Unit 2: Chapter 7India and China

India: A Tale of 2 Empires• Mauryan Empire 321- 232 BC

– Chandragupta 321-301BCE• Created the 1st empire• Raised huge army, huge taxes• Created bureaucracy• Kautilya

– Rulers handbook

– Asoka 269 BC – 232 BCE• Grandson• Why Buddhism? Battle at Kalinga

– Nonviolence, issued edicts, religious toleration, fairness• Built roads

– Did what for travelers?

– 500 years of chaos after Mauryan Empire

Chandragupta

Kautilya

Asoka

• Gupta Empire 320 – 535 AD– 2nd empire– First empire with good

information about life in India

• Farmers, merchants.• Taxes, irrigation• Patriarchal in North,

Matriarchal in South• Expansion created

trade routes

India: A Tale of 2 Empires

Using the map, what are the key differences between the Mauryan Empires and the Gupta Empires?

Why did neither empire spread north east?

Achievements of Indian Culture

Drama/Dance

Medicine Math

Astronomy

Poetry

IndianCulture

Many of the foundations of Indian and western culture are created during the Mauryan and Gupta Empires

Achievements• Astronomy

– Knowledge increased on trading ships

– Used stars– Kept time – Greeks

• Calendar based on sun• 7-day week divided into

hours– 1st to prove earth round –

lunar eclipse

• Mathematics– Most advanced– Created modern numbers– Zero– Decimal system– Value of pi– Length of solar year (365)

• Medicine– 2 medical guides – 1,000 diseases, 500 medicinal plants– Surgery – plastic surgery

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

The Spread of Indian TradeWhat did Indians realize once they heard about the Silk Roads?

Extensive TradeExtensive Trade

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivorygold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goodscotton goods

cotton goodscotton goodssilkssilks

* That they could become the “middlemen & make a lot of money* Set up trading stations

Money, Money, Money, and Influence

• Effect of trade– Banking system & Loans– Indian culture spread– Religion spread– Increased wealth for Indian

empires

• Overland Trade– Access to the Silk Road– Ideal placement between

Rome and China– Middlemen = Big Profits

• Sea Trade– Traded between China,

Arabia, Africa, and SE Asia– Spices, ivory, silk, gold,

horses, rice, wheat

How did Silk Road impact people’s lives?

1. Economic Impact – created jobs

2. Religious Impact – spread Buddhism & other religions

3. Disease – some communities wiped out by diseases, plague

Hinduism and Buddhism Change• As Buddhism spreads, it mixes

with other religions and begins to split

• Becomes popular as people believe they can become Buddhas & achieve nirvana, or salvation, through good works, sacrifice

• Hinduism began to unite its many gods into one main universal force, with several forces (gods)– Brahma: Creator– Vishnu: Preserver– Shiva: Destroyer

The Decline of the The Decline of the GuptasGuptas Invasion of the Huns in the 4 AD signaled

the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them

After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in 7 AD

Han Dynasty in China

• Han Dynasty is formed (200 BC-220 AD)– Formed after years of civil war

• Winner was Liu Bang• Formed a centralized government

where the emperor ran the whole country

• Brought peace & stability – for awhile– Lower taxes, lighter punishments

– Later Emperors expanded the empire through warfare, both north to Korea, and South to Vietnam

Han Dynasty Structure• Mandate of Heaven – Emperor semi-

divine– The idea that if the gods favored the ruler, life

in China would be good. Displease the gods, the dynasty would fall – earthquakes, floods

– People followed emperor’s rule because they believed emperor was link between heaven and earth: semi-divine

Bureaucracy & Civil Service• Bureaucracy

– The most developed of its time– Run the empire, army, collect taxes– Peasants gave labor – roads, canals, irrigation

• Civil Service – 130,000 people– Had to take a test, and score well, merit– Confucian ideals at heart of government

• Respect, Generosity, Truthfulness, Diligence, Kindness

• Very stable; stayed in place until 1912!

Technology, Commerce, Culture

• Paper – books spread education• Harness - pull heavier loads• Farming – two bladed plow. wheelbarrow• Water mills – grain• Government controlled industries (monopoly)

– Salt mines, Iron forging, Coins, Silk• Assimilated people into Chinese culture

– Books, education, intermarriage,

End of the Han Dynasty

• Dynasty falls when the gap between the rich and poor becomes too great

• Flooding causes starvation• Riots and revolutions• Invasions and civil war• Later Han Dynasty experiences same• Dynasty ends around 220 AD

Chapter 15Africa

Just how big is Africa?

Africa is HUGE!

Geography• Africa is diverse

– Sahara and Kalahari Deserts

– Sahel – southern edge of the Sahara

– Savanna - grassland– Rainforest– Glacier!

West African Kingdoms• Ghana

– Started because of the salt/gold trade

– By 800 AD, Ghana is an empire

• Large army, taxes, bureaucracy

• King controlled the salt and gold supply

– Islam spread to Ghana through trade

• First to traders and upper class

– Conquered in 1076 by invaders from the north, and never recovered

Mali• Started in 1275, east of

Ghana• First emperor was

Sundiata– Military leader, popular

for overthrowing a tyrant– Bureaucracy was

efficient, supported agriculture and fixed the salt/gold trade

– Took the title “Mansa” meaning emperor

• Mansa Musa came to power in 1312– Skilled military leader– Huge army, expanded territory (bigger than Ghana)– Dedicated Muslim, took a trip to Mecca– Built Mosques, (churches) hospitals, and schools– Later rulers not as skilled, and empire fell apart

Songhai 1464-1591• Started by controlling

trade routes, and then expanding– Sunni Ali –

• Military general, big army and navy

• Seized Timbuktu for 7 years!

– Askia Muhammad• Tax system developed,

bureaucracy, dedicated Muslim

– Empire ended when invaded by attackers from the north with better technology.

Ghana Mali Songhai

How did it start? Developed because of the salt/gold trade

Military conquest Control of trade and conquest

How did it maintain control?

Large Army, Bureaucracy, Taxes

Large Army,Bureaucracy, Taxes

Large Army, Bureaucracy, Taxes

What was the primary religion?

Traditional, changed to Islam

Islam Islam

Notable people SundiataMansa Musa

Sunni AliAsika Muhammad