Chapter 16Chapter 16Transatlantic Transatlantic

Economy, Trade Economy, Trade Wars, & RebellionWars, & Rebellion

Guided Reading NotesGuided Reading Notes

Periods of European Overseas Periods of European Overseas EmpiresEmpires

European contacts with the world have 4 European contacts with the world have 4 stages-stages-

Discovery, exploration, conquest, settlementDiscovery, exploration, conquest, settlement Colonial trade rivalry among Spain, France Colonial trade rivalry among Spain, France

& Britain& Britain European imperialism in Africa & AsiaEuropean imperialism in Africa & Asia Decolonization of people previously under Decolonization of people previously under

European rule European rule

The Europeans were able to exert influence The Europeans were able to exert influence and domination for so long over much of the and domination for so long over much of the

world due to a technological supremacy world due to a technological supremacy related to naval power and gun power.related to naval power and gun power.

Mercantile EmpiresMercantile Empires Navies and merchant shipping were the Navies and merchant shipping were the

keystones of the mercantile empires. keystones of the mercantile empires. The Treaty of UtrechtThe Treaty of Utrecht (1713) established the (1713) established the

boundaries of empires. Spain controlled most boundaries of empires. Spain controlled most of South America, also Cuba, Puerto Rico, of South America, also Cuba, Puerto Rico, Florida, Mexico, California, and the Florida, Mexico, California, and the Southwest. Britain consisted of Nova Scotia, Southwest. Britain consisted of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Jamaica, Barbados and along Newfoundland, Jamaica, Barbados and along the east cost of North America. French the east cost of North America. French controlled Saint Lawrence River valley, Ohio controlled Saint Lawrence River valley, Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, West Indian and Mississippi river valleys, West Indian islands, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Dutch islands, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. Dutch controlled Surinam, Guiana, Indonesia, controlled Surinam, Guiana, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Bengal.Ceylon, and Bengal.

Mercantilist GoalsMercantilist Goals European Empires used the theory of mercantilism. European Empires used the theory of mercantilism.

Colonies were to provide markets and natural Colonies were to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the mother country. The resources for the industries of the mother country. The Imperialist country provided military security and the Imperialist country provided military security and the instruments of government. The Imperialist country instruments of government. The Imperialist country protected its investments from competitors by keeping protected its investments from competitors by keeping a tight monopoly on trade with its colonies. a tight monopoly on trade with its colonies.

Mercantilism- This economic theory emphasized a Mercantilism- This economic theory emphasized a favorable balance of trade and dictated that colonies favorable balance of trade and dictated that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother nation. existed for the benefit of the mother nation. Mercantilist ideas however worked far better in theory Mercantilist ideas however worked far better in theory than in practice. Colonist of different countries often than in practice. Colonist of different countries often found it more profitable to trade with each other than found it more profitable to trade with each other than with the home country, a situation which made the with the home country, a situation which made the eighteenth century the golden age of smugglers. eighteenth century the golden age of smugglers. Traders from one nation continually tried to break the Traders from one nation continually tried to break the monopoly of the other. Britain and France in particular monopoly of the other. Britain and France in particular preyed upon Spanish markets which resulted in preyed upon Spanish markets which resulted in distrust and Spanish retaliation distrust and Spanish retaliation

French – British RivalryFrench – British Rivalry

British and French colonies in North British and French colonies in North America fought against each other America fought against each other constantly. The West Indies and constantly. The West Indies and India were fought over because of India were fought over because of their production of coffee, spices, their production of coffee, spices, cotton, and indigo cotton, and indigo

The Spanish Colonial The Spanish Colonial SystemSystem

The primary purpose of the Spanish Empire was to The primary purpose of the Spanish Empire was to supply Spain with precious metals from the Americas. supply Spain with precious metals from the Americas.

Colonial GovernmentColonial Government Queen Isabella of Castile assigned the governing of Queen Isabella of Castile assigned the governing of

the Americas to the Council of Indies, which then the Americas to the Council of Indies, which then nominated the viceroys as the chief executives who nominated the viceroys as the chief executives who carried out the laws created by the Council of Indies carried out the laws created by the Council of Indies in the New World.in the New World.

Trade RegulationTrade Regulation Casa de Contratacion (House of Trade) in Seville Casa de Contratacion (House of Trade) in Seville

regulated all trade with the New World. The regulated all trade with the New World. The Consulado was the merchant guild. Set locations and Consulado was the merchant guild. Set locations and ports were to be used to control trading and to collect ports were to be used to control trading and to collect money.money.

Colonial Reform Under the Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon MonarchsSpanish Bourbon Monarchs

The Spanish Succession and the Treaty of The Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht replaced the Spanish Habsburgs with Utrecht replaced the Spanish Habsburgs with the Bourbons Philip V (Louis son). the Bourbons Philip V (Louis son).

