U.S. History I Chapter 17 The Progressive Era

S e c t i o n G u i d e for

Reading, Vocabulary & Class Notes

Section 1 The Origins of Progressivism

pp. 512-518

vocabulary words are underlined # page # One American’s Story – p. 512 • indicates new item not in text

1 Camella Teoli

# page # Four Goals of Progressivism – p. 512

2 dominant role (of corporations)

3

three aims of progressive movement 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

which included these 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

four goals 2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

• keys to success 1..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

4

Florence Kelley questioned why these were federally protected, but not children ...................................................................................

Henry Street Settlement ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5

Social Gospel and settlement houses of 1800s tried to help 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

immigrants and the poor through 2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

6

Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

7

Salvation Army 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

8 Florence Kelley

9 advocate (n.)

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 1 page 2 of 5

10 prohibit

11

Illinois Factory Act of 1893 1. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

12 1874 – Women’s Christian Temperance Union

13

• why prohibition movement appealed to women 1. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

14 • Carrie Nation

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

15 disseminate

16 crusade

17 saloons

18 Frances Willard

19

members followed Willard’s example by ... 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................

20

• how saloons helped immigrants 1. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

21 capitalistic economic system

22 socialism

23 injunction

24 muck

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 1 page 3 of 5

25 muckrakers ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

26 Ida M. Tarbell

27 litigation

28 contributions of muckrakers to reform movement

29 Frederick Winslow Taylor

30

effects of assembly lines 1. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• 4/ .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

31

Henry Ford kept workers 1. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

happy ... 2. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

32

• effect of assembly line on production of Model T

# page # Cleaning Up Local Government – p. 515

33 Galveston, TX - 1900

34 botched

35 commission form of city government

36 council-manager form of city government

37

• Advantages of hiring city manager versus 1. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

electing a mayor 2. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 1 page 4 of 5

38

mayors who didn’t change government but did change how things got done Pingree 1. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Progressive)

2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Johnson 1. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Socialist) 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Johnson 1. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

believed 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

39

Summary: how did city government change 1. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

during Progressive Era? 2. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

# page # Reform at the State Level – p. 516

40 Robert M. La Follette 1. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• “Wisconsin Idea”

41

La Follette and the 1. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

railroads 2. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

42

businesses hired children 1. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

because 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

43 adept

44 prone (to)

45

effect of working on 1. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

children 2. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 1 page 5 of 5

46

1904 – National Child Labor Committee

47 plight

48

Keating-Owen Act 1916. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1918. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

49 Lewis Hine

50 exploit

51 • Louis D. Brandeis .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

52

Muller v. 1. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Oregon 2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

53 Bunting v. Oregon

54

William S. U’Ren ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Oregon adopted 1. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

initiative. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

referendum .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

recall .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

55 1899 Minnesota ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

56 Seventeenth Amendment ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

U.S. History I Chapter 17 The Progressive Era

S e c t i o n G u i d e for

Reading, Vocabulary & Class Notes

Section 2 Women in Public Life

pp. 519-522

vocabulary words are underlined # page # One American’s Story – p. 519 • indicates new item not in text

1 bayonet

2 retaliate

3 Dawes Act of 1887

4 activism

# page # Women in the Work Force – p. 519

5 women in the workforce before Civil War. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

late 19th century. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

poor women. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6

farm women 1. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

A. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

B. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

C. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• other tasks ......................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7 counterpart

8 women earned ___________________ as much as men because ................................................................................................................................................................

9

By 1890, more women had a ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... than men. which led to jobs as

1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10 • white collar job

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 2 page 2 of 3

11 • blue collar job

12

After the Civil War, African-American women worked

1........................................................................................................................................................ 2 ...................................................................................................................................................

and worked in cities as 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

13

work for unmarried immigrant 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

women 2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

# page # Women Lead Reform – p. 520

14 reasons for reform for female industrial 1. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

workers

2. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

increased interest in safety after this happened: .....................................................................................................................................................................................

15

• logical. reason why it was uneducated laborers who started efforts to reform workplace health and safety:

16 strove (strive)

17

women reformers couldn’t vote or hold office, so 1. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

their “social housekeeping” was

2. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................

18

NACW managed 1. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19 founded NWSA 1 ............................................................................................................. 2. ...................................................................................................................................

20

opposition to women 1. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

suffrage

2. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 2 page 3 of 3

21

strategy for suffrage 1. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

first victories A. ..............................................................................................................

B. ..............................................................................................................

C. ..............................................................................................................

D. ..............................................................................................................

2. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

women tried to vote: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

22

• why suffragist leaders tried a three-part strategy for gaining the right to vote:

U.S. History I Chapter 17 The Progressive Era

S e c t i o n G u i d e for

Reading, Vocabulary & Class Notes

Section 3 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

pp. 523-533

vocabulary words are underlined # page # One American’s Story – p. 523 • indicates new item not in text

1 [system that] exploits

2 Upton Sinclair

3 consumption (tuberculosis)

4 hoppers

5 nauseate

6 eradicate

7 why people didn’t get sick or die from meat

# page # A Rough-Riding President – p. 523

8 why Theodore Roosevelt wasn’t supposed to be president .................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9 heartbeat away from becoming president

10 teddy bears

11

• Rough Riders cavalry ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• Roosevelt recruited 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• Colonel Leonard Wood ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Roosevelt’s political rise 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 3 page 2 of 5

12 [Roosevelts’s] exploits

13 cite

14 steward

15

Roosevelt’s view of the Constitution

16 “bully pulpit”

17

• highlights of Square Deal 1. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

# page # Using Federal Power – p. 525

18 trust (in business) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

19 trusts - unfair business 1.

practices

2.

