
18A-1518A-15
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support
PhaseKnee: 1. Movements: Slight flexion from heel
strike to foot flat, extension from midstance until heel lift.
2. Muscles: Quadriceps contract moderately in early part of phase, then gradually relax. Vastii contract throughout the 1st half of this
phase. Hamstrings at the end of phase.
Knee: 1. Movements: Slight flexion from heel
strike to foot flat, extension from midstance until heel lift.
2. Muscles: Quadriceps contract moderately in early part of phase, then gradually relax. Vastii contract throughout the 1st half of this
phase. Hamstrings at the end of phase.
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WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis:Support
PhaseAnkle and Foot: 1. Movements: Slight plantar flexion
followed by slight dorsiflexion. Prevention of further dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion of ankle and
hyperextension of metatarsophalangeals at end of propulsive phase.
Ankle and Foot: 1. Movements: Slight plantar flexion
followed by slight dorsiflexion. Prevention of further dorsiflexion. Plantar flexion of ankle and
hyperextension of metatarsophalangeals at end of propulsive phase.
18A-1718A-17
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis: Support
Phase
WALKINGAnatomical Analysis: Support
PhaseAnkle and Foot: 2. Muscles:
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and hallucis longus early in phase.
Gastrocnemius and soleus active from midstance to heel off.
Tibialis posterior middle part of phase. Flexor digitorum longus (slight) in middle
portion of phase, moderate in the last portion.
Toe and intrinsic muscles respond to pressure of ground against toes.
Ankle and Foot: 2. Muscles:
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and hallucis longus early in phase.
Gastrocnemius and soleus active from midstance to heel off.
Tibialis posterior middle part of phase. Flexor digitorum longus (slight) in middle
portion of phase, moderate in the last portion.
Toe and intrinsic muscles respond to pressure of ground against toes.
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Action of Upper Extremities in Walking
Action of Upper Extremities in Walking
Arms tend to swing in opposition to the legs.
This reflex action is usually without obvious muscular action and serves to balance rotation of the pelvis.
Maximum flexion of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of opposite foot.
Maximum extension of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of same foot.
Arms tend to swing in opposition to the legs.
This reflex action is usually without obvious muscular action and serves to balance rotation of the pelvis.
Maximum flexion of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of opposite foot.
Maximum extension of shoulder and elbow occurs at heel strike of same foot.
18A-1918A-19
Neuromuscular Considerations Neuromuscular Considerations
Walking relies heavily on reflex. Reflexes also control movements of
supporting limb and trunk in resisting the downward pull of gravity. Stretch reflex: at extremes of motion. Extensor thrust reflex: may facilitate the
extensor muscles of lower extremity as weight rides over the foot on the support leg.
Walking relies heavily on reflex. Reflexes also control movements of
supporting limb and trunk in resisting the downward pull of gravity. Stretch reflex: at extremes of motion. Extensor thrust reflex: may facilitate the
extensor muscles of lower extremity as weight rides over the foot on the support leg.
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Anatomical Principles in Walking
Anatomical Principles in Walking
1. Alignmenta) Reduces friction and decreases the
likelihood of strain and injury.b) Stability of weight bearing limb and balance
of trunk over this limb are factors in smoothness of gait.
2. Unnecessary lateral movements decrease gait economy.
a) Excessive trunk rotation with excessive arm motion.
b) Pelvis may drop on one side without support.c) Pelvic rotation should be just enough to
enable the leg to move straight forward.
1. Alignmenta) Reduces friction and decreases the
likelihood of strain and injury.b) Stability of weight bearing limb and balance
of trunk over this limb are factors in smoothness of gait.
2. Unnecessary lateral movements decrease gait economy.
a) Excessive trunk rotation with excessive arm motion.
b) Pelvis may drop on one side without support.c) Pelvic rotation should be just enough to
enable the leg to move straight forward.
18A-2118A-21
Anatomical Principles in Walking
Anatomical Principles in Walking
3. Normal flexibility of the joints reduces resistance.
a) Tendons of two joint muscles of lower extremity contribute to economy of muscular action in walking.
4. Properly functioning reflexes contribute to a well coordinated, efficient gait.
a) Injury, disease, or substance abuse can interfere with the walking reflexes.
3. Normal flexibility of the joints reduces resistance.
a) Tendons of two joint muscles of lower extremity contribute to economy of muscular action in walking.
4. Properly functioning reflexes contribute to a well coordinated, efficient gait.
a) Injury, disease, or substance abuse can interfere with the walking reflexes.