The Spanish under French rule tried to The Spanish under French rule tried to reassert their power over the New World, reassert their power over the New World, which will lead to a war with England in 1739. which will lead to a war with England in 1739.

Charles III 1759-1788 creates more reforms Charles III 1759-1788 creates more reforms with the New World. He abolishes monopolies, with the New World. He abolishes monopolies, established direct trading with the Americas, established direct trading with the Americas, created a 4th viceroyalty, increased the created a 4th viceroyalty, increased the efficiency of tax collection and ended efficiency of tax collection and ended bureaucratic corruptionbureaucratic corruption

Black African Slavery, the Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Plantation System, and the

Atlantic EconomyAtlantic Economy Before the 18th Century no moral or religious stigma was Before the 18th Century no moral or religious stigma was

attached to slavery. Slave labor became a fundamental social and attached to slavery. Slave labor became a fundamental social and economic factor in Europe, Africa and the Americas.economic factor in Europe, Africa and the Americas.

The African Presence in the AmericasThe African Presence in the Americas The Spanish and Portuguese faced a server shortage The Spanish and Portuguese faced a server shortage

in labor and turned to slave labor, because the in labor and turned to slave labor, because the indigenous populations decreased dramatically do to indigenous populations decreased dramatically do to diseases. The major source for slaves were slave diseases. The major source for slaves were slave markets in Central West Africa in Senegambia, markets in Central West Africa in Senegambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast Benin and BiafraSierra Leone, the Gold Coast Benin and Biafra

The West Indies, Brazil, and Sugar- The West Indies, Brazil, and Sugar- The demand for The demand for these products led to a large import of slaves to these products led to a large import of slaves to Central and South America. Slaves had to be Central and South America. Slaves had to be constantly imported do to the low fertility rate of constantly imported do to the low fertility rate of earlier slaves and a high death rate from diseases, earlier slaves and a high death rate from diseases, over work and malnutrition. over work and malnutrition.

Slavery and the Transatlantic Slavery and the Transatlantic EconomyEconomy The order of who controlled the The order of who controlled the

slave tradeslave trade Portuguese / SpanishPortuguese / Spanish DutchDutch English English

The TRIANGLE- European The TRIANGLE- European goods such as guns were taken goods such as guns were taken to Africa for trade, their they to Africa for trade, their they exchange for slaves, who were exchange for slaves, who were taken the West Indies and taken the West Indies and exchanged for sugar and other exchanged for sugar and other products that were then taken products that were then taken to Europe to repeat the to Europe to repeat the process. process.

The Experience of The Experience of SlaverySlavery

Slave traders forcibly transported Slave traders forcibly transported about 9 million slaves to the New about 9 million slaves to the New World. The conditions of slave’s World. The conditions of slave’s passage across the Atlantic were passage across the Atlantic were wretched. Quarters were cramped, wretched. Quarters were cramped, food was bad, diseases were rampant food was bad, diseases were rampant and many died in the crossing. New and many died in the crossing. New slaves were subjected to seasoning slaves were subjected to seasoning such given new names, jobs and to such given new names, jobs and to learn they were no longer free. learn they were no longer free.

The African Slave Trade- The African Slave Trade- Slavery is one of the oldest of human institutions and Slavery is one of the oldest of human institutions and

virtually every pre-modern state in history depended on virtually every pre-modern state in history depended on it to some extent. it to some extent.

The African slave trade must be seen as part of the The African slave trade must be seen as part of the large commercial system of Atlantic trade between large commercial system of Atlantic trade between Europe, and African and European colonies in North Europe, and African and European colonies in North and South America and the Caribbean. The system was and South America and the Caribbean. The system was directed to exploitation of the New World and thus directed to exploitation of the New World and thus colonial economic needs. colonial economic needs.

The major sources for slaves were the Kong-Angola The major sources for slaves were the Kong-Angola region and the Guinea coast. Well over 12 million region and the Guinea coast. Well over 12 million persons were lost to Africa through the Atlantic trade. persons were lost to Africa through the Atlantic trade. Taken as a whole the slave trade varied in extent quite Taken as a whole the slave trade varied in extent quite sharply from period to period with its peak in the 18 sharply from period to period with its peak in the 18 century and its demise in the 19th.century and its demise in the 19th.