20 Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

21 curb the actions

22 trustbuster

23 monopoly

24 merger (business) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 3 page 3 of 5

25 1902 miners demands 1. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

miners won 1. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

miners lost 1. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

results of 1. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Roosevelt’s actions 2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

• coal was used 1. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

for 2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

26 intervene

27 Roosevelt was irked

28 arbitration

29 mediate

30 compromise

31 collude

32 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

33 Elkins Act 1903 1. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

34 Hepburn Act 1906 1. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

35 bribery

# page # Health and the Environment – p. 526

36 Roosevelt successful at compromise because 1. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................

37 scathing report

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 3 page 4 of 5

38

Meat Inspection 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Act 1906 2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

39

meat safety concerns 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

today 2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

40

advertising hard sell ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

soft sell ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

41

Pure Food and Drug 1. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Act 1906 2. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

42 shortsighted

43

late 19th effects on 1. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

environment

2. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

44

John Muir persuaded 1. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Roosevelt 2. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

45 Gifford Pinchot

46

views of conservationists John Muir Roosevelt and Pinchot ............................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 3 page 5 of 5

47

National Reclamation Act of 1902 (Newlands Act) projects: 1. ................................................................................................................................ 2. ...........................................................................................................................................................

precedent ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

# page # Roosevelt and Civil Rights – p. 530

48 Roosevelt’s position on civil rights .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

49 • Booker T. Washington – background and position ......................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

50 • W.E.B. DuBois – background and position ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

local connection ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

51 emasculating effects of caste distinctions

52 • manifesto

53

Niagara Movement 1905 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

NAACP .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

# page # The Muckrakers – p. 532

U.S. History I Chapter 17 The Progressive Era

S e c t i o n G u i d e for

Reading, Vocabulary & Class Notes

Section 4 Progressivism Under Taft

pp. 534-537

vocabulary words are underlined # page # One American’s Story – p. 534 • indicates new item not in text

1 Gifford Pinchot

2 ambivalent

3 viable

# page # Taft Becomes President – p. 534

4 William Howard Taft

5 bolster

6 bully pulpit 1. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7 Richard Ballinger

8 Payne Bill

9 Aldrich Bill

10 Payne-Aldrich Tariff

# page # The Republican Party Splits – p. 535

11

Joseph Cannon 1. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

how Cannon was stripped of his power .............................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

12

• Taft’s life after the presidency 1. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 4 page 2 of 2

13

Bull Moose Party platform 1. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

8. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

14

Woodrow Wilson

# page # Democrats Win in 1912 – p. 536

15

New Freedom 1. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

16

1912 election choices for 1. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

voters

2. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

17 Wilson’s victory % popular vote ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

but won ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

and ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

map p. 537: Look at popular vote totals. Would Wilson have been able to win if the Republicans had not split? ...............................................................................................................................................

why? .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

18 • electoral votes in most states

U.S. History I Chapter 17 The Progressive Era

S e c t i o n G u i d e for

Reading, Vocabulary & Class Notes

Section 5 Wilson’s New Freedom

pp. 538-543

vocabulary words are underlined # page # One American’s Story – p. 538 • indicates new item not in text

1 Carrie Chapman Catt ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2 capstone

# page # Wilson Wins Financial Reforms – p. 538

3 Wilson as governor of New Jersey supported 1. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Progressive legislation such as 2. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4

Wilson’s “triple wall of privilege 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5

two key antitrust measures First ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

therefore ... 1. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

second – set up ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6 Samuel Gompers ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

7 • Magna Carta .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 5 page 2 of 3

8 boycott .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

9 injunction

10 cease and desist

11 Wilson’s precedent ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

12

Federal Income Tax needed because ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

by 1917 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

13

decentralized

14

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

15

Federal Reserve System 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

# page # Women Win Suffrage – p. 540

16 women suffrage within reach 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

17 how Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government and College Equal Suffrage League reached potential supporters

18 • why BESAGG reached out to poor and working-class women

19

Carrie Chapman Catt’s tactics 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Section Guide Ch. 17, sec. 5 page 3 of 3

20

what happened to Alice Paul’s 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

picketers 2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

21

Emmeline Pankhurst 1. ............................................................................................................................ 2. ............................................................................................................................

tactics 3. ............................................................................................................................ 4. ............................................................................................................................

5. ............................................................................................................................ 6. ............................................................................................................................

English women got the vote in ..............................................................................................................................

22 Nineteenth Amendment

# page # The Limits of Progressivism – p. 541

23 Wilson put segregationists 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

in charge of federal agencies … 2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

24

1912 Wilson won support of NAACP 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

by promising 2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

25

Frank Lloyd Wright 1. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

buildings were 2. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

26 • Guggenheim Museum

27 • Falling Water

28 Wilson’s view of segregated facilities

29 rift

30 heralded

31 imputation (impute)

32 imperialism

Federal Reserve Bank locations: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, San Francisco