Chapter 18Chapter 18

The Rise of RussiaThe Rise of Russia

Themes of the ChapterThemes of the Chapter

Territorial state Territorial state huge land huge land empireempire

Power of the tsars & the Romanov Power of the tsars & the Romanov Dynasty (1610-1917)Dynasty (1610-1917)

Dominant aristocracyDominant aristocracyReliance on coercive labor systemsReliance on coercive labor systemsLack of a merchant classLack of a merchant classDependence on the WestDependence on the West

Russia Under the CzarsRussia Under the CzarsRemember from Ch. 14 that Remember from Ch. 14 that MoscowMoscow

would become the center for would become the center for resistance of Mongol ruleresistance of Mongol rule

The Need for Revival (The The Need for Revival (The Ivans)Ivans)

Mongol Rule = limited cultural Mongol Rule = limited cultural development, economic stagnation, development, economic stagnation, dependence on peasant labor.dependence on peasant labor.

Ivan III (the Great) 1462-1505Ivan III (the Great) 1462-1505 reclaims early Roman, Byzantine reclaims early Roman, Byzantine

Christian traditionsChristian traditionsEmphasis on military ruleEmphasis on military ruleBegins an expansionist policyBegins an expansionist policy

Light Green = land held by the Light Green = land held by the end of Catherine the Great’s end of Catherine the Great’s

reignreign

Policies toward Native Policies toward Native PeoplesPeoples

Siberia is home to 26 ethnic groups, who Siberia is home to 26 ethnic groups, who responded to Russians in different waysresponded to Russians in different ways

Russian gov’t uses cossacks and Russian gov’t uses cossacks and westerners (fur trade) to inhabit the area, westerners (fur trade) to inhabit the area, but many inhabitants are social misfitsbut many inhabitants are social misfits

Russians wanted tribute in the form of furs, Russians wanted tribute in the form of furs, and resorted to violence to get itand resorted to violence to get it

By 1763, 420,000 Russians live in SiberiaBy 1763, 420,000 Russians live in Siberia

Patterns of ExpansionPatterns of Expansion

Focused on Central Asia (lack of Focused on Central Asia (lack of natural barriers made expansion natural barriers made expansion easier)easier)

Volga River (Astrakhan) becomes a Volga River (Astrakhan) becomes a bustling center for Eurasian tradebustling center for Eurasian trade

Tsars use new lands to reward faithful Tsars use new lands to reward faithful nobles/bureaucratsnobles/bureaucrats

New trade contacts w/Asia (Ottomans, New trade contacts w/Asia (Ottomans, Iran and India)Iran and India)

Question SlideQuestion Slide

Compare contrast the map of the Compare contrast the map of the Mongol Empire & Russian Empire on Mongol Empire & Russian Empire on the next two slides:the next two slides:How accurate was the Russian claim How accurate was the Russian claim

that it was the heir of Chinggis Khan and that it was the heir of Chinggis Khan and the unifier of Central Asia? How were the unifier of Central Asia? How were the empires different?the empires different?

The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire

The Russian EmpireThe Russian Empire

Ivan IV Ivan IV got his got his nicknamnickname after e after murderinmurdering his g his eldest eldest sonson

Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1533-1584Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1533-1584expanded borders and terrorized expanded borders and terrorized

boyarsboyars

Western ContactWestern Contact

Tsars eager to make up for cultural Tsars eager to make up for cultural isolation from Mongol polices by isolation from Mongol polices by increasing contacts with Western increasing contacts with Western Europe. This included:Europe. This included:

Diplomatic missions to EuropeDiplomatic missions to EuropeWestern merchants establishing Russian Western merchants establishing Russian

trade centerstrade centersUsing foreign artists to design Russian Using foreign artists to design Russian

churches/public buildingschurches/public buildings

Romanov PoliciesRomanov Policies

Time of Troubles = Ivan IV’s death (no Time of Troubles = Ivan IV’s death (no heir) leads to a boyar power struggleheir) leads to a boyar power struggle

Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) begins Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) begins when boyars choose a Romanov to be when boyars choose a Romanov to be TsarTsar

Michael= stabilizes gov’t, expands borders, Michael= stabilizes gov’t, expands borders, drives out foreignersdrives out foreigners

Alexis = limits the power of nobility; resumes Alexis = limits the power of nobility; resumes state control over the churchstate control over the church

Russia’s 1Russia’s 1stst Westernization Westernization

1717thth c. Russia = c. Russia = unusually unusually agricultural agricultural compared to Europe compared to Europe & Asia& Asia

