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Chapter 16Diversity and
Global Cultures
EXPLORING MANAGEMENT
Chapter 16
• What should we know about diversity in the workplace?
• What should we know about diversity among global cultures?
16.1
Diversity in the Workplace
• There is a business case for diversity• Inclusive organizational cultures value and
support diversity• Organizational subcultures can create
diversity challenges• Minorities and women suffer diversity bias
in many situations• Managing diversity should be a top
leadership priority
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Business and Diversity
• Diversity– Race, gender, age and many other individual
differences
• Inclusivity– Degree to which an organization is open to
any one who can perform a job regardless of race, gender, age or any other individual difference
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Business and Diversity
• Multi-cultural organization– Based on pluralism and operates with
inclusivity and respect for diversity
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Business and Diversity
• Organizational subcultures– Groups that share interests or characteristics
• Occupations• Ethnicity• Religion• Gender• Generations
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Business and Diversity
• Glass Ceiling– Career advancement barrier to women and
minorities
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Business and Diversity
• Biculturalism– Minority members adopt characteristics of
majority cultures in order to succeed.
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Managing Diversity
• Affirmative action– Management commitment to hiring and
advancing women and minorities
• Valuing differences– Education and training to understand and
respect differences
• Managing diversity– Building an inclusive network that allows
everyone to reach his or her potential
DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE
Managing Diversity
16.2
Global Cultures
• Culture shock comes from discomfort in cross-cultural situations
• Cultural intelligence is the capacity to adapt to foreign cultures
• The “silent” languages of cultures include context, time and space
• Hofstede identifies five value differences among national cultures
• Country clusters show cultural differences
GLOBAL CULTURES
Culture Shock
• Culture shock comes from discomfort in cross-cultural situations
• Stages include:
Confusion
Small victories
Honeymoon
Irritation and anger
Reality
GLOBAL CULTURES
Cultural Intelligence
• Cultural intelligence includes– Self awareness– Flexibility– Sensitivity– Willingness to learn– Willingness to
modify behavior
GLOBAL CULTURES
Cultures• Low-context
– Emphasize communication via spoken or written words
• High-context– Rely on unspoken or situational
cues as well as spoken or written words in communication
GLOBAL CULTURES
Cultures• Monochronic
– People tend to do one thing at a time• Polychronic
– People accomplish many different things at once
GLOBAL CULTURES
Cultures• Proxemics
– How people use interpersonal space to communicate
• The degree to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power
Power Distance
• The degree to which a society tolerates risk and uncertainty
Uncertainty Avoidance
• The degree to which a society emphasizes individuals and their self-interests
Individualism-collectivism
• The degree to which a society values assertiveness and materialism versus relationships, feelings and quality of life
Masculinity-femininity
• The degree to which a society values short term or long term goals
Time Orientation
GLOBAL CULTURES
Culture
• Hofstede’s five value differences among national cultures:
GLOBAL CULTURES
Hofstede’s Five Values
GLOBAL CULTURES
Cultures• Ecological fallacy
– Mistaken belief that a generalization about a culture applies equally to everyone in that culture
– Example: does he represent all Americans?
GLOBE Dimensions
• Power distance• Uncertainty avoidance• Gender egalitarianism• Future orientation• Institutional collectivism• In-group collectivism• Assertiveness• Performance orientation• Humane orientation