In the SOLID phase Particles are attracted to one another Held
together in a tightly packed and fixed 3-d arrangement
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Microscopic View of a Solid The atoms vibrate but stay close to
one another Solids maintain their shape and volume Not easily
compressible
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Intereactive 3-D Diamond Molecule
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Snowflake Ice Interactive Ice Molecule
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In the LIQUID phase Particles can move and slide across one
another Can assume the shape of their container
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Microscopic View of a Liquid The atoms vibrate and particles
can flow easily past one another Liquids assume the shape of their
container
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Liquids Particles in liquids flow easily across one
another
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Liquids take the shape of their containers
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In the GASEOUS PHASE The atoms are moving rapidly, and easily
across one another. Lots of free space between the particles They
assume the shape of their container.
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Microscopic View of a Gas The atoms are moving rapidly, and
easily across one another. Lots of free space between the particles
Compressible
Slide 17
Gases Conform to the shape of their containers Easily
compressed
Slide 18
Gases Particles easily flow and move over one another
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Lets Review YouTube - States of Matter
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Phase Changes Chapter 16.3
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Substances can change phases GasesLiquidsSolidsLiquids
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Substances can change phases GasesLiquidsSolidsLiquids
Condensation Freezing Evaporation Melting
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Substances can change phases GAS SOLID Sublimation
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Changing Phases
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Water Cycle Hydrologic Cycle
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Boiling on the atomic level CLICK The Beaker
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Boiling Point CLICK The Beaker
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Heat of Vaporization The amount of energy required to change a
liquid to a gas (and vice versa). 2256J/g
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Heat of Fusion The amount of energy needed to change any
substance from solid to liquid ( and vice versa) Water =
334J/g
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Chapter 16.4
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Physical Properties Describe the look or feel of a substance
Density Texture Phase
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Every substance has its own set of physical properties
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Physical Properties CAN Change However The substances identity
remains the same SolidGasLiquid
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Chemical Properties Characterize the ability of a substance to
react with other substances, or to transform from one substance to
another.
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How Substances React or Transform
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Chemical Changes Change how atoms are Chemically bonded to one
another.
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When we cook with gas..
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Take another look CH 4 + 2 O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O Chemical
Reaction
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During a chemical reaction Changes are made in the way atoms
bond together New materials are formed CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2
O
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Chapter 16.6
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Remember.. Periodic table is a listing of all the known
elements Atomic number Symbol Atomic Mass He 2 4.003
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The way the table is organized tells a lot about the elements
properties
Slide 44
Metals are on the left side of the periodic table
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Most of the known elements are metals Malleable Can be hammered
and bent into different shapes without breaking
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Most of the known elements are metals Ductile Can be drawn into
thin wires
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Most of the known elements are metals Good Conductors Heat
Electricity Most solid at room temperature
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Non-metals are on the right side of the periodic table
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Non-Metals Poor conductors Not malleable Not ductile Can be
solid, liquid or gas at room temperature Shatter when hammered
Brittle
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Metalloids
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B - Boron Si - Silicon Ge - Germanium As - Arsenic Sb -
Antimony Te - Tellurium
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Metalloids Have both metallic and nonmetallic properties
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Metalloids Weak conductors Semi- conductors
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Across a period properties gradually change Periodic Trend
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Smaller Easily lose e- Larger Do not easily lose e-
Slide 59
Columns have remarkably similar properties
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The elements are grouped or in families
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Element Families/Grouops
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Inner Transition Metals
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Chapter 16.7
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Elements are made of atoms The element gold ( Au) is made
entirely of gold atoms
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The element silver (Ag) is made entirely of silver atoms
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The element neon, Ne, is composed entirely of neon atoms
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Elemental Formula A notation that uses the atomic symbol and
sometimes a numerical subscript to show how atoms of an element are
bonded together. confused?
Slide 71
Elemental Formula Tell you how the atoms of an element are
arranged. take a look
Slide 72
Elemental Gold The smallest unit of the element gold, as it
occurs in nature, is the gold atom itself. Use the elements symbol
Au
Slide 73
The smallest unit of the element silver is the silver atom
itself Use the symbol Ag Elemental Silver
Slide 74
The smallest unit of the element nitrogen is a nitrogen
molecule Use the symbol and subscript numbers Elemental Nitrogen
N2N2
Slide 75
The smallest unit of the element oxygen is an oxygen molecule
Use the symbol and subscript numbers Elemental Oxygen O2O2
Slide 76
The smallest unit of the element sulfur is a sulfur molecule
Use the symbol and subscript numbers Elemental Sulfur S8S8
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Compound Material composed of different elements bonded to each
other
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Compounds Salt NaCl Sodium chloride
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Chemical formula Salt NaCl Sodium chloride
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Chemical formula Water H 2 O water
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Chemical formula Ammonia NH3 ammonia N H H H
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Compounds have their own identities and properties
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Chapter 16.8
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IUPAC International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
Slide 86
Developed a chemical naming system Name reflects the elements a
compound contains How the elements are combined
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3 Basic Guidelines #1 The name of the element farthest to the
left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element
father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter.
Slide 88
Examples of Guideline #1 NaCl - Sodium chloride Li 2 O -
Lithium oxide CaF 2 - Calcium fluoride The name of the element
farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name
of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to
the latter. HCl - Hydrogen chloride MgO - Magnesium oxide Sr 3 P 2
- Strontium phosphide
Slide 89
3 Basic Guidelines #2 Use prefixes to designate numbers of
elements in compounds Mono-one Di two Tri - three
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Examples of Guideline #2 Carbon & Oxygen Nitrogen &
Oxygen CO Carbon monoxide CO 2 Carbon dioxide NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
Slide 91
Try this sulfur & oxygen example.. SO 2 SO 3 Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide
Slide 92
3 Basic Guidelines #3 Many compounds have common names
Slide 93
Examples of Guideline #3 H2OH2O CH 4 Dihydrogen monoxide ?
Water Carbon tetrahydride? Methane