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Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion.

Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

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Page 1: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Chapter 16

The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion.

Page 2: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Mercantile Empires• Spain, France, Great

Britain• Trade conducted through

nationalistic monopolies to benefit home country.

• Competition between countries led to wars around the world.

• Slavery• Led to Imperialism of the

1800s

Page 3: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Mercantilism• Colonies existed to

provide natural resources and markets to home country.

• Whatever was best for home country

• No Free Trade, Colonies trade with home country

• Home Country protected and administered colonies.

Page 4: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Mercantilism Caused…

Page 5: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)• Outlined what countries

controlled • Spain: South America,

Central America, Mexico, California

• Portugal: Brazil • England: Newfoundland,

Nova Scotia, Jamaica• French: Ohio and Mississippi

River Valleys, West Africa, India

• Dutch: South Africa, Sri Lanka

Page 6: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

French British Rivalry

• West Indies produced tobacco, cotton, indigo, coffee and Sugar.

• Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys

• India, Africa

Page 7: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Spanish Colonial System• Viceroyalties• Judicial councils: Audiencias• Local officers: Corregsidores• Casa de Contratacion: House

of Trade: Regulated trade• Bourbons replaced

Habsburgs and Philip V tried to enforce laws and limit smuggling.

• This led to war with England in 1739.

Page 8: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Spanish Reforms• Charles III (r. 1759-1788)

– Emphasized ministers rather than councils, limiting the importance of Casa de Contracion.

– Allowed more trade between Americas, more ports

– Intendants: Tax collectors, copying French model

• Peninsulares– Born in Europe, live in New World

• Creoles– Europeans born in New World

Page 9: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Plantations and Slaves• Spanish and Portuguese faced

severe shortage of labor in New World.

• Disease killed nearly all of the Native Americans. Not enough Indentured Servants

• Solution: Slaves from Africa• West African coast had

extensive slave market.• More slaves were imported

into Brazil and the West Indies than North America.

Page 10: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion
Page 11: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

African American Slavery• By 1725 90% of

Jamaica was slaves• Disease, overwork and

malnutrition killed most Natives in the Caribbean, so number of slaves imported to New World was increased.

• Triangle Trade• Columbian Exchange

Page 12: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Columbian Exchange

Page 13: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion
Page 14: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Experience of Slavery

• Over the generations, language, culture and religions were lost.

• Christianity: ‘The next world is better”

• Racism• Slave Ships• Forced

marriages/breeding• Broken families

Page 15: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Mid 1700’s Wars• Trade, $, Rivalry, Power,

Pirates of the Caribbean• War of Jenkins Ear 1738

– 1731 English Captain Robert Jenkins was captured by the Spanish. They cut his ear off.

– Jenkins went to Parliament, brought his severed ear. Walpole was forced to go to war.

– War was short, started wars that would last until 1815.

Page 16: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion
Page 17: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

More War• War of Austrian Succession

1740-1748– Prussia under Frederick II

(The Great) broke the Pragmatic Sanction and invaded Silesia.

– Maria Theresa was successful in keeping the rest of her empire together. Granted concessions to Magyars in Hungary.

– France supported Prussia, England supported Austria leading to larger war.

– Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Page 18: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion
Page 19: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Maria Theresa• Became Queen of

Austria through Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.

• Austria v. Prussia

• Had 16 Children!

• (Marie Antoinette)

• Forged alliance with France

Page 20: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Still more war• Seven Years’ War 1756-1763

– Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia invaded Saxony

– France, Austria and Saxony allied against Prussia

– Britain helped Prussia– Treaty of Hubertusburg ended war

btwn Austria and Prussia.– Britain and France fought over North

America– William Pitt the Elder (English) gave

Prussia $ to divert France. (Pittsburg!)– Treaty of Paris 1763 ended war

between B and F. Gave B Canada and land East of the Mississippi River.

Page 21: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Seven Years War = French and Indian War

Page 22: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion
Page 23: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

America causes problems• After the War with France,

the British owed money. They began to tax the colonies to pay for the cost of maintaining the empire.

• Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Monopoly, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts, Revolution.

• Spain and France joined in against England.

• Treaty of Paris 1783 ended war.

Page 24: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

American Political Ideas• Thomas Paine: Common

Sense, pamphlet arguing for independence.

• John Locke (English): Natural Rights

• Commonwealthmen: Writers who criticized the British govt. called parliament corrupt.– John Trenchard– Thomas Gordon

Page 25: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Politics in Britain• King George III thought the Whigs

were usurping his power.• He appointed Lord North his first

minister.• John Wilkes was a member of

parliament. He published a newspaper called The North Briton. He criticized Lord Bute’s handling of peace negotiations with France in 1763 and was arrested.

• He lost his seat in the House of Commons, became a hero of George III’s critics.

• Was reelected over and over, finally allowed to be lord Mayor of London in 1774.

Page 26: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Yorkshire Association Movement• British were unhappy with the

mismanagement of the American War and Lord North.

• They wanted to reform Parliament, they thought the elections were corrupt.

• They wanted lower taxes.

• Movement collapsed in the 1780’s because they didn’t appeal for broad support.

Page 27: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

William Pitt the Younger

• In 1783 WPTY was chosen to manage the House of Commons for George III.

• He used patronage to construct a House of Commons that would be favorable to the King.

• George III did make the monarchy stronger, but at what price?

Page 28: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Importance of America• Articles of Confederation,

Constitution, showed that Government was possible without Kings, Divine Law, Tradition.

• Instead of Kings, popular sovereignty.

• Dangerous precedent for European nobility.

Page 29: Chapter 16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars and Colonial Rebellion

Chapter 16 Summary• Social

– The Slave Experience in Americas– Spanish Colonial System

• Political– Wars!

• Intellectual– Freedom from Monarchy! Democracy!

• Economics– Mercantilism– Triangle Trade