Peter the Great Peter the Great begins policies of begins policies of westernization while westernization while continuing to old continuing to old polices of expansion polices of expansion and tsarist controland tsarist control

Peter the Great (1689-1725)Peter the Great (1689-1725)

Autocrat:Autocrat:Used capital punishment, suppressed power Used capital punishment, suppressed power

of nobility, used secret police, militaristicof nobility, used secret police, militaristic

WesternizationWesternizationPolitical = streamlines bureaucracyPolitical = streamlines bureaucracyEconomic= built up mining/ iron industryEconomic= built up mining/ iron industrySocial = encourages western styles Social = encourages western styles

among the upper classes (did not among the upper classes (did not encourage gender equity); education for encourage gender equity); education for nobilitynobility

Results of WesternizationResults of Westernization

Changes were selective (did not Changes were selective (did not impact the lower classes)impact the lower classes)

Serf labor expanded Serf labor expanded Encouraged the autocratic state; Encouraged the autocratic state;

didn’t challenge itdidn’t challenge itWidespread resentment as people Widespread resentment as people

clung to Russian traditionsclung to Russian traditions

Catherine the Great (1762-Catherine the Great (1762-1796)1796)

Claims power from husband Claims power from husband after many years of weak after many years of weak rulersrulers

Expands tsarist power (puts Expands tsarist power (puts down the Pugachev Rebellion)down the Pugachev Rebellion)

Enlightened Despot = courts Enlightened Despot = courts Enlightenment ideals while Enlightenment ideals while being a traditional Russian being a traditional Russian rulerruler

Selective Westernizer = picks Selective Westernizer = picks and chooses what she wants and chooses what she wants from the Westfrom the West

Her PoliciesHer Policies

Political = increases power of nobility over Political = increases power of nobility over the serfs, censors revolutionary ideas, the serfs, censors revolutionary ideas, crushes rebellionscrushes rebellions

Economic = further entrenches Russia into Economic = further entrenches Russia into serfdomserfdom

Territorial= campaigns against the Territorial= campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, claims Siberia and Ottoman Empire, claims Siberia and Alaska, claims part of PolandAlaska, claims part of Poland

Cultural = patronized Western art, Cultural = patronized Western art, architecture and clothing styles, but architecture and clothing styles, but avoided other influences (French avoided other influences (French Revolution)Revolution)

Palace of Catherine the GreatPalace of Catherine the Great

Themes in Early Modern Russian Themes in Early Modern Russian HistoryHistory

SerfdomSerfdomEconomic dependence on the more Economic dependence on the more

industrially developed Westindustrially developed WestSocial UnrestSocial Unrest Influence/control over Eastern Influence/control over Eastern

EuropeEurope

SerfdomSerfdom

Before Mongols, peasants were Before Mongols, peasants were relatively freerelatively free

1616thth c. = serfdom used to appease c. = serfdom used to appease nobles and extend state controlnobles and extend state control

1649 = serfdom become hereditary1649 = serfdom become hereditary1717thth & 18 & 18thth c. = laws tie serfs to land, c. = laws tie serfs to land,

give nobles great rightsgive nobles great rightsSerfs were almost slavesSerfs were almost slaves

Peasants in Russian village

Trade & Economic Trade & Economic DependenceDependence

95% of population is rural; few are 95% of population is rural; few are artisans or merchantsartisans or merchants

Little incentive for agricultural or Little incentive for agricultural or industrial innovationindustrial innovation

Still manages to support nobility and Still manages to support nobility and a growing populationa growing population

Social UnrestSocial Unrest

1717thth c. = revolutionary and c. = revolutionary and Enlightenment ideals increase Enlightenment ideals increase peasant discontent (Pugachev peasant discontent (Pugachev Rebellion)Rebellion)

1818thth c. = reformers called for an end c. = reformers called for an end to serfdom and increased innovationto serfdom and increased innovation

Tsars made few changesTsars made few changes

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Borders in this area fluctuateBorders in this area fluctuateEaster region help spread Easter region help spread

revolutionary Enlightenment ideas & revolutionary Enlightenment ideas & take part in the Reformationtake part in the Reformation

Still, E. Europe remains a place w/ a Still, E. Europe remains a place w/ a weakened central government and weakened central government and little economic developmentlittle economic development

Russia and the WorldRussia and the World

Becomes an absolute monarchy Becomes an absolute monarchy characterized by a “dominant characterized by a “dominant aristocracy, coercive agricultural aristocracy, coercive agricultural labor systems, and the absence of a labor systems, and the absence of a a substantial merchant class.”a substantial merchant class.”