The effects of the slave trade on Africa are not easy to The effects of the slave trade on Africa are not easy to assess. Slavery was a result not a cause of regional assess. Slavery was a result not a cause of regional instability and change; increase warfare meant the slave instability and change; increase warfare meant the slave trade produced Africa’s major economy which was also trade produced Africa’s major economy which was also one of the major migrations off global history. From an one of the major migrations off global history. From an American perspective it was an important element in American perspective it was an important element in the formation of our modern society the formation of our modern society

Mid-Eighteenth-Century WarsMid-Eighteenth-Century Wars Statesmen generally assumed warfare could be used to Statesmen generally assumed warfare could be used to

further national interests. Wars were not associated further national interests. Wars were not associated with domestic political or social upheaval and peace with domestic political or social upheaval and peace was not associated with the achievements of was not associated with the achievements of international stability. Their were two areas of great international stability. Their were two areas of great rivalry, the overseas empires and central and eastern rivalry, the overseas empires and central and eastern Europe. Europe.

The War of Jenkins’s EarThe War of Jenkins’s Ear West Indies had become a hotbed of trade rivalry. Spain West Indies had become a hotbed of trade rivalry. Spain

wanted to protect its interest and patrolled the area for wanted to protect its interest and patrolled the area for smugglers. The Spanish boarded a English ship and cut smugglers. The Spanish boarded a English ship and cut the ear off of Robert Jenkins. Robert returned to Britain the ear off of Robert Jenkins. Robert returned to Britain and merchants became outraged and pressured the and merchants became outraged and pressured the British government to war against Spain.British government to war against Spain.

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Frederick II of Prussia seized the Austrian province of Frederick II of Prussia seized the Austrian province of

Silesia upsetting the balance of power in Germany. Silesia upsetting the balance of power in Germany. Maria Theresa Preserves the Habsburg Empire-Maria Theresa Preserves the Habsburg Empire- She She

gave her nobles more power which in turn made them gave her nobles more power which in turn made them more loyal to her and were able to stop the more loyal to her and were able to stop the advancement of Prussia and other potential invaders.advancement of Prussia and other potential invaders.

Mid-Eighteenth-Century WarsMid-Eighteenth-Century WarsThe Diplomatic RevolutionThe Diplomatic Revolution January 1756 Prussia and Great Britain signed the Convention January 1756 Prussia and Great Britain signed the Convention

of Westminster, a defensive alliance aimed at preventing the of Westminster, a defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into the Germanies. Frederick feared entry of foreign troops into the Germanies. Frederick feared invasions from Russia and France. In May 1756 France and invasions from Russia and France. In May 1756 France and Austria sign their own defense alliance pact. Austria sign their own defense alliance pact.

Seven Years’ War 1756-1763Seven Years’ War 1756-1763 France and Britain struggle unofficially on their colonial front. France and Britain struggle unofficially on their colonial front.

The clashes were from the settlers in the Ohio River Valley The clashes were from the settlers in the Ohio River Valley and in Upper New England. It will become known as the and in Upper New England. It will become known as the French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War. .

Frederick the Great Opens HostilitiesFrederick the Great Opens Hostilities- 1756 Frederick invades - 1756 Frederick invades Saxony starting the 7 year war because he wanted to destroy Saxony starting the 7 year war because he wanted to destroy Austria before they invade him. Russia, France, Sweden, Austria before they invade him. Russia, France, Sweden, Austria and other German states join forces against Prussia, Austria and other German states join forces against Prussia, and were unsuccessful. The Treaty of Hubertusburg in 1763 and were unsuccessful. The Treaty of Hubertusburg in 1763 ended the continental conflict. ended the continental conflict.

William Pitt’s Strategy for Winning North AmericaWilliam Pitt’s Strategy for Winning North America- Pitt - Pitt wanted all of North America east of the Mississippi for Great wanted all of North America east of the Mississippi for Great Britain. He sent 40,000 troops to the French Canada.Britain. He sent 40,000 troops to the French Canada.

The Treaty of Paris of 1763-The Treaty of Paris of 1763- Britain received all of Canada, Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio Valley and the eastern Mississippi river valley in the Ohio Valley and the eastern Mississippi river valley in return France received Pondicherry and Chandernagore in return France received Pondicherry and Chandernagore in India and the West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and India and the West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique.Martinique.

The American Revolution and EuropeThe American Revolution and EuropeResistance to the Imperial Search for Resistance to the Imperial Search for

RevenueRevenue After the Treaty of Paris of 1763 Britain After the Treaty of Paris of 1763 Britain

had two problems. 1. The cost of their had two problems. 1. The cost of their empire was expensive, the national debt empire was expensive, the national debt was increasing and taxation was was increasing and taxation was increasing 2. The vast amount of land increasing 2. The vast amount of land Britain gained in the Americas. The Britain gained in the Americas. The solution was to gain revenue from the solution was to gain revenue from the Americas because they benefited from Americas because they benefited from the French and Indian war. the French and Indian war.