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Mechanical AnalysisMechanical Analysis Translation of the body’s center of gravity
forward as a result of the alternating pattern of lower extremity joint movements during the stance and swing phases.
Forces that control walking are; External forces of weight, normal reaction,
friction, air resistance. Internal muscular forces.
Direction & interaction of these forces determine the nature of the gait.
Translation of the body’s center of gravity forward as a result of the alternating pattern of lower extremity joint movements during the stance and swing phases.
Forces that control walking are; External forces of weight, normal reaction,
friction, air resistance. Internal muscular forces.
Direction & interaction of these forces determine the nature of the gait.
18A-2318A-23
Mechanical Principles in Walking
Mechanical Principles in Walking
1. Inertia of the body must be overcome with every step.
2. A brief restraining action of the forward limb serves as a brake on the momentum of the trunk so as not to move the center of gravity beyond the new base of support.
3. Translatory movement is achieved by alternating the lower extremity angular motion between the foot (support) and hip (swing) (inverted pendulum).
1. Inertia of the body must be overcome with every step.
2. A brief restraining action of the forward limb serves as a brake on the momentum of the trunk so as not to move the center of gravity beyond the new base of support.
3. Translatory movement is achieved by alternating the lower extremity angular motion between the foot (support) and hip (swing) (inverted pendulum).
18A-2418A-24
Mechanical Principles in Walking
Mechanical Principles in Walking
4. The vertical component of ground reaction force serves to counteract the pull of gravity. The horizontal component serves to:
check forward motion during heel strike. produce forward motion during toe off.
5. Speed is increased by increasing stride length, stride rate, or both.
6. Speed is directly related to magnitude of force and direction of application.
4. The vertical component of ground reaction force serves to counteract the pull of gravity. The horizontal component serves to:
check forward motion during heel strike. produce forward motion during toe off.
5. Speed is increased by increasing stride length, stride rate, or both.
6. Speed is directly related to magnitude of force and direction of application.
18A-2518A-25
Mechanical Principles in Walking
Mechanical Principles in Walking
7. Efficiency of locomotion partially depends on friction and ground reaction force.
8. Most efficient gait is one that is timed to permit pendular motion of the lower extremities.
9. Alternating loss and recovery of balance.10.Lateral distance between feet is a factor
in lateral stability, with average step width at ~ 10% of leg length.
7. Efficiency of locomotion partially depends on friction and ground reaction force.
8. Most efficient gait is one that is timed to permit pendular motion of the lower extremities.
9. Alternating loss and recovery of balance.10.Lateral distance between feet is a factor
in lateral stability, with average step width at ~ 10% of leg length.
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Walking Variations:Individual Variations in Gait
Walking Variations:Individual Variations in Gait
Variations may be structural or functional. Structural: body proportions & limb differences. Functional: personality characteristics.
Pathological : disease, injury, or deformity may produce deviations.
Age: decreases in strength and flexibility. Balance becomes a concern.
Obesity: increased impact but smaller propulsive forces. Medial and lateral forces increase.
Variations may be structural or functional. Structural: body proportions & limb differences. Functional: personality characteristics.
Pathological : disease, injury, or deformity may produce deviations.
Age: decreases in strength and flexibility. Balance becomes a concern.
Obesity: increased impact but smaller propulsive forces. Medial and lateral forces increase.
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Walking Variations:Stairs & Ramps
Walking Variations:Stairs & Ramps
Up stairs or a ramp: Forward lean of body to direct the push of legs through the body’s center of gravity. Swing phase has exaggerated knee lift and
dorsiflexion of the ankle. Down stairs or a ramp: Eccentric
contraction of muscles to lower body at a controlled rate and maintain line of gravity toward back of the base of support. Swing phase has a slight lifting of rear foot
to clear the step.
Up stairs or a ramp: Forward lean of body to direct the push of legs through the body’s center of gravity. Swing phase has exaggerated knee lift and
dorsiflexion of the ankle. Down stairs or a ramp: Eccentric
contraction of muscles to lower body at a controlled rate and maintain line of gravity toward back of the base of support. Swing phase has a slight lifting of rear foot
to clear the step.
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Walking Variations:Race Walking
Walking Variations:Race Walking
Adaptations to produce maximum speed.
Must show a period of double support.
Minimizes double support period; Increasing stride rate. Decreasing stride length.
Adaptations to produce maximum speed.
Must show a period of double support.
Minimizes double support period; Increasing stride rate. Decreasing stride length.