The American Revolution and EuropeThe American Revolution and Europe These conflicts required great sums of money and These conflicts required great sums of money and

Britain was victorious however in debt. The British Britain was victorious however in debt. The British government believed that the colonist should bear government believed that the colonist should bear part of the cost of their protection and part of the cost of their protection and administration. Britain levied new taxes on America. administration. Britain levied new taxes on America.

The Sugar and Stamp Acts of 1776-1783. The The Sugar and Stamp Acts of 1776-1783. The Sugar Sugar Act lowered the duties imposed by the much-evaded Act lowered the duties imposed by the much-evaded Molasses Act of 1733, but sought to insure that the Molasses Act of 1733, but sought to insure that the new tariffs would be diligently collected. new tariffs would be diligently collected.

The The Stamp ActStamp Act required them to buy and place required them to buy and place revenue stamps on all official legal documents, revenue stamps on all official legal documents, deeds, newspapers, pamphlets, dice, and playing deeds, newspapers, pamphlets, dice, and playing cards. Colonists strongly opposed the Stamp Act. In cards. Colonists strongly opposed the Stamp Act. In part, the colonists were alarmed by the economic part, the colonists were alarmed by the economic costs imposed on them by the reforms. Ordinary costs imposed on them by the reforms. Ordinary people had always been lightly taxed in America and people had always been lightly taxed in America and did not want their money to be used to support did not want their money to be used to support British officials. British officials.

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts popular name given to a series of popular name given to a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in March 1774 laws passed by the British Parliament in March 1774 as punitive measures against the colony of as punitive measures against the colony of Massachusetts; also called Coercive Acts. Massachusetts; also called Coercive Acts.

The American Revolution and EuropeThe American Revolution and Europe

The Boston The Boston Port ActPort Act closed the port of Boston to closed the port of Boston to trade; the Massachusetts Government Act revoked trade; the Massachusetts Government Act revoked the colony's charter and forbade town meetings;the colony's charter and forbade town meetings;

Quartering ActQuartering Act required the colonists to provide required the colonists to provide billets for British soldiers; and the Impartial billets for British soldiers; and the Impartial Administration of Justice Act removed British officials Administration of Justice Act removed British officials from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts courts. from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts courts.

Québec Act,Québec Act, which many colonists associated with the which many colonists associated with the Intolerable Acts because it expanded the territory of Intolerable Acts because it expanded the territory of Québec and did not allow for representative Québec and did not allow for representative government in that colony. Considering these acts government in that colony. Considering these acts “intolerable,” the other American colonies united in “intolerable,” the other American colonies united in sympathy with Massachusetts. sympathy with Massachusetts.

The American Revolution and EuropeThe American Revolution and Europe

The colonist showed how to establish revolutionary The colonist showed how to establish revolutionary but orderly political bodies that would function outside but orderly political bodies that would function outside the existing political framework. European writers the existing political framework. European writers sensed that a new era was dawning one of constituent sensed that a new era was dawning one of constituent assemblies constitutions and declarations of rights. assemblies constitutions and declarations of rights.

The American Revolution- Had its roots in Europe. The The American Revolution- Had its roots in Europe. The Declaration of Independence derived largely from John Declaration of Independence derived largely from John Locke’s idea of political contract. But if American Locke’s idea of political contract. But if American revolutionaries had been influenced by Europe, they in revolutionaries had been influenced by Europe, they in turn provided a model to Europeans. Britons as well as turn provided a model to Europeans. Britons as well as Americans believed that they were improperly Americans believed that they were improperly represented in Parliament. In the late 1770’s the represented in Parliament. In the late 1770’s the extralegal Association Movement began to call for extralegal Association Movement began to call for reforming the corrupt system of parliamentary reforming the corrupt system of parliamentary elections; it failed however because its leaders did not elections; it failed however because its leaders did not appeal for broad popular support as the American appeal for broad popular support as the American example dictated.example dictated.

The American Revolution and EuropeThe American Revolution and Europe

America Political IdeasAmerica Political Ideas The American colonist looked to the English The American colonist looked to the English

Revolution of 1688 as having established many Revolution of 1688 as having established many political liberties. The colonist demanded no political liberties. The colonist demanded no taxation without representation taxation without representation

Broader Impact of the American RevolutionBroader Impact of the American Revolution America demonstrated a government without America demonstrated a government without

kings and nobility. America embraced republican kings and nobility. America embraced republican political ideals. The America adopted a Bill of political ideals. The America adopted a Bill of Rights to specifically protecting series of civil Rights to specifically protecting series of civil liberties. They would reject social status based liberties. They would reject social status based on birth and inheritance. However they did not on birth and inheritance. However they did not release their slaves which will lead to a civil war. release their slaves which will lead to a civil war.